Dharma sir Assessments

SOME IMPORTANT NAMED REACTIONS

SNO Name of the Reactant(s) Reagent / Intermedi Product Example /Mechanism Remarks
reaction Conditions ate
1 Wurtz reaction Alkyl Halides Sodium metal / dry 1. Free radical Alkanes with double RX + Na ⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ R. +NaX
dry Ether Methane cannot be
ether 2. Organo number of carbon prepared. In this
R. + R. ⎯⎯
→ R- R reaction a new C- C
metallic atoms
2Na ⎯⎯
→ 2Na+ + 2 e bond is formed. 3OR-
compound
X are not involved.
(Carbanion) R-X +2e ⎯⎯
→ R - + X- Unsaturated Hydro
R+ -X- + R- ⎯⎯
→ R-R + X- ,2Na++ 2X- ⎯⎯
→ Carbons are also
obtained
2NaX
2 Wurtz – Fittig Alkyl halides + aryl Sodium metal / dry Free radical Alkyl Benzene R-X +Na ⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ R. +NaX
dry Ether 3 products
Reaction halide ether (one mixed product
C6H5-Cl +Na ⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ C6H5. + NaCl
dry Ether
and 2 self products)
C6H5. + R. ⎯⎯
→ C6H5-R+ R-R + C6H5- C6H5
3 Fittig Reaction Only Aryl halides Sodium metal / dry Free radical Diphenyl and 2C6H5-Cl +2Na ⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ C6H5 – C6H5 +2NaCl
dry Ether

ether Substituted benzenes

4 Ulmanns Reaction Aryl halides Copper ------------ Diphenyl and 2C6H5-I +Cu ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → C6H5 – C6H5 +CuI2,
dry Ether

Substituted benzenes Iodide is the best leaving group

5 Mixed Wurtz Two different alkyl Sodium metal / dry Free radical Mixture of Alkanes R-X +Na ⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ R. +NaX
dry Ether 3 products
reaction halides ether (one mixed product
C2H5-Cl +Na ⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ C2H5. + NaCl
dry Ether
and 2 self products)
C2H5. + R. ⎯⎯
→ C2H5-R+ R-R + C2H5- C2H5
6 Internal Wurtz Dihalides Sodium metal / dry Free radical Cyclo -Alkanes Cl- CH2-CH2-Cl +2Na ⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ CH2=CH2 +2NaCl
dry Ether 1,2- dihalo alkanes
reaction ether produces Alkenes and
Na
Cl higher dialkyl halides
Cl dry Ether (1,3 and above
Sodium metal produces) Cyclo-alkanes
Br Cl
dry Ether

7 Freund Reaction Di –bromides ( a , w- Zinc metal /Ethyl Cyclo- Alkanes Zn 1,2- dibromo alkanes
alcohol Br produces Alkenes and
dihalogen derivatives Br Ethyl Alcohol
higher dibromides (1,3
of alkanes) Zn and above dibromides
Br Br produces) Cyclo-alkanes,
Ethyl Alcohol
a , w- dihalogen
derivatives of
alkanes in which the
two halogen atoms
 are further apart
than 1,6 positions
do not form ring
compounds but they
can undergo Wurtz
reaction Ex :
Br(CH2)2nBr,Br(CH2
)3nBr
8 Corey House Lithium/dry ether 2R’-X +2Li ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → R|-Li + LiX
dry ether R`- in R2| CuLi -1o alkyl,
Reaction Alkyl Halides and CuI (OR) SN2 Alkanes with more vinylic, allylic
2R -Li +CuI → R2 CuLi
| |
R-primary alkyl, allylic,
Lithium dialkyl number of carbon (dialkyl Lithium cuprate-Gilmans reagent) benzylic, aryl, vinylic, and
cuprate R2CuLi atoms CuLi R2|+ R`-X → R- R` + LiX+ R-Cu may contain keto, -COOH,-
COOR, -CONR2
Neither R or R| may be
secondary, tertiary alkyl

Name of the Reactant(s) Reagent / Intermediate Product Example /Mechanism Remarks

