1

INTRODUCTION

Poultry is one of the most major and fastest producers of meat in the

country. It has been a significant contributor to the agricultural sector. The poultry

industry began as a backyard enterprise which has grown into large integrated

contract farming operations. The growth of the poultry industry has been

impressive, but concerns about inefficient management, the circulation of poultry

diseases and parasites cannot be ignored. In addition, antibiotic residue in

commercial poultry meat needs to be addressed for public health reasons

(Ekunwe & Alufohai, 2009)

Recently, supplementation of natural components in poultry rations to

enhance production performance is becoming popular around the world. Natural

plants have received increasing attention as possible growth promoter additives.

These were believed to have the potential as water additives (Dhama et al.,

2015)

The study could be beneficial to the poultry raisers in improving production

by utilizing fruit extracts that may spare them from spending on costly vitamin

supplements for the health of their flock and improvement of production which

will ultimately help address food insecurity. The experiment proposed to

determine the growth performance of broiler chickens supplemented with

pineapple, orange and papaya fruit extracts.

The objectives of the study were to determine the weight of birds, feed

intake, daily weight gain, water intake and feed conversion ratio of broiler chicken
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given with different fruit extracts; and, determine the cost of producing a kilogram

of broiler chickens fed commercial feeds with different fresh fruits extracts added

to their drinking water.

The study was conducted at Purok Acacia Barangay Dalapitan Matalam

North Cotabato on October 2021 to November 2021.

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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section presents the different fruits used in this study and also

extensively described each fruit in terms of active components. This also include

the nutritional management in growth of broilers.

Nutritional management

Nutritional management is a subcategory of poultry management. Proper

nutrition is essential for the health and productivity of broiler production (Trimblay

2014). Broilers have relatively high nutritional requirements due to their great

production (Klasing 2015). Aviagen Industry (2018) cited that nutrition a major

impact on broiler productivity, profitability, and welfare. To support the optimum

performance of broiler, rations should be formulated to provide the correct

balance of energy, amino acids (AA), minerals, vitamins, and essential fatty acids

and also the water.

Nutritional requirements by Broilers

Energy

Energy is a feature of energy-yielding nutrients when they are oxidized

during metabolism. A feed ingredient's or a diet's energy value can be stated in a

variety of ways related with dietary energy levels, including digestible energy,
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metabolisable energy, etc.. Metabolisable energy values are the most typically

used to determine the dietary energy available to broiler. There are a variety of

methods for determining them, including bioassays or proximate analysis

estimations (National Research Council, 1994). Broilers have traditionally been

fed high-energy diets, in addition to promoting effective feed use. This sort of diet

is also considered to optimize the growth rate (Leeson and Summers, 1991).

Broiler chicken may adapt to low-energy diets by simply eating more feed to

sustain energy intake (Payne, 1967). Energy intake is essential not just because

it influences growth rate, but it can also have a detrimental impact on carcass

traits (Jackson et al., 1982). However, there are few current data on the broiler's

response to diet energy level and diet energy consumption that are not affected

by dietary intake of other nutrients.

Amino acids

Amino acids, as nutrients, are widely recognized as the building blocks of

proteins. Amino acids play a critical role in the nutritional content of all feedstuffs

as well as the physiological roles in the bodies of all animals (Bortoluzzi.2018 &

Debnath 2019). To sustain the rapid growth of broiler, high amount of dietary

amino acids is required which can increase up to 50-55 times. Tissue with a high

protein content contributes to a large portion of weight gain. As a result,

appropriate amino acid is important to the broiler feeding strategy (National

Research Council 1994).

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Minerals

Minerals are inorganic components found in feeds and tissues. They are

frequently classified into two types based on the amount that must be consumed.

The major, or macro, mineral requirements are normally expressed as a

percentage of the diet, whereas minor, or trace, mineral requirements are

expressed in milligrams per kilogram of food. Minerals are necessary for skeletal

growth, as components of numerous substances with specialized actions inside

the body, as cofactors of enzymes, and for maintaining osmotic equilibrium

throughout the body of broilers. Calcium and phosphorus are required for the

development and maintenance of the skeleton. To maintain osmotic equilibrium

and pH in the body, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride collaborate

with phosphates and bicarbonate (National Research Council 1994).

Vitamins

Vitamins are divided into two categories: fat-soluble vitamins such as A, D,

E, and K, and water-soluble vitamins such as the B-complex and vitamin C.

(ascorbic acid). Because poultry produces vitamin C, it is not considered a

necessary dietary nutrient. Nonetheless, there is some evidence of a positive

response to vitamin C in stressed birds (Pardue et al., 1985).

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Water

Water must be considered an important nutrient, despite the fact that

precise requirements are impossible to establish. The amount required is

determined by the temperature and relative humidity of the environment, the

content of the diet, the rate of growth, and the efficiency of water resumption in

the kidneys of individual birds. Broilers are thought to drink about twice as much

water as they eat in terms of weight, however water consumption varies widely

(Medway and Kare, 1959). Water intake and water-to-feed ratios are influenced

by a variety of dietary variables. Water intake and water: feed ratios increase as

crude protein levels rise In comparison to mash diets, crumbling or pelleting

foods increases both water and feed intake, although the water: feed ratios

remain essentially constant (Marks and Pesti, 1984).

Essential fatty acids

The fatty acids linoleic acid (18:2, n-6) and a-linoleic acid (18:3, n-3) are

known as metabolically essential fatty acids. Because these n-6 and n-3

polyunsaturated fatty acids are not generated in chickens, the location of the

double bonds is unique. In poultry, essential fatty acids are transformed to long-

chain by a succession of desaturation (adding a double bond) and elongation

(chain-lengthening with two carbons) stages, resulting in 20 and 22 carbon

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(Watkins, 1991). Linoleic acid is the only essential fatty acid that is required for

dietary requirements. Despite linoleic acid deficiency, the symptoms it causes are

caused by a loss of membrane integrity. In broilers, deficiency signs include an

increased thirst for water and a reduced susceptibility to sickness (Balnave,

1970).

