RESEARCH II

HAND OUT
WHAT IS RESEARCH?

• a careful, critical, disciplined inquiry, varying in technique and method according to the
nature and conditions of the problem identified, directed toward the clarification or
resolution of a problem (Good p.464)
• the systematic search for pertinent information on a specific topic or problem. (Aquino p. 1)
• the process of gathering data or information to solve a particular or specific problem in a
scientific manner (Manuel and Model, p.5}
• a systematic study or investigation of something for the purpose of answering questions
posed by the researcher(Parel)
 Is an attempt to gain solutions to problems. More precisely it is the collection of data in a
rigorously controlled situation for the purpose of prediction or explanation (Treece and
Treece, p. 3)
 is a purposive, systematic and scientific process of gathering, analyzing, classifying,
organizing, presenting, and interpreting data for the solution of a problem, for prediction, for
invention, for the discovery of truth or for the expansion or verification of existing
knowledge, all for the preservation and improvement of the quality of human life

PURPOSES OF RESEARCH
• The purpose of research is to serve man” and “The goal of research is the good life”.
 The main or principal purpose or goal of research is the preservation and improvement of
human life.

SPECIFIC PURPOSES OF RESEARCH

• To discover new facts about known phenomena.
• To find answers to problems which are only partially solved by existing methods and
information.
• Improve existing techniques and develop new instruments or products.
• To discover previously unrecognized substances or elements.
• Discover pathways of action of known substances and elements.
• To order related, valid generalizations into systematized science.
• To provide basis for decision making in business, industry, education, government, and in
other undertakings.
• To satisfy the researcher’s curiosity.
• To find answers to queries by means of scientific method.
• To acquire a better and deeper understanding about the phenomenon.
• To expand or verify existing knowledge.
• To improve educational practices for raising the quality of school products.
• To promote health and prolong life.
• To provide man with more of his basic needs.
• To make work, travel, communication faster, easier, and more comfortable

CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH

Research is systematic – It follows an orderly and sequential procedure that leads to
the discovery of truth, solution of a problem, or whatever is aimed to be discovered.
• Research is controlled – All variables except those that are tested or being experimented
upon are kept constant so that the changes made on the subject of the study can be
attributed only to the experimental variable.
• Research is empirical- All the procedures employed and the data gathered are perceived
in the same manner by all observers
• Research employs hypothesis – This is to guide the investigation process.
 • Research employs quantitative or statistical methods- Data are transformed into
numerical measures and are treated statistically to determine their significance or
usefulness.
• Research is original work – Except in historical research, data are gathered from primary
sources or first – hand sources and not from secondary sources such as books or theses.
• Research is done by an expert – The researcher uses valid and carefully designed
procedures, valid data-gathering instruments, and valid data.
• Research is accurate investigation, observation and description – research must be
done accurately so that all findings will lead to the formulation of scientific generalizations.
• Research is patient and unhurried activity – This is to ensure accuracy
• Research requires an effort-making capacity – No research can be done without the
exertion of much effort.
• Research requires courage- Research requires courage because the researcher
oftentimes undergo hazards, discomforts, and the like

Kinds and Classifications of Research

1. According to purpose.
a. Predictive or prognostic research has the purpose of determining the future
operation of the variables under investigation with the aim of controlling or
redirecting such for the better.
b. Directive research determines what should be done based on the findings. This is
to remedy an unsatisfactory condition if there is any.
c. Illuminative research is concerned with the interaction of the components of the
variable being investigated
2. According to goal.
a. Basic or pure research is done for the development of theories or principles. It is
conducted for the intellectual pleasure of learning. Much of this kind of research
has been done in psychology and sociology (Manuel and Medel, p.18)
b. Applied research is the application of the results of pure research. This is testing
the efficacy of theories and principles.
3. According to the levels of investigation.
a. In exploratory research, the researcher studies the variables pertinent to a
specific situation.
b. In descriptive research, the researcher studies the relationships of the variables.
c. In experimental research, the experimenter studies the effects of the variables on
each other.
4. According to the type of analysis.
a. In the analytic approach, the researcher attempts to identify and isolate the
components of the research situation.
b. The holistic approach begins with the total situation, focusing attention on the
system first and then on its internal relationships.
5. According to scope. Under this category is action research. This type of research is
done on a very limited scope to solve a particular problem which is not so big. It is
almost problem-solving.
6. According to choice of answers to problems.
 a. In evaluation research, all possible courses of action are specified and identified
and the researcher tries to find the most advantageous.
b. In developmental research, the focus is on finding or developing a more suitable
instrument or process than has been available.
7. According to statistical content.
a. Quantitative or statistical research is one in which inferential statistics are utilized
to determine the results of the study. Inferential statistics such as correlation, chi-
square, analysis of variance, etc. are used to test the hypothesis. This type of
research usually includes comparison studies, cause-and-effect relationships,
etc.
b. Non-quantitative research. This is research in which the use of quantity or
statistics is practically nil. This is especially true in anthropological studies where
description is usually used Descriptive data are gathered rather than quantitative
data.
8. According to time element.
a. Historical research describes what was.
b. Descriptive research describes what is.
c. Experimental research describes what will be
Some Hindrances to Scientific Inquiry

