THESIS REVIEWER List of tables

CHAPTER 1  Should be itemized appropriately.

Guidelines for the ff:
TYPES OF RESEARCH FORMAT
Title Page 1. Abridged Research format
 Thesis or research title should be all  Also known as full length research
caps, bold and size 12 paper
 Research proponents should be bold and  Condensed ver and contains 1300-
not all caps as well as the date. 1500 and up words
 Structure of the paper (Introduction,
Approval Sheet Methods, Results, Discussion)
 Thesis or research title should be all retained
caps, bold and size 12  Chapter 1-5
 Name of the ff should all caps, aps, bold, 2. IMRAD
arial 12  Also known as Publishable Research
 Thesis Adviser: Dr Jayvie [Link] format
 Chairman  IMRAD ( Introduction, Method,
 Member 1 and 2 Results, and Discussion)
 College dean :Dr. Kathryn D. Tria  Refers to basic structure of a typical
research article
Acknowledgement  Each of the major components of the
 make it simple and concise article addresses different aims.
 Someone who has a big contribution like,  Chapter 1-5 summarized ver
Grammarian, Statistician etc
Introduction
Abstract  Start with the Global, continental,
 Maximum of 300 words regional and local issues
 Highlight the ff:  Research Gap - missing link and
 Research Objectives (purpose of the deficiencies of the literatures. To know if
study) it is right to continue the research paper
 Results  Research objectives - explain your study
 Atleast one recommendation goals, why you are conducting it.
Structural Components of the Introduction Conceptual Framework
section  Schematic diagram that shows variables
CRA included in the study
Context - you have to present the problems  Known as “model or conceptual
Research Gap - missing links framework” which represents “way of
Aim of the study - purpose of the study looking at a research problem”
 Arrows should be properly placed and
GOLDEN RULE IN INTRODUCTION connected between boxes to show the
 Do not define any words relationshit between independent and
 Should not be opinionated dependent variables.