Supplement for Broiler

Papaya (Carica papaya L)

Papaya is a plant native to tropical in America. It is known as ‘’okwuru

bekee’’ in Igbo, ‘’gonda’’in Hausa and ‘’ibepe’’ in Yoruba speaking parts of

Nigeria (Onyimonyi and Onu, 2009). It is widely grown in the tropics and

subtropics due to its ease of cultivation, rapid growth, quick economic returns,

and adaptability to a variety of soils and climates (Campbell, 1984; Harkness,

1967). The fruit is abundant in vitamins (A, B1, B2, C) and minerals (Ca, P, K,

Fe), and is low in salt, fat, and calories, with almost no starch (IIHR, 1979,

Yadava et al., 1990). The proteolytic enzymes papain, chymo papain A and B, as

well as papaya peptidase A and class 11 chitinase enzyme, are found in paw-

paw latex (Mohamed et al., 1997). Papaya latex (papain) has been shown to

boost body weight and meat production nutritionally (Battaa et al., 2015; Lien and

Wu, 2012). Body weight gain, weekly weight gain, feed consumption, and feed

efficiency were all higher in birds treated with papaya extract. Antimicrobial and

antiprotozoal effects could describe these findings (Meraj, 1998). Papaya

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extracts helped birds to reduce their microbial load while also increasing their

meal consumption and efficiency (Molla et al., 2012). Supplementation of papaya

extract on the poultry ration can cause a significant increase in live body weight

and improvement in weekly gain in weight and feed efficiency (Mahejabin et al.,

2015).

Chemical components of Papaya

Papaya also provides a significant number of minerals, which may be

necessary for poultry metabolism, body functioning, and health (Moses &

Olanrewaju, 2018). Moses and Olanrewaju (2018) reported that papaya contains

Ca 681 mg/100 g, Mg 424 mg/100 g, P 2,116 mg/100 g, Fe 5.80 mg/100 g, and

Na 23.4 mg/100 g. Adesuyi and Ipinmoroti (2011) found Ca 6.43, K 721, Fe 4.20,

and Zn 6.41 mg/100 g in papaya. They also selected that papaya meal includes

Na, K, and Ca in concentrations of 33.6-16.2, 47.7-17.0, and 2.52-4.14 mg/100 g,

respectively. Mg, Zn, and Fe levels in papaya range from 0.53 to 2.81 mg/100 g,

1.26-2.88 mg/100 g, and 0.39-1.47 mg/100 g, respectively. Mn, Cu, Pb, and P

were also identified in papaya meal, with concentrations ranging from 1.11-1.27

mg/100 g, 0.05-0.19 mg/100 g, 0.00010-0.00013 mg/100 g, and 28.5-58.6

mg/100 g, respectively. According to Maisarah et al. (2014), papaya seed

contains 14.4 mg/100 g of ascorbic acid, 120 g/100 g of -carotene, and 4.09

mg/100 g of Vitamin E. Furthermore, Chukwuka et al. (2013) discovered that

seed from mature papaya had 135 IU/mg of vitamin A, 14.7 IU/mg of vitamin C,

0.02 mg of riboflavin, 0.03 mg of thiamine, and 0.11 mg of niacin. However

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vitamin content, on the other hand, varies with the stage of maturity of papaya

fruits. Papaya seeds contained Vitamin A 87.2 IU/mg, Vitamin C 11.7 IU/mg,

riboflavin 0.01 mg, thiamine 0.05 mg, and niacin 0.10 mg in their unripe state

(Chukwuka et al. 2013). Due to its higher vitamin content, the use of seed from

ripe papaya appears to be more advantageous for the broiler

Orange (Citrus sinensis)

The sweet orange (C. sinensis) is a citrus species that is primarily grown

in subtropical climates (Angew, 2007; Piccinelli et al., 2008). Sweet oranges are

mostly utilized for juice and jam production, which results in a large quantity of

products such as peels, seeds, and pulp, which account for half of the raw fruit

(Anwar et al., 2008, Espiard, 2002). According to Oluremi et al. (2006), 15% of

orange waste has a good impact on broiler production. Due to the trend toward

lowering antibiotic use in animal feed, the effect of vegetable waste, plant

extracts, meals, seeds, and/or oils on production performance, carcass

development, meat quality, health, and intestinal micro flora in chickens is

currently a topic of great scientific and practical importance (Oluremi et al. 2006).

Due to the presence of related bioactive substances such as antioxidants,

polyphenols, carotenes, and flavonoids, citrus peels are of higher quality than

other nutritional supplements. Antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli,

Staphylococci spp., and Bacillus is known for these metabolites (Wang et al.,

2008).
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Chemical components of Orange

According to Oluremi et al. (2006), sweet orange rind can be utilized up to

15% in broiler feed without affecting growth performance. Mourao et al. (2008),

cited that adding citrus pulp to the diet reduced daily gain in birds fed 10% citrus

pulp compared to the control diet; but, feed intake increased in broilers fed 5% or

10% citrus pulp, resulting in higher feed efficiency in birds fed diets containing

10% citrus pulp. The reduced weight gain could be due to residual anti-nutritional

chemicals (such as oxalate, saponins, tannins, and phytates) in C. sinensis

peels. Furthermore, the high crude fiber content of orange peel can have a

negative impact on broiler performance (Ayed et al. 2011, Murray 1998, Soltani

et al. 2012). Sweet orange peel can be used to substitute maize in the diet of

broilers up to 15% without affecting performance, according to Oluremi et al.