SNO
reaction Conditions
Kolbe’ s Aqueous solutions of Electrolysis/inert Free radical Hydrocarbons RCOONa ⎯⎯
→ RCOO- + Na+ Disproportionate
Electrolysis Na/K salts of electrodes reaction −e−
reaction
carboxylic acids R-CO-O- ⎯⎯→ R-CO-O. → R. +CO2 2 CH3-CH2-COOK
9 R. + R. → R- R ⎯⎯⎯⎯
electrolysis
→ CH3-CH3+
NOTE: CH2=CH2 + CH3-CH2-CH2-
At Anode – Alkane+ CO2 CH3 (I &II are
At Cathode- H2 disproportionation products)
Decarboxylation of Sodium Salts of Sodalime Hydrocarbons R-CO-O- Na+ ⎯⎯
→ R-CO-O- → R- +CO2 Allkane contains one
carboxylic acids mixture (NaOH carbon less than the
salts of carboxylic R- + H-OH → R- H + OH-
+ CaO) original acid is obtained.
10 acids
Na+ + OH- ⎯⎯
→ NaOH the purpose of CaO in
sodalime is to keep the
NaOH dry, since it is
hydroscopic
Isomerization Higher alkanes Anhyd. AlCl3+ Branched alkanes n- Butane ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ Iso butane
anhyd. AlCl +HCl gas,  Isomerization involves 1,2
shift of hydrides/methyl
(Alkanes with minimum HCl gas at (Isomeric alkanes) anhyd. AlCl 3 +HCl gas, 
4 carbon atoms) 200oC , High Terminal ‘ Alkenes n- hexane⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → Iso hexane group
anhyd. AlCl 3 +HCl gas, 
11 Alkenes and pressure 35 and Alkynes are CH2= CH-CH2-CH2-CH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ →
Alkynes atmos converted in to non- CH3- CH= CH- CH2-CH3
terminal alkenes and
CH  C- CH2-CH2-CH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → CH3-C  C-
alcoholic KOH / 
Alkynes
CH2-CH3
 Aromatization / Alkanes having 6 to 10 Metallic oxides Benzene and n- Hexane
Cr2O3/Al2O3/V2O5/ Mo2O3

Reforming carbons Cr2O3/ V2O5/ Substituted 600 °C/ 10-20 atmos pressure
-
500

Mo2O3/Al2O3, benzenes
12 500-600oC,10-20
atmos pressure Cr2O3/Al2O3/V2O5/ Mo2O3
n- Heptane
500 -
600 °C/ 10 -20 atmos pressure

Birch Reduction Alkenes /Alkynes Li /Na in liquid Alkanes /Alkenes CH3-CH=CH2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Li/Na, Liq NH 3
→ CH3-CH2-CH3
Only terminal double bonds
are reduced to Al kanes
Ammonia H
Li / Na Liq NH3
Alkynes produces trans
H alkenes. Lindlars reagent
trans produces Cis - compd.
13
Na/EtOH

Oxymercuration - Alkenes Mercuric acetate Alcohols CH3-CH=CH2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

(CH 3 -COO)2 Hg /THF, H 2 O
→ (mercuration)
Hydration of Alkenes takes
place according to
Demercuration (CH3COO)2Hg NaBH 4 / OH − Markownikoff`s rule.
14 /THF followed by CH3-CH(OH)- CH2-HgOAc ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯ → No rearrangement product
NaBH4/OH- CH3-CH(OH)-CH3(demercuration) obtained due to absence of
carbocation formation.

SNO Name of the Reactant(s) Reagent / Intermediate Product Example /Mechanism Remarks
reaction Conditions
15 Hydroboration- Alkenes i. Diborane Alkyl Borane Alcohols CH3-CH=CH2 +B2H6 ⎯⎯
→ (CH3-CH2-CH2)3B Hydration of Alkenes
Oxidation ii. H2O2/ OH- takes place according
(hydroboration) ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ CH3-CH2-CH2-OH
H 2O2 / NaOH
to Anti-
(oxidation)
Markownikoff`s
rule.