1. Tradition – this is accepting that customs, beliefs, practices and superstitions are true and
are parts of the daily lives of men. No effort is exerted to find our whether they are true or
not.
2. Authority - this is accepting without question, an opinion about a certain subject which is
given by someone who is considered authority on the subject.
3. Inaccurate investigation - this is describing wrongly what is actually observed.
4. Overgeneralization – This is establishing a pattern out of a few instances.
5. Selective observation – this is persisting to believe an observed pattern from an
overgeneralization and ignoring other pertinent patterns.
6. Made -up information – this is making up information to explain away confusion.
7. Illogical reasoning – this is attributing something to another without any logical basis.
8. Ego-involvement in understanding – this is giving an explanation when one finds himself in
an unfavorable situation.
9. Mystification – this is attributing to supernatural power, the phenomena that cannot be
understood.
10. To err is human – this is an attitude that admits the fallibility of man.
11. Dogmatism – this is an unwritten policy of certain institutions and governments prohibiting
the study of topics that are believed to run counter to be established doctrines of each
institutions or government
The Scientific Method of Research

1. Determining the problem

2. Forming a hypothesis
3. Doing the library search
4. Designing the study
5. Developing the instruments for collecting data
6. Collecting the data
7. Analyzing the data
8. Determining the implications and conclusions from the findings
9. Making recommendations for further research
Principles of the Scientific Method
1. Rigid control – refers to the manipulation of the variables
*variables are those things that vary in quantity and quality which are to be manipulated by the
researcher.
Ex. Age, sex, population, efficiency
2. Objectivity – means that there should be no bias or partiality in treating the results of the
inquiry. The results should not be tampered with, whatever they may be.
3. Systematic organization – refers to proper and accurate tabulation of data as well as
presenting them in statistical tables ready for interpretation.
4. Rigorous standards – refers to the setting up of standards or principles which serve as bases
for evaluating the findings of a study.
- Such standards should not be changed to suit the expectations of the
researcher.
- Refers to the accurate statistical computation and interpretation of
quantified data.
THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
A problem is (1) any significant, perplexing and challenging situation, real or artificial, the solution of
which requires reflective linking; (2) a perplexing situation after it has been translated into a question or
series of questions that help determine the direction of subsequent inquiry. (Good, p. 414)
Elements of a Research Problem

1. Aim or purpose of the problem for investigation. This answers the question “Why?” Why is
there an investigation? Inquiry or study?
2. The subject matter or topic to be investigated. This answers the question “What?” What is
to be investigated or studied?
3. The place or the locale where the research is to be conducted. This answers the question
“Where”? Where is the study to be conducted?
4. The period of time of the study during which the data are to be gathered. This answers the
question “When?” When the study to be is carries out?
5. Population or universe from whom the data are to be collected. This answers the question
“Who?” or from “Whom?”

GUIDELINES IN THE SELECTION OF A RESEARCH PROBLEM OR TOPIC

The following are the guidelines or criteria in which they are also considered as characteristics of
research problems.

1.

THE TITLE
,, Guidelines in writing the title.

1. Generally, the title is formulated before the start of the research work. It may be revised and
refined later if there is a need.
2. The title must contain the subject matter of the study, the locale of the study, the population
involved, and the period when the data were gathered or will be gathered.
3. It must be broad enough to include all aspects of the subject matter studied or to be
studied. Hence, the title indicates what is expected to be found inside the thesis report.
4. It must be as brief and concise as possible.
5. Avoid using the terms “An Analysis of”, “A Study of”, “An Investigation of” and the like. All
these things are understood to have been done or to be done when a research is
conducted.
 6. If the title contains more than one line, it must be written like an inverted pyramid, all words
in capital letters.
7. The title must not more than fifteen (15) words.

Statement of the Problem

Guidelines in formulating the general problem and the specific subproblems or specific questions.