(2006). Orange contains 97 kcal/kg of energy, 25 g of carbohydrates, 1.50 g of

protein, 0.20 g of fat, 10.6 g of fiber, vitamin B1 0.120 mg, vitamin B2 0.090 mg,

folic acid 30 g, vitamin B3 0.900 mg, vitamin B6 0.176 mg, vitamin A 420 IU,

vitamin C 136 mg, vitamin E 0.25 IU, sodium 3 mg, potassium 212 mg, calcium

161 mg, iron 0. According to the United States Academic Decathlon (2017), this

is the nutritional value of 100 g of orange.

Pineapple (Ananas comosus)

The pineapple (A. comosus), which belongs to the Bromeliaceae family, is

a popular fruit all over the world. It thrives in the Philippines, Hawaii, Thailand,
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Malaysia, Brazil, China, India, Bangladesh, the Caribbean, Australia, Mexico, and

South Africa, among other places (BBS, 2013; Hu et al., 2011; Xie et al., 2007).

Agricultural by-products such as pineapple debris, should be used as a major

approach to grow the poultry industry in underdeveloped nations, according to

Onwuka et al., (1997). Pineapple wastes are advised as excellent sources of

organic raw materials that could be converted into valuable goods like animal

meals (Hemalatha & Anbuselvi 2013). Supplementing broilers with pineapple

extract increases their performance, lowers their feed conversion ratio, and

balances their gut microbial community (Revista. 2018). Broiler chicks may take

up to 10% pineapple waste in their meals without harming them, according to

Lamidi et al., (2008).

Chemical components of Pineapple

Pineapples have a high nutritional value and are high in vitamins A, B, and

C, as well as a variety of minerals (such as calcium, phosphorus, and iron)

(Hossain et al., 2011). Vitamin A is 5500 IU, vitamin D3 is 1100 IU, vitamin E is

10 IU, riboflavin is 4.4 mg, vitamin B12 is 12 mg, nicotinic acid is 44 mg,

menadione is 1.1 mg, biotin is 0.11 mg, thiamine is 2.2 mg, and ethoxyquin is

125 mg per kg of broiler diet. The mineral premix contains the following minerals

(per kg of broiler diet): Mn: 120 mg; Zn: 100 mg; Fe: 60 mg; Cu: 10 mg; Se: 0.17

mg; I: 0.46 mg; Ca: 150 mg; Zn: 100 mg; Fe: 60 mg; Cu: 10 mg; Se: 0.17 mg; I:

0.46 mg; 180 milligrams (Revista, 2018). Pineapples are utilized as substrates for
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the generation of methane, ethanol, citric acid, and antioxidant chemicals and

can be turned into commercial value-added products (Ketnawa et al., 2011).

METHODOLOGY

Experimental Design and Treatments

The study was carried out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD)

with one treatment replicated five times with 20 birds per treatment. One hundred

day old chicks was used in the study. The birds were randomly distributed into

the following treatments:

Treatment 1 – Positive control (Vetracin Gold® water additive)

Treatment 2 –10 mL of pineapple fruit extract / liter of water

Treatment 3 –10 mL of orange fruit extract / liter of water

Treatment 4 – 10 mL of papaya fruit extract / liter of water

Treatment 5 – Negative control (water)

The birds was given the fruit extracts through their drinking water. Growth

parameters were collected to obtain data on the effect of the treatments on the

growth performance of the broiler chickens.

Preparation of Different Fruit Extracts

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Two kilograms each of finely ground fresh fruits, namely: pineapple,

orange and papaya were thoroughly separated and placed in a clean blender.

After, it was placed in a clean linen cloth and squeezed to obtain the extract

which were collected in clean bottles.

Preparation of Experimental Area

The experimental area were located at Purok Acacia, Barangay Dalapitan,

Matalam North Cotabato. It was prepared before the experiment begins. The

cages were thoroughly cleaned, washed and disinfected using a disinfectant to

prevent and kill harmful bacteria and microorganisms that can cause diseases to

the birds.

Experimental Birds

One hundred heads of broiler chicks that are healthy and vigorous were

used. They was bought from a reliable source. Proper identification were done by

using wing bands with their corresponding numbers.

Housing Management

The cages were constructed using scrap woods, split woods and nets.

These were divided in compartments about 2m x 1m to accommodate 20

chickens. Feeders and drinkers were properly cleaned and disinfected with

detergent soap before the start of the study.

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Brooding Management

Chicks were brooded for one week with the use of 20 watts incandescent

bulbs in every replication per treatment. Each bulb was suspended at the center

of the brooder to allow even distribution of heat. The floor of the brooder were

covered with newspapers which serve as litter materials. The behavior of birds

were used as guide in determining that the temperature inside the brooding area

is correct.

Feeding Management

Broiler chicks were fed ad libitum with feed meal. Supplementation with

the different fruit extracts were via the drinking water. The chicks was given

commercial booster crumble for one week. After one week, starter feed were

given and finisher feeds were given for two weeks until the termination of the

study.

Provision of Light

Light were provided for 24 hours during the first two weeks of brooding.

After the brooding stage, light were made available from 6:00 pm to 6:00 am to

allow the birds to eat even at night time.

Health Care and Sanitation

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Strict sanitation and proper management practices were observed

throughout the duration of the study. The poultry cages was cleaned daily. For

the first week, newspapers were used as litter material and these was replaced

daily. At the 8th day, sanitized rice hull were used as litter material. The rice hull

were replaced every four days to prevent the incidence of flies and foul odour.

IACUC Certification

As a major requirement for the conduct of animal-based research, an

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) permit was sought prior to

conduct.

Data Gathered

Body weight and weight gain. The initial weight of the birds was measured

using a weighing scale and recorded at the start of the study. Weight gain were

determined by getting the difference between the final weight and initial weight.