16 Diel’ s Alder Diene Dienophile Cyclic alkenes Six

+ -
It is reversible
reaction.(Generally this
Reaction membered ring with - + + reaction takes in between
a double conjugated diene (4- 
bond ) + - electron compd. and 2- 
- + +
electron compd.).It is an
example for pericyclic
reaction.
17 Ozonolysis Alkenes and i. O3 Malozonide Carbonyl compounds O3 O Symmetrical alkenes
produces same type of two
Alkynes ii. H2O in rearranges in to O
molecules of carbonyl
O O O

presence of zinc Ozonide as an

O
malozonide
Ozonide
compounds , unsymmetrical
dust addition product alkenes produces mixture of
2- Propene ⎯⎯→ HCHO + CH3-CHO carbonyl compounds.
Alkynes produces dicarbonyl
Acetylene ⎯⎯
→ Glyoxal (OHC-CHO) compounds .
Propyne ⎯⎯ → CH3-CO-CHO(methyl glyoxal)

When silver salts are

18 Borodine – Hunds Silver salts of carboxylic Bromine in CCl4 Alkyl Bromides R-COO-Ag + Br2⎯⎯⎯
CCl4
→ R-Br + CO2+ AgBr treated with I2 , ester is
diecker reaction acids
CH3-COOAg +Br2 ⎯⎯→ CH3Br + CO2 + AgBr formed instead of Alkyl
iodides.
2RCOOAg → RCOOR +
NOTE: Order of yield of halides is 1o > 2o> 3o 2CO2+2Ag. This reaction is
called Birnbaum-Simonini
reaction.
19 Finkelstein reaction Alkyl chlorides /Alkyl NaI /Acetone or Alkyl Iodides R-Cl /R-Br ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ R-I
NaI / Acetone SN2
bromides methanol
20 Swart Reaction Alkyl chlorides /Aryl Hg2F2/SbF3/ Alkyl Fluorides R-Cl /R-Br ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
Hg2 F2 / SbF3 / AgF
→ R-F
bromides AgF/AsF3
21 Oxo process Alkenes CO+ H2 / Cobalt Carbonyl compounds ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
CH2 = CH2 +CO+ H2
[CoH(CO)4 ]
CH3-CH2-CHO
Only aldehydes formed in
this reaction. Net reaction
(Carbonylation/ carbonyl hydride (Straight chain major
CH3-CH=CH2 +CO+H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ (CH3)2-CH-CHO is the addition of HCHO
[CoH(CO)4 ]
[CoH(CO)4] as a + Branched chain through Anti-Markonikoff’ s
hydro formylation) catalyst aldhydes + CH3-CH2-CH2-CHO rule.

SNO Name of the Reactant(s) Reagent / Intermediate Product Example /Mechanism Remarks
reaction Conditions
22 Reimer – Tiemer Phenol Chloroform CCl2 is an Salicylaldehyde or O-
CHCl3 ⎯⎯⎯
OH −
→ CCl2 + H2O (CCl2 – Electrophile)
Phenol + CCl4

Reaction /Aq NaOH electrophile Hydroxy OH

OH O OH ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Aq NaOH
→
Benzaldehyde and p- +
Cl aq NaOH H

+ H Cl Salicylic acid + P- Hydroxy

Hydroxy Cl H O

O benzoic acid
Benzaldehyde
- O H
O
OH
- -Cl
CH
+ CCl 2
C
Cl

-
OH O OH -
O
O
H2 O Cl H
H OH
H Cl
- H2 O

major
23 Haloform reaction Methyl secondary NaOH + Cl2 → Haloform (CHCl3,
NaOCl + NaCl
CH3-CH2-OH +Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯
NaOH
→ CHCl3 + HCOONa
alcohols / NaOH + Br2→ CHBr3/ CHI3)
Methyl Ketones / NaOBr + NaBr CH3-CHO +Cl2 ⎯⎯⎯NaOH
→ CHCl3 + HCOONa
Acetaldehyde ( Only) NaOH + l2→ NaOI +
CH3 -CO-R +Br2 ⎯⎯⎯ → CHBr3 +RCOONa
NaOH
NaI

