DATA STRUCTURE AND ALGORITHMS
LECTURE 2
Sorting
Reference links:
https://cs.nyu.edu/courses/fall17/CSCI-UA.0102-
007/notes.php
https://www.comp.nus.edu.sg/~stevenha/cs2040.html
https://visualgo.net/en/sorting
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Lecture outline
❑ Why sorting?
❑ Sorting applications
❑ Simple sort algorithms
▪ Bubble Sort; Selection Sort; Insertion Sort; Shuffle sort
❑ Effective sort algorithms
▪ Quick Sort; Merge Sort
❑ Some other algorithms
▪ Radix Sort, Heap Sort
❑ Execirses
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Why sorting?
Sorting
Sorting
❑ Sorting - puts elements of a list in a certain order.
❑ Sorting is one of the fundamental problems in
computer science.
❑ The most-used orders are numerical order and
lexicographical order.
❑ Efficient sorting is important for optimizing the use of
other algorithms (such as searching and merging
algorithms).
❑ The sorting problem has attracted a great deal of
research due to the complexity of solving it efficiently..
Sorting Algorithms
❑ There are many sorting algorithms, many of them
provide a gentle introduction to a variety of core
algorithm concepts.
❑ Although many people consider that is a solved
problem, but useful new sorting algorithms are still
being invented.
❑ Common and well-known sorting algorithms: bubble
sort, selection sort, insertion sort, quicksort, merge
sort, heap sort.
.
Sorting Applications
❑ Uniqueness testing – Kiểm tra tính duy nhất
❑ Deleting duplicates – Xóa các bản trùng
❑ Prioritizing events – Sự kiên ưu tiên
❑ Frequency counting – Đếm tần xuất
❑ Reconstructing the original order – Sắp lại trật tự
❑ Set intersection/union - Bài toán tập hợp
❑ Efficient searching – Tìm kiếm hiệu quả
Simple Sorting Agorithms
❑ Bubble Sort – Sắp xếp nổi bọt
❑ Selection Sort – Sắp xếp chèn
❑ Insertion Sort – Sắp xếp chọn
❑ Shuffle Sort – “Xóc” ngẫu nhiên
Simple Sorting Agorithms
Bubble Sort
Bubble Sort : Idea
❑ Given an array of n items, sort the items ascending
1. Compare pair of adjacent items
2. Swap if the items are out of order
3. Repeat until the end of array
The largest item will be at the last position
4. Go to step 1 with n reduced by 1
❑ Analogy:
Large item is like “bubble” that floats to the end of the array
Bubble Sort : Illustration
Bubble Sort : Pseudo code
i
Bubble Sort : Analysis
❑ 1 iteration of the inner loop (test and swap) requires
time bounded by a constant c
❑ Two nested loops.
▪ outer loop: exactly n iterations
▪ inner loop:
• when i=0, (n-1) iterations
• when i=1, (n-2) iterations
• …
• when i=(n-1), 0 iterations
❑ Total number of iterations = 0+1+…+(n-1) = n(n-1)/2
❑ Total time is = c.n(n-1)/2 = O(n2)
Bubble Sort : Early Termination
❑ Bubble Sort is inefficient with a O(n2) time complexity
❑ However, how does it do when the array like this:
3 , 6 , 11 , 25 , 39
❑ Still compares and swaps – waste time.
❑ Idea:
If we went through the inner loop with no swapping
the array is sorted can stop early!
Bubble Sort : Pseudo Code Ver 2.0
Bubble Sort Ver 2.0 : Analysis
❑ Worst-case
▪ input is in descending order
▪ running-time remains the same: O(n2)
❑ Best-case
▪ input is already in ascending order
▪ the algorithm returns after a single outer-iteration.
▪ Running time: O(n)
❑ Average-case
▪ input is in disorder: O(n2)
Simple Sorting Agorithms
Selection Sort
Selection Sort : Idea
❑ Given an array of n items, sort the items ascending
1. Find the largest item M, in the range of [0…n-1]
2. Swap M with the (n-1)th item
3. Go to step 1, reduce n by 1
Selection Sort : Illustration
Selection Sort : Implementation
Selection Sort : Analysis
Simple Sorting Agorithms
Insertion Sort
Insertion Sort : Idea
❑ Similar to how most people arrange a hand of poker
cards:
1. Start with one card in your hand
2. Pick the next card and insert it into its proper sorted
order.
3. Repeat previous step for all N cards
Insertion Sort : Illustration
Insertion Sort : Implementation
Insertion Sort : Analysis
❑ Outer-loop executes (n – 1) times
❑ Number of times inner-loop executed depends on the
input:
▪ Best-case: the array is already sorted and (a[j] > next)
is always false.
• No shifting of data is necessary.
▪ Worst-case: the array is reversely sorted and (a[j] >
next) is always true
• Insertion always occur at the front
❑ Therefore, the best-case time is O(n)
❑ And the worst-case time is O(n2)
Simple Sorting Agorithms
Shuffle Sort
Shuffle Sort : Idea
❑ Problem: Rearrange array so that result is a
uniformly random permutation
❑ Idea:
▪ Generate a random real number for each array entry,
then sort the array (O(n2))
▪ For each array entry, swap it with an entry at random
position (O(n))
Shuffle Sort : Implementation
//initialize an (sorted) array
for(int i = 0; i < array.length; i++)
Swap( array,i,random.nextInt(10));
//the array is shuffled
Effective Sorting Algorithms
Quick Sort
Divide and Conquer
❑ Divide and Conquer Method: A powerful problem
solving technique.