The formulas were used as follows:

Weight Gain (g/bird) = Final weight – Initial weight

Wieght Gain
Average Daily Gain Weight (g/bird) =
No . of Days Fed

Feed intake. Feed intake and feed refuse of the experimental birds were

measured using a weighing scale and properly recorded in order to determine

the consumption of the experimental birds. The following formulas were used:
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Feed offered−Feed refused

Feed intake (g/bird) =
No . of Birds per replication

Feed intake
Average Daily Feed Intake (g/bird) =
No . of Days Fed

Water intake. Water intake of the experimental birds were measured using a

graduated cylinder and properly recorded in order to determine the consumption

of the experimental birds. The formula were used as follows:

Water offered−Water refused

Water intake (ml/bird) =
No .of Birds per replication

Feed Conversion Ratio. The feed conversion ratio were determined by dividing

the feed consumption to weight of the birds at the end of the feeding period. The

formula were used as follows:

Total kg of feed consumed by thebird

Feed Conversion Efficiency =
Final weight

Cost of production. The total cost of feed and total cost of producing a kilogram

of chicken was computed to determine the cost of producing a kilogram of broiler

per kilogram of feeds. The following formulas were used:

Feed cost per kilogram of broiler produced = FCR x Cost of feed/kg

Total Cost of Production

Total cost per kilogram of broiler chickens produced =
Total Live weight of Chicken
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Net income = Gross Sales – Total cost of Production

Net Income
Return of Investment (ROI) = x 100
Total Cost

Statistical Analysis

The data were analyzed using the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

technique of Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The significant treatment

means were subjected to Least Significant Difference..

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Initial Weight (g)

The initial weight of broiler chickens given the different fruit extracts via

drinking water ranged from 39.75 g to 45 g .The statistical analysis revealed no

significant differences among treatment means. The result implies that the initial

weight of the birds with the different fruit extracts via drinking water were

comparable to the control.

Final Weight (g)

The final weight of broiler chickens given the different fruit extracts via

drinking water ranged from 1269.50 g to 1585 g. The statistical analysis revealed

no significant differences among treatment means. The result implies that the

initial weight of the birds with the different fruit extracts via drinking water were

comparable to the control.

Weight Gain (g)

The weight gain of broiler chickens given different herbal plant extracts via

drinking water ranged from 1225.35 g to 1542.25 g. The statistical analysis

revealed no significant differences among treatment means. The result implies

that the initial weight of the birds given the different fruit extracts via drinking

water were comparable to the control.

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Average daily weight gain (g)

The average daily weight gain of broiler chickens given different herbal

plant extracts via drinking water ranged from 35.01 g to 44.06 g. The statistical

analysis revealed no significant differences among treatment means. The result

implies that the initial weight of the birds given the different fruit extracts via

drinking water were comparable to the control.

Feed intake (g)

The feed intake of broiler chickens given different herbal plant extracts via

drinking water ranged from 2417.80 g to 2673.30 g. The statistical analysis

revealed no significant differences among treatment means. The result implies

that the feed intake of the broiler chickens given the different fruit extracts via

drinking water were comparable to the control.

Average daily feed intake (g)

The average daily feed intake of broiler chickens given different herbal

plant extracts via drinking water ranged from 69.08 g to 76.38 g. The statistical

analysis revealed no significant differences among treatment means. The result

implies that the average feed intake of the broiler chickens given the different fruit

extracts via drinking water were comparable to the control.

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Water intake (ml)

The water intake of broiler chickens given different herbal plant extracts

via drinking water ranged from 6670 ml to 9391 ml. The statistical analysis

revealed no significant differences among treatment means. The result implies

that the water intake of the broiler chickens given the different fruit extracts via

drinking water were comparable to the control.

Average daily water intake (ml)

The average daily water intake of broiler chickens given different herbal

plant extracts via drinking water ranged from 190.57 ml to 268.31 ml. The

statistical analysis revealed no significant differences among treatment means.

The result implies that the average water intake of the broiler chickens given the

different fruit extracts via drinking water were comparable to the control.

Feed conversion efficiency

The feed conversion efficiency of broiler chickens given different herbal

plant extracts via drinking water ranged from 1.67 to 2 The statistical analysis

revealed no significant differences among treatment means. The result implies

that the feed conversion efficiency of the broiler chickens given the different fruit

extracts via drinking water were comparable to the control.

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Cost and Return of Analysis

The lowest feed cost to produce a kilogram of broiler chicken was

obtained by birds in Treatment 1 (Vetracin Gold®) with ₱ 53.75 while the highest

was obtained by birds in Treatment 4 (10mL of Papaya fruit extract per liter of

water) with ₱ 58.84.

The lowest total cost to produce a kilogram of broiler chicken was

obtained by birds in Treatment 1 (Vetracin Gold®) with ₱ 124.25 while the highest

was obtained by birds in Treatment 4 (10mL of Papaya fruit extract per liter of

water) with ₱ 129.34.

The return of investment (ROI) of broiler chickens were ₱ 67.83 for

Treatment 1 (Vetracin Gold®), ₱ 58.62 for Treatment 2 (10mL of Pineapple fruit

extract per Liter of water), ₱ 54.20 for Treatment 3 (10mL of Orange fruit extract

per Liter of water), ₱ 51.44 for Treatment 4 (10mL of Papaya fruit extract Liter of

water) and for Treatment 5. ₱ 52.83 (Water)

TREATMENTS
TOTAL COST
OF Positive Pineapple Orange Papaya Negative
PRODUCTION Control Fruit Fruit Fruit Control
(Vetracin Gold®) Extract Extract Extract (Water)
Cost of Stock 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00 35.00
Feed Cost to 53.75 55.99 58.16 58.84 57.35
Produce a (kg)
Of broiler
chicken
Labor 15 15 15 15 15
Non-feed cost 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5 20.5
Subtotal 124.25 126.49 128.66 129.34 127.85
Table 2. Feed cost and total cost to produce a kilogram of broiler given with
different fruit extract via drinking water, Dalapitan, Matalam, Cotabato,
2022.
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Table 3. Cost and return of investment of raising broiler chickens with different
fruit extracts via drinking water, Dalapitan, Matalam, Cotabato, 2022.
TREATMENTS
Positive Pineapple Orange Papaya Negative
Control Fruit Fruit Fruit Control
(Vetracin Extract Extract Extract (Water)
Gold®)
I.SALES
Live weight of
Broiler (kg) 1.4825 1.4011 1.3621 1.3377 1.3500