24 Williamson Alkyl halides Sodium / Alkoxide ion is Ethers R-X + RONa → ROR + NaX This reaction is mainly
used for preparation of
synthesis Potassium nucleophile (SN2 RONa → RO-+ Na+ mixed ethers
alkoxide Reaction)
RO +RCl → R-O – R +Cl RX- should be primary
- -
RO- - should be 2o or 3o
Na + Cl → NaCl
+ -
NOTE: Aromatic halides
can’ t be used in this
reaction. If strong – I
group is present at o,p-
positions then the reaction
takes place.
Double bonds and triple
25 Oppenauer Secondary Alcohols Acetone + Ketones 3 R-CH(OH)-R + Al( (CH3)2CHO)3 bonds are not affected in
Oxidation Aluminium R-CO-R this reaction
isopropoxide OH Al(ipro)3 O The reverse reaction is
called Meerwein Pondorff
Acetone
Verley reduction

26 Rosenmund Acid chlorides Pt/Pd/BaSO4 in Aldehydes R-CO-Cl +H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

4
→ R-CHO + HCl i . Pd / BaSO ii . S Ketones cannot be
prepared. BaSO4 poisoning
Reduction the presence of
R-CH2-CO-Cl ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ R-CH2-CHO i . Pd / BaSO ii . S
4 the catalyst at the
Sulphur Aldehyde stage.
27 Stephen’ s Acid cyanides SnCl2 + Conc. Iminochloride Aldehydes R- C  N +H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯
SnCl2 / HCl
→ R-CH=NHHCl ⎯⎯⎯
H 2O
→ SnCl2 + HCl → SnCl4 +
Reduction HCl in ether RCHO+ NH4Cl 2 (H)
In this reaction Ketones
CH3-C  N + H2 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → CH3-CH=NHHCl
SnCl2 / HCl
cannot be prepared.
⎯⎯⎯
H 2O
→ CH3- CHO+ NH4Cl
SNO Name of the Reactant(s) Reagent / Intermediate Product Example /Mechanism Remarks
reaction Conditions
28 Wacker Process Alkenes Acidified aq. PdCl2 +
Cuprous chloride in
Carbonyl CH2=CH2 + PdCl2+ H2O ⎯⎯⎯ 2
→ CH3-CHO + Pd + 2HCl
CuCl PdCl2 is reduced as Pd
compounds both Pd +HCl → PdCl2+H2 in the presence of
the presence of air
/oxygen Aldehydes and Pd + 2CuCl2 → PdCl2+ CuCl2 CuCl2(Co-oxidant)
Ketones CuCl2 /  O3,Fe+3, PbO2 are also
CH3-CH=CH2 + PdCl2 + H2O ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → CH3-CO-CH3 +Pd +2HCl Co-oxidants
29 Reaction with SeO2/ Active methylene SeO2 Di - carbonyl O O

Selenous acid groups adjacent Selenium compounds CH3-CHO ⎯⎯⎯ →SeO2

H + Se + H 2O
H

CH3-CO-CH3 ⎯⎯⎯ → CH3-CO-CHO + Se + H2O

SeO2
to carbonyl dioxide O
groups
O
O

⎯⎯⎯ →
SeO2

Alkenes SeO2 Hydroxy alkene CH3- CH=CH2 ⎯⎯⎯

SeO2
→ CH2(OH)-CH=CH2 Alkenes having allylic
carbons will more readily
CH3-CH2- CH=CH2 ⎯⎯⎯ → CH3- CH(OH)-CH=CH2
SeO2
takes place oxidation by
SeO2 on allylic carbon not
on double bond.
30 Clemenson`s Aldehydes and Amalgamated Alkanes R-CHO + 4(H)
Zn − Hg / HCl
⎯⎯⎯⎯→ R-CH3 + H2O
Aldehydes and Ketones can
also be converted into
Reduction Ketones Zinc + conc.HCl/ Zn − Hg / HCl
R-CO-CH3 + 4 (H) ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ CH3-CH2-CH3+ H2O Alkanes by treating with
(Zn-Hg) + HCl
HI+ Red Phosphorous.
HI + Re d P
RCHO ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → R-
CH3 +H2O+ I2
31 Wolf-Kishner Aldehydes and Hydrazine + strong
base (OR)Pot.ter.
Alkanes RCHO +NH2-NH2 ⎯⎯⎯
KOH
→ R-CH3 +N2+ H2O
Reduction Ketones butoxide RCO-R +NH2-NH2 ⎯⎯⎯
KOH
→ R-CH2-R +N2+ H2O
diethyleneglycol H2N-NH2
EtONa
solvent -CO- C = N-NH2 -CH2- + N2
- H2O
HO-CH2-CH2-O- CH2- 200 °C/

