SOCIALIZATION
AND PERSONALITY
Applied Sociology
Presented by: Group 2
Introduction: The nature and difinition of
Socialization and Personality
S O C I A L I Z AT I O N - i s t h e p r o c e s s o f
internalizing the norms and ideologies of
society. Socialization encompasses both
learning and teaching and is thus "the means
by which social and cultural continuity are
attained".
Socialization is strongly connected to
developmental psychology. Humans need
social experiences to learn their culture and to
survive.
Socialization essentially represents the whole
process of learning throughout the life course
and is a central influence on the behavior,
beliefs, and actions of adults as well as of
children.
Introduction: The nature and difinition of
Socialization and Personality
P E R S O N A L I T Y- P e r s o n a l i t y i s t h e
organization of the biological,
psychological,social,cultural and moral
factors which underlie a person's
behavior.
Personality refers to the sum total of all
the physical or biological,psychological
or mental,social or cultural,emotional, and
spiritual traits of a person which underlie
his behavior and which makes him
distinct,unique,or different from all the
others.
HISTORY OF SOCIALIZATION
Notions of society and the state of nature have existed for centuries. In its earliest usages, socialization was
simply the act of socializing or another word for socialism.
Socialization as a concept originated concurrently with sociology, as sociology was defined as the treatment
of "the specifically social, the process and forms of socialization, as such, in contrast to the interests and
contents which find expression in socialization".
In particular, socialization consisted of the formation and development of social groups, and also the
development of a social state of mind in the individuals who associate. Socialization is thus both a cause
and an effect of association.
The term was relatively uncommon before 1940, but became popular after World War II, appearing in
dictionaries and scholarly works such as the theory of Talcott Parsons.
THEORIES OF SOCIALIZATION
Cooley's theory of socialization involves this Sociologist George Herbert Mead believed
notion of the looking-glass self. The Looking- that people develop self-images through
Glass Self refers to a self-image that is based interactions with other people. He argued that
on how we think others see us. The the self, which is the part of a person's
imagination of our appearance to the other personality consisting of self-awareness and
person. self-image, is a product of social experience.
THE PURPOSE OF SOCIALIZATION
The purpose of socialization is to teach people the norms and customs of their culture so that they can
function within it.
Norms are the rules that dictate how people are expected to behave in a given situation. Customs,
meanwhile, are the traditional practices of a culture, such as its values, beliefs, and rituals (Ochs, 1999).
Socialization also helps to instill a sense of social control within members of a society so that they conform
to its rules and regulations.
Social control is the process by which a society tries to ensure that its members behave in an acceptable
way. It can be done through punishments, rewards, or simply by teaching people what is expected of them.
In some cases, social control is necessary to maintain order and prevent chaos.
In other cases, it may be used to protect the interests of those in power or to promote a certain ideology
(Ochs, 1999)
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
01 Family 05 Mass Media
02 Schools 06 Religion
03 Community/Neighborhoods 07 Government
04 Peers 08 Ethnicity and Class
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
FAMILY
Family members can include parents, siblings, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. The
family is the first and most important agent of socialization for children.
SCHOOLS
Schools are an important secondary agent of socialization.
COMMUNITIES/NEIGHBORHOOD
Communities or neighborhoods consist of a group of people living in the same geographic area
under common laws or groups of people sharing fellowship, a friendly association, and common
interests
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
PEERS
People learn from their peers (the people of their own age and similar social status) how to dress,
talk, and behave. People also learn about what is important to one”s peer group and what is not
MASS MEDIA
The media works by providing information to a wide audience via television, newspapers, radio,
and the Internet. This broad dissemination of information greatly influences social norms
RELIGION
Religions can be both formal and informal institutions, any is an important avenue of socialization
for many people.
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION
GOVERNMENT
The government is another agent of socialization. It enacts laws that uphold social norms and
values, and it also provides institutions and services that support citizens.
ETHNICITIY AND CLASS
Ethnic socialization is the process by which people learn about their ethnic group’s culture and
history.
TYPE OF SOCIALIZATION
01 Primary Socialization 06 De Socialization
02 Secondary Socialization 07 Re Socialization
03 Developmental Socialization 08 Organizational Socialization
04 Anticipatory Socialization 09 Forced Socialization
05 Differential Socialization
TYPE OF SOCIALIZATION
Primary Socialization
Primary socialization occurs between the child and those people in his/her life with whom he/she
has a close, personal, and intimate face-to-face relationship.For most people, the first primary
relationships they form are with their parents, siblings, grandparents, and other family members.
The family provides children with a sense of moral values, teaching the difference between right
and wrong behavior, and how to relate appropriately to others (family, friends, strangers, etc.).
TYPE OF SOCIALIZATION
Secondary Socialization
Secondary socialization occurs between the individual and those people in their life with whom
they have secondary relationships. A secondary relationship is one in which the individual does not
have a close, personal, intimate or face-to-face relationship with the people that are responsible for
the socialization process.
TYPE OF SOCIALIZATION
Developmental Socialization
Developmental socialization is a learning process wherein the focus in on developing social skills
or on learning behavior within a social institution. For example, a shy person may go through
developmental socialization in order to learn how to be more outgoing.
This type of socialization can happen at any point in life, but is often thought of as happening
during childhood and adolescence.
