Fundamentals of Electrical and

Electronics Engineering
(FEEE)
SUB CODE: ECE1002
T-P-C: 3-2-4
Lecture-22
Faculty
Dr. Rajasekhar N V
Associate Professor G-1
SENSE, VIT-AP University
Mail: [Link]@[Link]
Cabin: Faculty Area 424-C:AB-1 1
 AC Power Analysis

1. Instantaneous Power
2. Average Power/ Effective Power / Real Power/Active Power
3. Apparent Power
4. Complex Power(Real Power + j Reactive Power)

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1. Instantaneous power (in watts)

2. Average Power (in watts)

= Effective Power / Real Power/Active Power

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 6. Determine the average power generated by each
source and the average power absorbed by each passive
element in the circuit of Fig. below.
We apply mesh analysis as shown in Fig. (b). For mesh 1,
I1 = 4 A

P5 (1)-Power absorbed

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 (2)

(1) + (2) = (3)

The average power supplied by the current source is

(3)

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7. Calculate the average power of the five elements in the circuit
of Fig. below.

Answer: 40-V Voltage source: 60 W; j20-V Voltage source: 40 W;

resistor: 100 W; others: 0 W.

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8).

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 3) Complex Power

• the complex power S absorbed by the ac load is

VA
Real Power W

Reactive Power VAR

4)

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4). Apparent Power and Power Factor

Apparent power • The apparent power (in VA) is the product

VA of the rms values of voltage and current.

Power factor =

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 Reactive
Power

Apparent
Power

Real
Power

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Analogy of Active, Reactive and Apparent Powers
• The real power P is the rms/effective power in watts
delivered to a load; it is the only useful power. It is the
actual power dissipated by the load.

• The reactive power Q is a measure of the energy

exchange between the source and the reactive part of
the load. The unit of Q is the volt-ampere reactive
(VAR) to distinguish it from the real power, whose unit
is the watt.

• The apparent power is so called because it seems

apparent that the power should be the voltage-current
product, by analogy with dc resistive circuits. It is
measured in volt-amperes or VA

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• The real power 𝑃 is the average power in watts delivered to a load; it is
the only useful power. It is the actual power dissipated by the load.
• The reactive power 𝑄 is a measure of the energy exchange between the
source and the reactive part of the load. The unit of 𝑄 is the volt-ampere
reactive (VAR) to distinguish it from the real power, whose unit is the
watt.
• We know that energy storage elements neither dissipate nor supply
power, but exchange power back and forth with the rest of the network.
• In the same way, the reactive power is being transferred back and forth
between the load and the source. It represents a lossless interchange
between the load and the source.

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Overview:

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1) The voltage across a load is 𝒗(𝒕) = 𝟔𝟎𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕 − 𝟏𝟎°)𝑽 and the
current through the element in the direction of the voltage drop is
𝒊(𝒕) =𝟏. 𝟓𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕 + 𝟓𝟎°)𝑨 Find: (a) the complex and apparent powers,
(b) the real and reactive powers, and (c) the power factor and the
load impedance.

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7) Determine the rms value of the current waveform in Fig given. If the
current is passed through a 2-Ω resistor, find the average power absorbed
by the resistor.
• The period of the waveform is T = 4. Over a period, we can write the
current waveform as

• The rms value is

• The power absorbed by a 2-Ω resistor is

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8) Find the rms value of the current waveform of Fig below. If the
current flows through a 9-Ω resistor, calculate the average power
absorbed by the resistor.

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9) The waveform shown in Fig. below is a half-wave rectified sine
wave. Find the rms value and the amount of average power
dissipated in a 10-Ω resistor.

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• Find the rms value of the full-wave rectified sine wave in Fig.
below. Calculate the average power dissipated in a 6-Ω resistor.

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