CH2-OH hydrazone

32 Meerwein Pondorff Ketones Aluminium iso Secondary Ethylene and Acetylene

O
H OH
Al(ipro)3
centers are not affected
Verley propoxide in the Alcohols Acetone

presence of
Reduction(MPVR)
Al(ipro) 3

R-CH(OH)-R
Isopropanol R-CO-R -
CH3 CHOH CH3
-

-
33 Pinacol-Pinacolone Ketones Mineral acids Rearrangement
CH3 CH3
H3C
Benzene solvent H3C CH3
O
Rearrangement
+ Mg
H3C O O
Mg

H2 O

CH3 CH3
CH3 O
Mineral acid
H3C CH3
H3C CH3
OH OH
CH3 pinacol
Pinacolone
SNO Name of the Reactant(s) Reagent / Intermediate Product Example /Mechanism Remarks
reaction Conditions
34 Baeyer – Williger Aliphatic Ketones Permono Esters R-CO-R ⎯⎯⎯⎯
2 5
→ R-COOR H SO /( o )

Oxidation sulphuric acid Rearrangement

CH3-CO-CH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → CH3 – COOCH3
2 5 H SO /( o )
( Caro’ s acid) Oxidation
H2SO5/ Per
benzoic acid
(PBA)/Per acetic
acid(PAA)
35 CANNIZZARO’ S Aldehydes without - Conc. Alkali Alcohol and Salt of 2HCHO ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ CH3OH + HCOONa
NaOH (50%) Disproportionation
hydrogens (50%) Carboxylic acid reaction.
REACTION C6H5-CHO ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ C6H5-CH2OH + C6H5-COONa
NaOH (50%)
It is self oxidation and
O
OH-- O
-
O reduction. Transfer of
H H
H H H Hydride ion from one
- H2O OH
OH aldehyde to another
+ CH3-OH aldehyde molecule is
RDS. It is bimolecular
& second order
reaction.
The aldehyde which
accepts H- ion undergoes
Reduction and aldehyde
which loses H- undergoes
oxidation.
36 Crossed Mixture of Aldehydes Conc. alkali Alcohol and Salt of C6H5-CHO + HCHO ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ C6H5-CH2OH + NaOH (50%) More reactive aldehyde
Cannizzaro’ s without  -hydrogens Carboxylic acid HCOONa
oxidized as acid. Bigger
Aldehyde is reduced as
reaction alcohol.
37 Internal / Same molecule with Conc. alkali Alcohol and Salt of O O O H

intramolecular carbonyl functional Carboxylic acid H H ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯

NaOH (50%)
→ Na O
H
OH
⎯⎯→
H

groups without a - H

Cannizzaro’ s
O

Hydrogens
reaction
HO OH
H

CH3- CO-CHO ⎯⎯⎯→ CH3-CH(OH)-COONa NaOH

O O HO O
O Na

O O O

O
38 Tischenko’ s All Aldehydes (with Aluminium Carboxylic acid + 2CH3-CHO ⎯⎯⎯⎯
3
→ CH3-COOH+ CH3-CH2-OH+
Al ( OEt )

reaction or without alpha ethoxide Alcohol + Ester CH3-COOEt

Al(OC2H5)3
(Modified hydrogens) 2CH2= CH-CHO ⎯⎯⎯⎯
Al ( OEt )3
→ CH2= CH-COO-CH=CH2
Cannizzaro.s (Acrolein) (Allyl acrolate)
reaction)
SNO Name of the Reactant(s) Reagent / Intermediate Product Example /Mechanism Remarks
reaction Conditions
39 Reformatsky Aldehydes and Zinc +  - Bromo  -Hydroxy  -Hydroxy esters Br- CH2-COOEt +Zn ⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ Br- - Zn+-CH2-COOEt Benzene Carbanion generates from
ester in the
 -bromo ester. Under
Reaction Ketones esters  ,− H 2O
⎯⎯⎯⎯ → these conditions carbanion is
presence of Br not generated from the
Benzene  ,  - unsaturated H 3C
Br
Zn O CH3 H3C
Zn
O
O
carbonyl compds containing
esters O + O
H3C O CH3  - hydrogens.
H 3C