Price per kilo of

live weight (₱) 150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00 150.00

II. RETURN OF
EXPENSES(₱)
Total cash
222.38 210.17 204.32 200.66 202.50
Inflow
Total cash
132.50 132.50 132.50 132.50 132.50
Outflow
NET Income 89.88 77.67 71.82 68.16 70.00
ROI (%) 67.83 58.62 54.20 51.44 52.83
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The study was conducted at the Barangay Dalapitan Matalam, Cotabato

were determine the effect of the different fruit extracts on the production of broiler

chickens in terms of final weight, weight gain, average daily weight gain, feed

intake, average daily feed intake, water intake, and feed conversion ratio. The

study was carried out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five

treatments, replicated five times using four chicks in each replication with the

total of one hundred day-old chicks in the experiments. The treatments were as

follows. Treatment 1- Positive control (Vetracin Gold®, Treatment 2- 10mL of

Pineapple fruit extract, Treatment 3- 10mL of Orange fruit extract, Treatment 4-

10mL of Papaya fruit extract and Treatment 5- Negative Control (Pure water).

The results are summarized as follows:

1. No significant differences were observed in the initial weight, final weight,

weight gain, average daily weight gain, feed intake, average daily feed

intake, water intake and feed conversion ratio.

2. The cost of feed to produce a kilogram of broiler chicken were higher in

birds in Papaya fruit extract than birds in Vetracin Gold ®, Orange fruit

extract and Negative Control , respectively with the amount of ₱ 53.75

3. The lowest total cost to produce kilogram of broiler chickens were

obtained by birds in Positive control with the amount of ₱124.25 while the

highest total cost to produce a kilogram of broiler chickens were obtained

by birds in Papaya fruit extract with the amount of ₱129.34.

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Based on the result of the study, it is therefore concluded that there no

significant differences among the different fruit extract in the production

parameters measured.
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 31

APPENDICES
 32

Appendix A Estimated Budget of the Research

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Kabacan, Cotabato
Philippines
ESTIMATED BUDGET OF THE RESEARCH

‘’GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILERS (Gallus gallus domesticus)

SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIFFERENT FRUIT EXTRACTS.

ITEMS/DESCRIPTION ESTIMATED COST

Day old Chicks (100) PHP 3,500.00
Feeds 6,200.00
Experimental Treatments 750.00
Housing and Electricity 500.00
Transportation 300.00
Laborer 1,500.00
Other Materials 500.00

Grand Total PHP 13, 250.00

Prepared and submitted by:

__ JURADA, RIA BAJNTING_____

Researcher

NOTED

ELIZABETH C. MOLINA, PhD ___________________________

Adviser Date

PRECIOUS AMOR A. BESO, MSA ___________________________

Department Research Coordinator Date

PRECIOUS AMOR A. BESO, MSA ___________________________

Department Chairperson Date

USM-EDR-F06-Rev.3.2020.02.24
Appendix B. Application for Authorization
 33

APPLICATION FOR AUTHORIZATION

(For the conduct of Scientific Procedure Using Animals

1. Name of Entity: BACHELOR OS SCIENCE IN VETERINARY

TECHNOLOGY

2. Address: COLLEGE OF VETERINARY MEDICINE, UNIVERSITY OF

SOUTHERN MINDANAO

3. Telephone No: Fax No.

4. Name and Position of Representative

JURADA RIA BAJENTING

Last Name First Name Middle Name

Position: 4th Year BSVT Student

5. Description/Profile of Entity (attach organization chart):

6. Purpose of the Conduct of Scientific Procedures (Encircle one or more):

a. Biomedical research, Experimental studies, investigation, (including

pre-clinical research)

b. Teaching and Instruction

c. Product Testing

d. Production of Antisera or other Biological

7. Identify the Key Institutional Representative (Including the AICUC

Chairperson, Veterinarians and Researcher):

I certify that the statement made herein are correct and true

RIA B. JURADA DR. FRANCISCO GIL N. GARCIA

Signature of the Representative Signature of Head of Institution

Date: Date:

Appenix C. Animal Care and Uses Statement

 34

(Protocol Review Form)

ANIMAL CARE AND USE STATEMENT

(Protocol Review Form)

I. PROCEDURE(S) OR TITTLE OF RESEARCH STUDY: GROWTH

PERFORMANCE OF BROILER (Gallus galus domesticus)
SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIFFERENT FRUIT EXTRACT
II. PURPOSE/ OBJECTIVES:
1. To determine the weight of birds, feed intake, daily weight gain, water
intake and feed conversion ratio of broiler chicken given with different
fruit extracts.

2. To determine the cost of producing a kilogram of broiler chickens fed

commercial feeds with different fresh fruits extracts added to their
drinking water.

III. DURATION OR TIME FRAME: October 2021 to November 2021

IV. RESPONSIBLE PERSON OR PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR:

A. NAME: RIA B. JURADA

B. QUALIFICATION: (degree(s) or training expercience) Bachelor of
Science in Veteriary Techology

V. BACKGROUND AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PROCEDURE OR

RESEARCH: (include a description of the biomedical characteristics of
the animal which are essential to the proposed procedure/ research
and indicates evidence of experiences with the proposed animal
model).