1. The general statement of the problem and the specific subproblems or questions should be
formulated first before conducting the research.
2. It is customary to state specific subproblems in the interrogative form. Hence, subproblems
are called specific problems.
3. Each specific question must be clear and unequivocal, that is, it has only one meaning. It
must not have dual meaning.
4. Each specific question is researchable apart from the other questions, that is, answers to
each specific question can be found even without considering the other questions.
5. Each specific question must be based upon facts and phenomena. Besides, the data from
such known facts and phenomena must be accessible to make the specific question
researchable.
6. Answers to specific questions can be interpreted apart from the answers to other specific
questions.
7. Answers to specific questions must contribute to the development of the whole research
problem or topic.
8. Summing up the answers to all the specific questions will give a complete development of
the entire study.
9. The number of specific question should be enough to cover the development of the whole
research problem or study.
10. Generally, there should be a general statement of the problem and this should be broken
up into as many subproblems or specific questions as necessary.

Variable – is any entity that can take on different values.

- Anything that can vary can be considered variable

- Refers to a person, place, thing or phenomenon that you are trying to measure in some
way
KINDS OF VARIABLES

1. Independent variable – is the one that causes change or effect or will influence the
dependent variable
- Simply the cause
- manipulated
2. Dependent variable – is the one being affected by the independent variable
- Is what happens as a result of the independent variable
- Simply the effect
- Non manipulable
Ex. RESPONSE OF MUSHROOM TO DIFFERENT BED MATERIALS
DV IV
EFFECT OF FERMENTED PLANT JUICE ON THE PRODUCTION OF TOMATO
IV D
 Experimental variable – same as the independent variable
3. Control variables – these are the one being kept constant through in an experiment to
ensure that any change or effect that happens is attributed only to the experimental
variable.

Ex. GERMNATION OF NARRA SEEDS AS AFFECTED BY THE

VARYING AMOUNT OF INDOLE 3 ACETIC ACID

5 ml IAA 10 ml IAA

50ml water 50ml water 50 ml

seeds 500g soii ssed 500g soil 500g soil

A B C

Ex. of control and experimental variables

1. Control variables – type of box, number of narra seed, amount of soil, amount of water
2. Experimental variable – varying amount of IAA (Indole 3 acetic acid)

Ex. of Set up

A- Control set up – not treated with experimental or independent variable

B & C - are experimental set up – treated with experimental or independent variable
 QUARTER 4
What is innovation? How does it differ from creativity and invention?

Difference between creativity and innovation

Creativity – maybe as idea generation. Being creative is to be able to generate or come up with
ideas. Creativity is hence a process, or a thinking process to be exact. Creating something out of
nothing.
Innovation – can be described as “creativity implemented”. Innovation is putting the idea into
practice.
-While creativity is a thinking process, innovation is a productive process. Innovation adds value to
the idea, which otherwise remains as a mere idea.

Difference between invention and innovation

Invention – creating something new product or device or process that never existed before.
Innovation – occurs if someone improves on or makes a significant contribution to an existing
product, process or service.

FORMAT OF INNOVATION PAPER

I, Introduction
A. Background of the Study
B. Features and Specifications – This describes the details of your invention.
C. Market Trends and Opportunities –
c.1 what inspired you to develop this invention
c.2 an explanation of what problem your invention will solve
c.3 details how you determined that the invention that you created did not already exist.
 c.4 explain what products are already on the market that are somewhat like your invention
and describe how yours differs.
D. Problems of the Study
II. Materials and Methods:
A. Materials
B. Methods
1. Details on how you made your innovation.
2. Instructions/guide on how to use the innovation.
3. Detailed drawing(s) of your innovation.
C. Data Gathering Instrument
D. Statistical Tool
Results and Discussion:
This is the essence of your paper. Compare your results with theoretical values, published data,
literature and related studies, commonly held beliefs, and/or expected results. Include a discussion
of possible errors, statistics, graphs, pages with your raw collected data, etc.
 Discuss the answers of the problems
• How did the data vary between repeated observations of similar events?
• How were your results affected by uncontrolled events?
• What would you do differently if you repeated this project?
• What other experiments should be conducted?
Conclusions: This discusses the potential applications, possible customer benefits, and the
impact of the problem in solving problems and issues of today and tomorrow.
Acknowledgements: Individuals, businesses and educational or research institutions
References/Bibliography:
IMPORTANT NOTE:
FOR YOUR ACTIVITY PLEASE THINK AND PRESENT IDEAS FOR YOUR INNVATIONS
/INNOVATIVE PRODUCTS.
PLEASE ALWAYS VISIT OUR GROUP CHAT FOR MORE INSTRUCTIONS REGARDING
YOUR PRESENTATIONS.
PLEASE ATTEND ONLINE CLASS IF POSSIBLE.
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YOUR PRESENTATION.