O
H3C
H3C
O
OH
H3C O CH3
H3C O CH3
alpha , beta -unsaturated ester
Beta- Hydroxy ester

40 Claisen Schmidt Aliphatic Aldehydes / Dil Alkali  - hydroxy  ,  -unsaturated

O O

O
NaOH H
H

reaction Ketones with Alpha carbonyl carbonyl compounds + H3C

H

hydrogen +
cinnamaldehyde

compound O O

Benzaldehyde H
O
NaOH CH3

+ H3C
CH3

Benzilidine Acetone

41 Perkin Reaction Only Aromatic Acid anhydride and  ,  -unsaturated Aldol type of condensation on
OH O O
O
O O CH3COONa Aromatic Aldehydes. Aldehydes
Aldehydes Sodium salt of its carboxylic acids H
O CH3
without  -hydrogen are used
+ H3C O CH3
same carboxylic O .Salt of carboxyl acid also
acid generates carbanion, if

O
OH
H3C + Aldehyde contains -
OH
hydrogens
42 Benzoin Only Aromatic Alcoholic KCN  -Hydroxy carbonyl Con HNO3  -hydroxy carbonyl
Aldehydes compounds compds and Benzoin gives
condensation
O

H KCN/Alcohol
O OH O O test with Tollen`s reagent
Reflux

Benzoin Benzil

1) Mono substituted
43 Schmidt reaction Ketones and Carboxylic Hydrazoic O O Schmidt reaction on Ketones is similar
to Beckmann’ s rearrangement.
N3 H/H+

Amides obtained only with H3C NH CH3

acids acid(N3H)/H2SO4
H3C CH3 H 2 N −OH
ketones O R-CO-R ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → (R) - 2
2) Primary amines are N3H/H2SO4

H3C NH2 PCl5 / H +

obtained with carboxylic
H3C OH
C=NOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → R-CO-
acids NHR
 O
O O Schmidt reaction on Carboxylic acids is
N3 H NH2 similar to Hoffmann’ s reaction.
→
OH N3H
NH
R-COOH +NH3 R-CO-NH2
,
Note: When Aldehydes are treated with N3H in conc. ⎯⎯⎯⎯→ R-NH
NaOH / Br2
2

H2SO4 Cyanide and Formamide are formed. Cyanide is

the major product

SNO Name of the Reactant(s) Reagent / Intermediate Product Example /Mechanism Remarks
reaction Conditions
44 Wittig Reaction Aldehydes Ketones Phosphorane Four membered Alkene with more CH3-CHO + H2C=P P-h3 → CH3-CH=CH2 In this reaction
Ylid Betain number of carbon Carbonyl carbon is
intermediate atoms H 3C
H converted into Ethylenic
O +Ph3 P=CH2
H CH 3 - C O carbon
CH 2 P- Ph 3

Betain

45 Michael Reaction Compounds having Base CH2(COOC2H5)2 + C6H5CH=CH-COOC2H5 ƒ Nucleophilic addition on

Active ethylenic bonds(
Active methylene C6H5CH-CH2-COOC2H5 Ethylene centers with -M
groups are added to groups like – NO2, -CN)
|
activated olefinic bond
of the type – CH=CH-
CH(COOC2H5)2
Z(electron with
drawing)
46 Strecker Reaction Aldehydes NH4Cl + KCN  - Amino carboxylic ⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→
i .NH 4Cl / KCN ,ii .Hydrolysis This reaction is used for
acids
R-CHO R-CH(NH2)-COOH preparation of  - amino
acids, special case of Mannich
Reaction
47 Esterification Alcohols + Carboxylic H2SO4 / Dry HCl Esters R-OH + R-COOH ⎯⎯⎯
2 4
→ R-COOR+ H2O H SO During the Esterification
reaction intermolecular
acids gas elimination of water takes
( If HCl gas is O OH OH place (– OH group from acid
H+
used as a
RDS
,-H from alcohol )
+
H3C OH H3C C H3C OH
R- OH -H+
catalyst ,
+
OH O R
H2SO4 acts as a catalyst.
Esterification is H
It protonated water and
called as Fisher- O OH
prevent reverse
Speier H3C O R
-H2O
H3C OH
reaction(hydrolysis)
O R
Esterification Protonated water is not a
nucleophile.
48 Internal Molecule containing H2SO4 Cyclic esters H+/