VI. DESCRIPTION OF METHODOLOGIES/ EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN:

This section should have established that the proposed procedures/
research is well design scientifically and ethically. The following should
be indicated or described:

A. Type of animal to be used (species): Broiler chicken

B. Source of the animals:
C. Reason/basic for selecting the animal species: to improve my
knowledge on how to handle animals
D. Sex and number of animal (justify the number of animals): 100 of
day-old chicks.
E. Quarantine and/or acclimation or conditioning process
F. Animal care procedures
1. Cage type: Wood
2. Number of animal per cage: 4 chikens
3. Cage cleaning method: disinfectant and cleaning the cages
 35

4. Room temperature
5. Animal diet and feeding and watering method: Ad libitum

G. Experimental or animal manipulation methods

1. General description of animal manipulation method (including
method of conditioning)
2. Dosing method (including frequency, volume, route, method of
restraint and expected outcome or effect)
A. Is there a non-animal model applicable for the
procedure/study? If so, please provide the reasons fot not
using it.
B. Indicate the name and qualification of all personnel who will
be responsible for conducting the procedures.

VII. DECLARATION BY THE RESPONSIBLE PERSON:

I WILL ACCEPT THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ASSURING THAT THE

PROCEDURES/ STUDY WILL BE CONDUCTED IN ACCORDANCE
WITHH THE APPROVED PROTOCOL.

I ASSURE THAT ALL PERSONNEL WHO USE THIS PROTOCOL

AND WORK WITH ANIMALS HAVE RECEIVED THIS APPROPRIATE
TRAINING/ INSTRUCTION IN PROCEDURAL AND HANDLING
TECHNIQUES, AND ON ANIMAL WELFARE CONSIDERATION.

I AGREE TO OBTAIN WRITTEN APPROVAL FROM THE

INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEE PRIOR TO
MAKING ANY CHANGES AFFECTING MY PROTOCOL . I ALSO
AGREE TO PROMPTLY NOTIFY THA IACUC IN WRITING ANY
EMERGENT PROBLEMS INCLUDING THE ACCURANCE OF
ADVERSE SIDE EFFECT.

Signature of the Responsible Person:

Date:

Noted by IACUC Chairman

Date:
 36

Appendix D. Application for Manuscript Defense

UNIVERSITY OF SOUTHERN MINDANAO

Kabacan, Cotabato
Philippines

APPLICATION FOR THESIS MANUSCRIPT DEFENSE

Name RIA BAJENTING JURADA
Degree/Major BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN VETERINARY TECHNOLOGY
Thesis Title GROWTH PERFORMANCE OF BROILER (Gallus gallus
domesticus) SUPPLEMENTED WITH DIFFERENT FRUIT
EXTRACT”
Date of Examination
Time
Place

MEMBERS OF THE EXAMINING COMMITTEE

Name Signature Date
_________________ _______________
_________________ _______________
_______________
RECOMMENDING APPROVAL:

ELIZABETH C. MOLINA, PhD

Adviser
APPROVED:
_______________________________ PRECIOUS AMOR A. BESO, MSA
College Statistician Department Chairperson
(Optional)

PRECIOUS AMOR A. BESO, MSA

Department Research Coordinator

REPORT ON THE RESULT OF EXAMINATION

Name Signature Remarks
_________________ _______________
_________________ _______________
_______________
APPROVED:
PRECIOUS AMOR A. BESO, MSA
Department Research Coordinator
____________________
Date

USM-EDR-F07-Rev.3.2020.02.24
Appendix Table 1. Body weights (g/bird) of individual broiler chickens given
 37

the different fruit extracts via drinking water at 0-35 day.

Chick Initial Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5

No. Weight (1-7 (7-14 (15-21 (22-28 (28-35
(g) days) days) days) days) days)
1 42 142 322 608 1105 1602
2 44 105 289 488 825 1162
3 46 184 455 723 1156 1589
4 43 128 309 490 781 1072
5 40 125 287 475 715 955
6 41 129 354 597 824 1051
7 39 108 273 481 812 1143
8 47 128 309 490 781 1072
9 39 128 302 492 772 1052
10 42 139 371 617 964 1311
11 47 151 353 632 972 1305
12 43 174 410 628 987 1346
13 44 173 393 649 1064 1479
14 44 146 384 609 1014 1419
15 44 157 387 648 1117 1586
16 41 134 339 572 912 1327
17 42 144 362 579 1035 1491
18 45 186 444 686 1091 1496
19 48 150 402 620 1006 1392
20 41 143 358 603 1028 1453
21 40 128 290 522 970 1332
22 48 158 388 741 1093 1445
23 48 173 432 670 11051 1540
24 45 161 408 725 1215 1705
25 45 179 458 747 1109 1466
26 41 138 357 534 906 1278
27 40 114 290 471 774 1077
28 34 106 275 457 854 1385
29 43 154 383 608 1008 1408
30 45 180 419 692 1034 1376
31 42 144 346 491 928 1365
32 39 139 348 594 1078 1502
33 41 177 403 576 746 916
34 46 137 353 590 949 1308
35 44 153 373 608 996 1384
36 49 146 408 729 1165 1601
37 41 128 333 553 852 1151
38 36 141 383 555 988 1441