❑ Divide-and-conquer method solves problem in the
following steps:
▪ Divide Step:
• divide the large problem into smaller problems.
• Recursively solve the smaller problems.
▪ Conquer Step:
• combine the results of the smaller problems to produce
the result of the larger problem.
Quick Sort : Idea
❑ Quick Sort is a divide-and-conquer algorithm
❑ Divide Step:
▪ Choose an item p (known as pivot ) and partition the items
of a[i..j] into two parts:
▪ Items that are smaller than p
▪ Items that are greater than or equal to p
▪ Recursively sort the two parts
❑ Conquer Step: Do nothing!
❑ Comparison:
▪ Merge Sort spends most of the time in conquer step but
very little time in divide step
Quick Sort : Divide Step Ilustration
Quick Sort : Code
❑ Partition() split a[low…high] into two portions
a[low … pivot – 1] and a[pivot + 1 … high]
❑ Pivot item do not participate in any further sorting
Quick Sort : Code – Partition()
Quick Sort : Partition() Example
Quick Sort : Analysis
❑ Recusive algorithm complexity assessment – học sau.
❑ Total time complexity
▪ Best case = O(n lg(n)).
▪ Worst case = O(n2);
▪ Average case O(n lg(n))
❑ Optimal comparison based sort method.
Effective Sorting Algorithms
Merge Sort
Merge Sort : Idea
❑ Suppose we only know how to merge two sorted sets of
elements into one
{1,5,9} merge with {2,11} {1,2,5,9,11}
❑ Question:
Where do we get the two sorted sets in the first place?
❑ Idea (use merge to sort n items):
1. Merge each pair of elements into sets of 2
2. Merge each pair of sets of 2 into sets of 4
3. Repeat previous step for sets of 4 …
4. Final step Merges 2 sets of n/2 elements to obtain a sorted set.
Merge Sort : Idea (cont.)
❑ Divide and Conquer Method: A powerful problem
solving technique.
❑ Divide-and-conquer method solves problem in the
following steps:
▪ Divide Step:
• divide the large problem into smaller problems.
• Recursively solve the smaller problems.
▪ Conquer Step:
• combine the results of the smaller problems to produce
the result of the larger problem.
Merge Sort : Idea (cont.)
❑ Merge Sort is divide and Conquer sorting algorithm.
❑ Divide step
▪ Divide the array into two (equal) halves
▪ Recursively sort the two halves
❑ Conquer Step:
▪ Merge the two halves to form a sorted array
Merge Sort : Illustration
❑ Question: How should we sort the halves in the 2nd step? .
Merge Sort : MergeSort code
❑ Note:
- mergeSort() is a recursive function
- low >= high is the base case, i.e the array has 0 or 1 item
Merge Sort : An example
Merge Sort : An example
Merging Two Sorted Halves
Merge Sort : Merge code
Merge Sort : Merge code (cont.)
❑ Question:
- Why do we need a temporary array b[ ]?
Merge Sort : Analysis
❑ Recusive algorithm complexity assessment – later study.
❑ Total time complexity = O(n lg(n)).
❑ Optimal comparison based sort method.
Merge Sort : Pros and Cons
❑ Pros:
▪ The performance is guaranteed, i.e. unaffected by,original
ordering of the input.
▪ Suitable for extremely large number of inputs.
▪ Can operate on the input portion by portion
❑ Cons:
▪ Not easy to implement
▪ Requires additional storage during merging operation
▪ O(n) extra memory storage needed
Properties of Sorting
In-Place Sorting
Stable Sorting
In-Place Sorting
❑ A sort algorithm is said to be an in-place sort.
▪ If it requires only a constant amount (ie., O(1) ) of extra
space during the sorting process
❑ Merge Sort is not in-place.
▪ Because it need a temporary array for merging two sorted
arrays.
Stable Sorting
❑ A sorting algorithm is stable if it does not reorder
elements that are equal
❑ It is a useful property when:
▪ The item contains a number of sort-able fields
▪ We can then perform several sortings base on different field
each time
❑ Example:
▪ Student names have been sorted into alphabetical order
▪ If it is sorted again according to tutorial group number:
▪ A stable sorting algorithm will make all within the same group to
appear in alphabetical order
Sorting Algorithms: Summary
Algorithm Worst Case Best Case In-place Stable
Selection Sort O(n2) O(n2) Yes No
Insertion Sort O(n2) O(n) Yes Yes
Bubble Sort O(n2) O(n2) Yes Yes
Bubble Sort 2 O(n2) O(n) Yes Yes
Quick Sort O(n2) O(nlogn) Yes No
Merge Sort O(nlogn) O(nlogn) No Yes
Exercises
❑ Implement simple sorting algorithms:
▪ Bubble sort (two implementation)
▪ Selection sort
▪ Insertion sort
❑ Use generic data type for sorting arbitrary type
❑ Test the sorting algorithms on various data set (ints,
doubles, strings, students, cards...)
❑ Homework: Hw2_SimpleSort.doc