Esterification both alcohol and – Lactones OH

-H2O

OH O
carboxylic groups
O O

 -hydroxy cinnamic acid Cumarine

separated with a
sufficient distance
49 Hell -Volhard Carboxylic acids having Cl2/Br2 in the Acid chloride  - Halo carboxylic acids CH3-COOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
2 Cl / Re d P
CH2Cl- COOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
Cl2 / Re d P

Zelinsky Reaction  - hydrogen presence of Red intermediate

phosphorous CHCl2-COOH ⎯⎯⎯⎯→
Cl2 / Re d P
CCl3-COOH
50 Benzilic acid 1,2- dicarbonyl Strong alkali  - hydroxy carboxylic O O
O
In this reaction an alkyl /aryl
acids
OH
group migrated from one
rearrangement compounds (non- OH--
Benzilic ac id
carbonyl group to another
enolisable)
OH
carbonyl group.

51 Claisen Ester Esters with at least Strong base  - Keto esters 2CH3-COOEt
CH 3 −CH 2 −ONa
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ CH3-CO-CH2-COOEt (
It is Nucleophilic substitution
reaction(SNAC)
condenzation two  -Hydrogen like Sodium  - keto ester) Attack of carbanion on acyl
ethoxide carbon is RDS, Esters with
one a hydrogen can also
takes place with strong base
like NaNH2 or Ph3C-

SNO Name of the Reactant(s) Reagent / Intermediate Product Example /Mechanism Remarks
reaction Conditions
52 Gabriel Phthalimide Alkyl halides and Amines
O
O O SN2
reaction Potassium N K
R-X

N R
H2O OH
+ R-NH
Phthalimide
OH
2
O
O O

53 Hoffmann’ s Simple amides Bromine and N- Bromamide Primary Amines CH3-CO-NH2

NaOH + Br2 / NaOBr
⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯⎯→ CH3-NH2 + NaBr + H2O This is rearrangement
Bromamide Caustic soda and Isocyanate reaction
+ Na2CO3
(NaOH) ( R-CO-NHBr/
reaction/ OR Hypo- R-N=C=O)
Hoffmann’ s bromite
degradation
reaction
54 Aldol condensation Aldehydes or Dilute base Carbanion  - hydroxy carbonyl 2CH3-CHO ⎯⎯⎯⎯
→ CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CHO (aldol)
DilNaOH If the alcohol is 3o or Benzyl
alcohol simultaneously loses
Ketones with  - NaOH/ compounds or ALDOL 
⎯⎯ → CH3-CH=CH-CHO(Crotanaldehyde) water and produces alkenes.
In this reaction a new C-C
hydrogens Ba(OH)2/ bond is formed between the
K2CO3 carbonyl group of one
molecule and  -carbon of
another molecule.
 - Attack of carbanion on
O O O RDS O
-
H O
OH--
- + carbonyl group is RDS
H3C
- H2O
H2C + H3C C H3C H
H H H
carbanion H H
O OH H O HOH

H3C H
 H3C H
-

H H - H 2O H H
_OH

55 Mixed or Crossed Two different Dilute base CH3-CHO + CH3-CO-CH3 ⎯⎯⎯⎯ → CH3-CH(OH)-CH2- DilNaOH If there is mixture of
Aldol condensation Aldehydes or Ketones NaOH/ Ba(OH)2/ CHO+ CH3-CH(OH)-CH2-CO-CH3 + CH3-CH(CH3)(OH)- aldehyde and Ketone ,
with  - hydrogens K2CO3 CH2-CO-CH3 + CH3—CH (CH3) (OH)-CH2- CHO carbanion always
attacks on aldehyde.
56 Internal Aldol Dicarbonyl compounds Dilute base Acyclic Due to internal
O O O