Appendix Table 1. Continued …

 38

39 38 116 313 453 775 1057

40 44 168 418 661 1138 1615
41 43 167 417 609 963 1240
42 42 173 411 633 1110 1587
43 43 140 332 520 1061 1619
44 42 138 364 582 908 1234
45 46 167 418 642 1093 1544
46 45 187 435 743 1222 1701
47 45 186 468 690 1101 1593
48 38 132 354 582 908 1234
49 46 141 382 613 933 1253
50 45 151 377 614 1002 1390
51 41 129 369 605 996 1387
52 41 131 320 484 828 1172
53 41 183 455 822 1393 1964
54 43 167 398 636 1110 1584
55 45 167 427 519 1070 1621
56 41 129 315 527 926 1325
57 45 168 413 682 1021 1360
58 43 103 248 409 718 1028
59 43 155 263 447 896 1345
60 40 137 340 582 955 1328
61 41 118 311 510 823 1136
62 46 175 457 739 1114 1489
63 44 176 420 623 1029 1435
64 43 165 387 671 1112 1553
65 41 144 368 635 1080 1525
66 43 150 393 624 935 1246
67 41 114 300 531 904 1277
68 42 144 380 603 949 1295
69 36 135 350 533 860 1187
70 47 176 418 650 1104 1558
71 41 102 225 389 658 927
72 41 121 343 580 996 1412
73 40 130 327 572 932 1292
74 50 212 533 831 1354 1877
75 42 159 390 635 994 1353
76 46 180 433 697 1095 1493
77 46 167 428 644 1074 1504
78 40 162 384 665 1005 1345
79 46 194 458 765 1176 1587
80 48 162 427 648 1075 1502
81 44 165 391 583 930 1277
82 43 155 379 642 1017 1394
Appendix Table 1. Continued…
 39

83 44 151 393 695 1152 1619

84 44 166 412 711 1275 1839
85 43 165 336 564 913 1262
86 40 112 292 481 737 993
87 41 130 373 570 805 1040
88 44 137 302 663 972 1201
89 46 168 408 637 1053 1469
90 41 107 260 384 674 964
91 43 140 332 520 1061 1602
92 43 162 411 666 1051 1436
93 43 117 298 495 760 1025
94 41 166 385 603 1053 1469
95 47 177 415 690 1078 1360
96 42 128 292 505 897 1239
97 42 147 373 603 907 1206
98 42 113 249 459 726 993
99 47 171 414 681 1120 1659
100 43 127 287 384 712 1040

Appendix Table 2. Initial weights (g/bird) of broiler chickens given different fruit
 40

extracts via drinking water at 0-Day old.

TREATMENTS REPLICATION
(10mL of extract/L of MEAN
water) I II III IV V
Positive control 43.25 44.25 42.75 40.5 43 42.75

Pineapple fruit extract 41.5 44.25 44 44 42.5 43.25

Orange fruit extract 44.25 42.25 43.75 41.5 44.25 43.20

Papaya fruit extract 43 43.5 41.75 43.25 45 43.30

Negative control 42.25 43.25 39.75 42.75 43.5 42.30

GRAND TOTAL 214.8

GRAND MEAN 42.96

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of Variation Df SS MS F value Pr(> F)

Treatment 4 3.6850 0.9212 0.54 0.7085

Experimental Error 20 34.1500 1.7075

Total 24 37.8350
CV =3.04%

ns = Not significant

Appendix Table 3. Final weight (g/bird) of broiler chickens given different fruit
extracts via drinking water at Day 35.
 41

TREATMENTS REPLICATION
(10mL of
MEAN
extract/L of
water) I II III IV V
Positive control 1444.75 1441.00 1585.00 1392.25 1549.5 1482.50
Pineapple fruit
1374.75 1436 1563.5 1307.5 1323.5 1401.05
extract
Orange fruit
1360.5 1410.25 1443.5 1326.75 1269.5 1362.10
extract
Papaya fruit
1285.75 1290 1438.5 1275.5 1398.5 1337.65
extract
Negative control 1283 1343 1467 1277.5 1379.5 1350.00

GRAND TOTAL 6933.3

GRAND MEAN 1386.66

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of Variation df SS MS F value Pr(> F)

Treatment 4 68707.5350 17176.883 2.54 0.0717

Experimental Error 20 135181.450 6759.0725

Total 24 203888.985
0
CV =5.93%

ns = Not significant
 42

Appendix Table 4. Average daily weight gain (g/bird) of broiler chickens given
different fruit extracts via drinking water.

TREATMENTS REPLICATION
(10mL of extract/L of MEAN
water) I II III IV V
Positive control 40.04 39.91 44.06 38.62 43.04 41.13

Pineapple fruit extract 38.09 39.76 43.41 36.1 36.6 38.79

Orange fruit extract 37.61 39.09 39.99 36.72 35.01 37.68

Papaya fruit extract 35.51 35.61 35.91 35.21 38.67 36.98

Negative control 35.45 37.14 40.78 35.28 38.17 37.36

GRAND TOTAL 191.94

GRAND MEAN 38.388

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of Variation Df SS MS F value Pr(> F)

Treatment 4 56.1235 14.0309 2.54 0.0717

Experimental Error 20 110.3835 5.5192

Total 24 166.5071
CV =6.12%

ns = Not significant
 43

Appendix Table 5. Weight gain (g/bird) of broiler chickens given different

fruit extracts via drinking water at Day 35.

TREATMENTS REPLICATION
(10mL of
MEAN
extract/L of
water) I II III IV V
Positive control 1401.5 1396.75 1542.25 1351.75 1506.5 1439.75
Pineapple fruit
1333.25 1391.75 1519.5 1263.5 1281 1357.80
extract
Orange fruit
1316.25 1368 1399.75 1285.25 1225.35 1318.92
extract
Papaya fruit
1242.75 1246.5 1396.75 1232.25 1353.5 1294.35
extract
Negative control 1240.75 1299.75 1427.25 1234.75 1336 1307.70

GRAND TOTAL 6718.52

GRAND MEAN 1343.70

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of Variation df SS MS F value Pr(> F)

Treatment 4 68849.4166 17212.354 2.54 0.0715

Experimental Error 20 135302.653 6765.1326

Total 24 204152.069
6
CV =6.12%

ns = Not significant
 44

Appendix Table 6. Feed intake (g/bird) of broiler chickens given the different
fruit extracts via drinking water at 0-35 day.
T-Treatment
R-Replication