TYPE OF SOCIALIZATION
Anticipatory Socialization
Anticipatory socialization is the process by which people learn about future roles and expectations
in order to prepare for them.
It often happens before a person enters into a new social situation, such as starting a new job. For
example, imagine that someone is about to start working in an office for the first time.
TYPE OF SOCIALIZATION
Differential Socialization
Differential socialization is the process by which people of different groups are socialized differently.
This can be due to their class, race, or gender. For example, girls are often socialized to be more
passive and nurturing, while boys are socialized to be more active and aggressive.
This can lead to different expectations and experiences for girls and boys as they grow up. This
socialization occurs through a variety of agents, such as parents, teachers, the media, and peers.
TYPE OF SOCIALIZATION
Desocialization Socialization
Desocialization is the process by which someone experiences role loss and an accompanying loss
of associated power or prestige. It can happen when a person leaves a job, goes through a divorce,
or retires.
Resocialization Socialization
Resocialization is the process by which someone learns new norms, values, and behaviors. Most
typically, this involves partially or completely redefining the traits of the role that a person had
previously occupied.
TYPE OF SOCIALIZATION
Organizational Socialization
Organizational socialization is the process by which people learn about, adjust to, and change the
knowledge, skills, attitudes, expectations, and behaviors needed for a new or changing
organizational role.
Forced Socialization
Forced socialization is a type of socialization that happens when an individual is placed in an
environment where they have no choice but to conform to the norms and values of the group.
METHOD OF SOCIALIZATION
01 Affective Methods 04 Cognitive Methods
02 Operant Methods 05 Sociocultural Methods
03 Observational Methods 06 Apprenticeship Methods
METHOD OF SOCIALIZATION
Affective Method of Socialization
01 Affective refers to feelings or emotions, such as love, anger, fear or disgust . How children feel about others, how
children feel about themselves, and how they express their emotions are all included in the affective method.
demonstrate on a projector or computer, or print the presentation and make it film.
Operant Method of Socialization 02
02 Operant refers to producing an effect. This usually includes reinforcement. Reinforcement is an object or event
that is following a behavior and that serves to increase the likelihood that the behavior will occur again .
Observation Method of Socialization
03 Observational methods include a very important, essential piece of socialization, which is modeling. Modeling is a
form of imitative learning that occurs through observation. It allows us to learn appropriate social behavior,
attitudes, and emotions by watching others.
METHOD OF SOCIALIZATION
Cognitive Method of Socialization
04 Cognitive methods of socialization focuses on how individuals process information, and create meaning from
experiences. How children cognitively perceive and experience the world will affect future outcomes.
02
Sociocultural Method of Socialization
05 Sociocultural methods of socialization involve learned behavior, including knowledge, beliefs, art, morals, law,
customs, and traditions, that is characteristic of the social environment in which an individual grows up.
Observation Method of Socialization
Apprenticeship is a process in which a novice is guided by an expert to participate in and master tasks ). Children
06 are guided through apprenticeship in all settings, it could be by their parent, peer, teacher, coach, or member of
the community. Apprenticeship is an effective socialization tool to help build self-esteem as children are learning
more about their abilities as they grow.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE PERSONALITY
BIOLOGICAL INHERITANCE OR
1 HEREDITY
2 ENVIRONMENT
3
NATURE OF PEOPLE WHOM WE
INTERACT
CULTURE
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
FACTORS PERSONALITY
THAT INFLUENCE
DEVELOPMENT
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
BIOLOGICAL INHERITANCE OR HEREDITY
Heredity refers to the physical and mental traits
transmitted by the parents to their offspring
through the germ plasma. The child inherits the
biological or physical structures and mental
capacity of his parents. All these affect
socialization and personality development
because they set the limit on physical and
mental development.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
FACTORS PERSONALITY
THAT INFLUENCE
DEVELOPMENT
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
ENVIRONMENT
Environment refers to the physical surroundings
both natural and artificial which affect the growth
development and existence of living things. It
refers to the geographic cultural and social
environment.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
FACTORS PERSONALITY
THAT INFLUENCE
DEVELOPMENT
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
NATURE OF PEOPLE WHOM WE INTERACT
People influence each other and such influences
shape the personality. For this reason, we often
say that one’s personality is constantly evolving
and is shaped throughout one’s life.
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE
FACTORS PERSONALITY
THAT INFLUENCE
DEVELOPMENT
PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
CULTURE
Culture shapes our personal values and
predispositions. It is the unique characteristic of
a social group. The values and norms shared by
its member ’s sets it apart from other social
groups. The essence of culture is the collective
programming of the mind.
THEORIES OF PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT
1. FREUD'S THEORY OF PERSONALITY
Sigmund Freud, a Vienesse psychologist, holds that personality consists of 3 major system; ID, EGO
AND SUPEREGO
1. "ID" is the reservoir of sexual and aggressive urges. It
is centered on the satisfaction of the basic needs like food
dominated by the pleasure principles.
2. "EGO" is the rational part of the self that interprets
information obtained through the senses and that finds
ways of satisfying biological needs.
3. "SUPEREGO" or conscience stands for the internalized
ideas of right and wrong, the traditional values and morals
of the society
“Beauty attract the eye but
Personality captured the heart”