CH3 OH
- 

condensation separated with NaOH/ Ba(OH)2/ compounds H

- H2O
condensation
sufficient distance K2CO3 O OH
cyclization takes place.
4- Keto Pentanal 4-keto pentanol

Levulinaldehyde

If NaOH is used as a base,

57 Knoevenagel’ s Carbonyl compounds Weak base like Carbanion Unsaturated
O CH3
O CH3
O HO O
O
carbonyl compounds which
+Active Methylene Pyridine /
Pyridine

reaction compounds H
O are having  -Hydrogens
compounds, 3oamine +
O
O
CH3 O O CH3
will also produces carbanion,
[CH2(NO2)2, CH2(CN)2, O
OH 
to avoid this very weak base
CH2(COOET)2, ] OH
H 2O
OH like pyridine is used.
O
Knovengel reaction is
addition followed by
elimination E1cb
Note: Carbanion is from other than carbonyl
compounds

SNO Name of the Reactant(s) Reagent / Intermediate Product Example /Mechanism Remarks
reaction Conditions
58 Sandmayer’ s Benzene diazonuium CuCl+HCl/ Aryl halides
N2 Cl Cl Aryl Iodides are obtained
chloride Cu2Cl2 when if diazonium chloride
reaction ( Diazonium
CuBr+HBr/ CuCl +HCl is boiled with KI.
group is replaced + N2
Cu2 Br2 by halogen atom) N 2 Cl
I

KI
+ N2

N2 Cl Br
Aryl Fluorides are obtained
CuBr +HBr when if diazonium chloride
+ N2 is treated with Fluoro boric
acid (HBF4)
 F
N 2 Cl
HBF4
+ N2
SHIENANN’ S-BALZ
Reaction

59 Gatterman Benzene Finely divided Aryl halides Cl

Benzene diazonuium
N2 Cl chloride on reaction with
reaction diazonuium Cu+HCl/ ( Diazonium Cu+HCl N2 Cuprous cyanide in aq KCN
chloride Cu+HBr group is replaced + [K3Cu(CN)4] or aq KCN in
by halogen atom) the presence of Cu powder
gives Phenyl cyanide
N2 Cl Br KCN/ K3Cu(CN)4
CN
N2 Cl
KCN+ Cu N2
Finely divided Cu+HBr +
+ N2

60 Diazotization / Aromatic primary NaNO2 + Benzene

N2 Cl OH
Diazocoupling amines Conc. HCl at diazonuium
reaction ( Aniline) 0-5oC chloride OH
+ (PH 9 10)

N=N OH

p- Hydroxy azobenzene

SNO Name of the Reactant(s) Reagent / Intermediate Product Example /Mechanism Remarks
reaction Conditions
61 Etard’s reaction Alkyl Benzenes Manganous Carbonyl CH3 CH(OAc)2 H O Terminal carbon of alkyl
group is converted in to
oxide / compounds H3O+ Aldehyde
CrO2Cl2/
Chromyl Manganous oxide
chloride
Acylal
(CrO2Cl2)
 CH3 CHO

CrO2Cl2/
Manganous oxide

62 Friedal Crafts Benzene and Alkyl halides Arenium Alkyl Benzenes E Anhydrous AlCl3/ FeCl3/
+
H CH H
+
SnCl4/ BF3/ BCl3/ ZnCl2 is
reaction Substituted (RX) carbocation ( ' ' + E
E
- H+
used as catalyst.
Benzenes complex) Aniline does not
H H (ARENIUM ION)
CH
+ undergo Friedel
CH3-Cl + AlCl3 → CH3++ AlCl4- craft’ s reaction,
E + E
because amino group
of aniline is acts as
CH3
base and forms salts
+
H AlCl3 CH H
+ like Lewis base (
+ CH3 CH3 - H+ +
H5C6 NH2 AlCl3)
H+ + AlCl4- → AlCl3 + HCl Phenols, nitrobenzene also
don’ t Friedal crafts reaction
63 Zenin Reduction Poly nitro ( Selective Nitro amines NO 2 NO 2

( Selective compounds reduction Na2S/(NH4)2S

reduction of with Na2S/

NH2
nitro groups) (NH4)2S/ NO 2

NH4HS