No. of Days Day 0-7 Day 8-14 Day 15-21 Day 22-28 Day 29-35

Feed given (g) 740 2,500 5,700 8,700 12,500

TREATMENT
1
T1R1 2290 5447 8491 12264
T1R2 2206 5610 8510 12291
T1R3 606 2255 5583 8416 12306
T1R4 2362 5587 8528 12344
T1R5 1860 5140 8532 12287
TREATMENT
2
T2R1 2280 5525 8466 12329
T2R2 2088 5538 8410 12292
T2R3 591 2161 5370 8548 12288
T2R4 2016 5508 8365 12253
T2R5 2232 5526 8478 12311
TREATMENT
3
T3R1 2099 5370 8432 12263
T3R2 2265 5435 8418 12279
T3R3 576 2027 5370 8236 12248
T3R4 2109 5491 8369 12283
T3R5 1962 5476 8416 12313
TREATMENT
4
T4R1 2144 5492 8537 12292
T4R2 2347 5597 8397 12288
T4R3 627 2353 5566 8307 12273
T4R4 1987 5458 8470 12312
T4R5 2187 5483 8366 12313
TREATMENT
5
T5R1 585 2099 5595 8349 12282
T5R2 2065 5389 8332 12290
 45

T5R3 1955 5497 8488 12325

T5R4 2127 5550 8521 12326
T5R5 2106 5416 8424 12300

Appendix Table 7. Average daily feed intake (g/bird) of broiler chickens given
different fruit extracts via drinking water.

TREATMENTS REPLICATION
(10mL of extract/L of MEAN
water) I II III IV V
Positive control 72.62 72.39 76.38 71.39 74.07 73.37

Pineapple fruit extract 73.67 73.28 74.5 69.08 69.42 71.99

Orange fruit extract 74.35 71.18 72.82 73.26 72.64 72.89

Papaya fruit extract 71.21 73.37 71.07 71.76 74.35 72.35

Negative control 72.71 69.5 71.39 71.59 70.81 71.20

GRAND TOTAL 361.8

GRAND MEAN 72.36

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of Variation df SS MS F value Pr(> F)

Treatment 4 13.9178 3.4795 1.17 0.3523

Experimental Error 20 59.3059 2.9653

Total 24 73.2237
CV =2.30%

ns = Not significant
 46

Appendix Table 8. Feed intake (g/bird) of broiler chickens given different fruit
extracts via drinking water.

TREATMENTS REPLICATION
(10mL of extract/L of MEAN
water) I II III IV V
Positive control 2541.8 2533.6 2673.3 2498.5 2592.6 2567.96
Pineapple fruit
2578.3 2564.8 2607.5 2417.8 2429.6 2519.60
extract
Orange fruit extract 2602.4 2498.4 2548.6 2564.2 2542.3 2551.18

Papaya fruit extract 2492.2 2568.6 2487.6 2511.6 2602.4 2532.48

Negative control 2544.8 2432.5 2498.8 2505.6 2478.5 2492.04

GRAND TOTAL 12663.25

GRAND MEAN 2532.65

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of Variation df SS MS F value Pr(> F)

Treatment 4 17048.3024 4262.0756 1.17 0.3530

Experimental Error 20 72743.5800 3637.1790

Total 24 89791.8824
CV =2.30%

ns = Not significant
 47

Appendix Table 9. Water intake (ml/bird) of broiler chickens given different fruit
extracts via drinking water

TREATMENTS REPLICATION
(10mL of extract/L of MEAN
water) I II III IV V
8187. 6737.
Positive control 7890 7655 6850 7464.00
5 5
7964. 7558.
Pineapple fruit extract 8230 9391 7771 8183.00
5 5
7058.
Orange fruit extract 7916 8324 7171 6971 7488.10
5
7968.
Papaya fruit extract 7227 7640 8396 7355 7717.30
5
7262. 6967.
Negative control 7840 7582 6670 7264.40
5 5
GRAND TOTAL 38116.8

GRAND MEAN 7623.36

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of Variation df SS MS F value Pr(> F)

Treatment 4 2472824.060 618206.015 1.79 0.1714

0 0

Experimental Error 20 6924510.700 346225.535

0 0

Total 24 9397334.760
0
 48

CV =7.72%

ns = Not significant

Appendix Table 10. Average daily water intake (ml/bird) of broiler chickens
given different fruit extracts via drinking water

TREATMENTS REPLICATION
(10mL of extract/L of MEAN
water) I II III IV V
225.4 233.9
Positive control 218.71 195.71 192.5 213.26
3 3
Pineapple fruit 235.1 268.3
227.56 222.03 215.96 233.80
extract 4 1
201.6 237.8
Orange fruit extract 226.17 204.89 199.17 213.95
7 3
206.4 239.8
Papaya fruit extract 218.29 210.14 227.67 220.49
6 9
216.6
Negative control 224 207.5 190.57 199.07 207.55
3
1089.0
GRAND TOTAL
5
GRAND MEAN 217.81

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of Variation df SS MS F value Pr(> F)

Treatment 4 2018.5872 504.6468 1.79 0.1714

Experimental Error 20 5653.4232 282.6712

 49

Total 24 7672.0104
CV =7.72%

ns = Not significant

Appendix Table 11. Feed conversion ratio of broiler chickens given different fruit
extracts via drinking water.

TREATMENTS REPLICATION
(10mL of extract/L of MEAN
water) I II III IV V
Positive control 1.76 1.76 1.69 1.79 1.67 1.73

Pineapple fruit extract 1.88 1.79 1.67 1.85 1.84 1.81

Orange fruit extract 1.91 1.77 1.77 1.93 2 1.88

Papaya fruit extract 1.94 1.99 1.73 1.97 1.86 1.90

Negative control 1.98 1.81 1.7 1.96 1.8 1.85

GRAND TOTAL 9.17

GRAND MEAN 1.83

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE

Source of Variation df SS MS F value Pr(> F)

Treatment 4 0.0845 0.0211 2.34 0.0901

Experimental Error 20 0.1804 0.0090

Total 24 0.2649
CV =5.18%
 50

ns = Not significant