Theoretical Framework Types of Conceptual framworks

 Consists of theories, principlesm 1. Significant differences uses IPO (input,
generalizations and research findings process, output)
that is closely related to the present 2. Significant relationshit/correlation uses
study concepts of Dependent and
 In this framework present research Independent variable
problem understudy evolved.
 Authors of theories & principles should Problem statement or Statement of the
be cited. Findings should be correct Problem
 Supported/ anchored the entire study  Clearly states the nature and scope of
(bumubuhat sa study) the problem
 can get it from books or law itself  Should be consistent in the presentation
 Technique to identify theory - identify of variables in conceptual framework
your variable first bitch!  It is a description of an issue which is
currently existing that needs to be
NOTE: addressed
Significant Difference - only have 1  Provides context for research and
theoretical framework generate questions aims to answer
 Focal point of the problem
Significant Correlation - have 2  AVOID COLLECTING DATA THAT IS
theorethical framework NOT RELATED
SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION HAS 4 SOP IT is always a NO for significant diff and
1. Pertains to the profile of respondents correlation
2. Pertains to independent variable
3. Pertains to dependent variable Scope and Limitations
4. Pertains to testing significant correlation  Section that explains the nature,
coverage and time frame of the study
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES HAS 3 SOP  Presents in brief subject area of
1. Profile of the respondents investigation, the place, and time period
2. Pertains to variables to be examined or school year covered
theory or practice  Discusses variables included in the study
3. Testing significant differences and the exclusion of other variables
which are expected to be included
Hypothesis  Indicates the extent of capability of
 Formal statement explaining the outcome results arising from sampling population
 Proposition that is emperically testable  Scope means - coverage the study in
 When one stated hypothesis it should be terms of profile, location or other aspects
written in a manner that can be  Limitation means - who are included in
supported or shown to be wrong through the study
and empircal test  Refers to how far the research area has
Types of hypothesis explored and parameters of the study
1. Null hypothesis (ho)
Proposition that states there is no 1st paragraph present the study
relationship or no difference between 2nd who’s the respondent, gather data etc
two variables or an assertion that it is
hoped to be rejected. Significance of the study
2. Alternate hypothesis (ha)  Section that describes the contributions
Opposite of the null. It is a statement of the study to knowledge.
that expressing that there is  Discusses the importance of the study to
relationshit between 2 variables or the society, country, government,
indicating differences between groups community etc
NOTE : Null hypothesis that is tested or  This is written as a part of the
proven. If the null hypothesis is rejected introduction section of the thesis
then we’ll be using alternative hypothesis
 Provides details to the reader on how the  A documents that state the art with
study will contribute what and why this respect to the subject or topic you are
study would benefit them writing about
 Includes explanation of works importance  Synthesises the information in the
as well as benefits literature into a summary
 Sometimes called as “ RATIONALE” NOTE: SYNTHESIS is NOT a
 Beneficiaries can be SUMMARIZATION instead it is a
individuals/organization or Micro COMBINED DIFFERENT STATEMENT of
(individual) or Macro (goup or org) the AUTHORS and their
CONTRADICTIONS
Tips in writing Purpose of Literature Review
1. Refer to the SOP 1. Provides foundation of knowledge on
2. Write from general to specific topic
contribution 2. to prevent potential duplication and give
credit to other researchers
Definition of Terms 3. Identify inconstancies like if there is gaps,
 Inform readers how the terms were conflicts in previous studies, or open
defined: operationally, alphabetically, questions left from other research
conceptually or combination of the 2 4. Identify need for additional research
 Conceptual definition - particular (need to justfy your damn research)
sources to define different words/aspects 5. Identify the relationshit of works in
(cite the resources) context of its contribution to the topic and
 Operational definition - how you used other works.
the words in your paper
RULING ONLINE DATA BASES
 UNFAMILIAR WORDS TO THE  SCOPUS
READER NOT LITERAL DEFINITION  GOOGLE SCHOLAR
 WE DO NOT FUCKING BUILD  SJR
DICTIONARY  SCI-HUB
 CLARIVATE ANALYTICS or WEB OF
CHAPTER 2 SCIENCE
Literature Review
 Is a search and evaluation of the variable
literature in given subject or topic area
Tips in writing literature review the study to provide additional knowledge to
 Use journals (online journal are address the gap” should be in the intro - Dr.
accessible; use of google scholar) Jayvie 2023 >.<
 Use textbooks if you are looking for
definition First paragraph present what the lit says
 Observed proper citation Second paragraph what are the gaps “ there
is no exixting arf arf”
NOTE: FINDING LITERATURE REVIEW Third paragraph “ the researcher often to
YOU SHOULD LOOK FOR PURPOSE AND conduct arf arf”
FINDINGS DON’T FUCKING FORGET TO
PARAPHRASE APA - AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGICAL
Express the meaning of the writer using ASSOCIATION
different words to achieved greater clarity  A scientific and professional organization
DO NOT FUCKING RELY ON QUILLBOT that represents psychology in US with
more than 154k members
2 TYPES OF CITATIONS  APA is the largest association of
1. Narrative Citation psychologists worldwide.
Citation is in front
Surname and year Luna (2020). APA STYLE
aekakehraoer  is a set of rules that authors use when
2. Parenthetical Citation submitting papers for publications in APA
Citation is at the end of the sentence journals
Ex. Love? The feeling that I don’t want  Developed to assist reading
to fucking feel (Mary, 2020) comprehension, for clarity of
Tips beh communication, and to move the idea
 Use et. al in the in TEXT citation if the forward with a minimum of distraction
author is more than 20 and a maximum of precision
 But in the references part you should list
all of those 20 authors APA BOOK one author format
STRICTLY NO WWW!  Author last, first initial. (year of
publication). title. Publication location:
Make it a habit when writing research gap in publisher
the second sentence you should put
“ therefore, the researchers often to conduct
Ex: Welch, K.E. (1999). Electric rhetoric: “pp” and then include each additional
classical rhetoric, oralism, and a new literacy. page separated by commas
Cambridge: MIT Press.
NEWSPAPER ONLINE FORMAT
BOOK 2 or more Author Format:  Author last, first initial. (year, date of
 Author last, First initial, & author last, publication). article title. Newspaper
first initial. (year of pub). Title. name. Retrieved from URL
Location of publisher: Publisher
MULTI-PAGE IN INTERNET SITE FORMAT
Note: if an article has seven or fewer  Corporate author name or last name,
authors all names should be included in first initials of author. (year, month,
the references list. If there are more than day of pub). Title of site. Retrieved
seven authors list the first six in this from URL
format and complete the author section of
the citations with “et. al” Note: retrieval dates are only necessary
when it is likely that the information will
change, as in a wikipedia entry.
ELECTRONIC BOOK FORMAT
 Author last, first initial.(year). title. CHAPTER 3
Available from doi: or URL Research Design
 Researchers plan of action on where to
Note: the doi (digital objective identifier) source the data, what type of date to
number should be used any and all cases collect, how the data will be collected,
where it is available. and what method to use for data analysis.

NEWSPAPER PRINT FORMAT Types of Research Design

 Author last, first initial. (year, month 1. Descriptive Research
day). title of the article. Newspaper  Conducted to illustrate and
name, p. page number determine patterns or characteristics
of variables in particular instances or
Note: when citing a newspaper article in events.
APA style all page numbers should be  Clue words : describe, determine,
included. If an article is published over analyze, explain, define and
several pages replace the “p” above with illustrate
2. Exploratory Research
 Undertake to gather initial data 5. Comparative Research
patterns or characteristics of variable  Undertaken to confirm if 2 or more
in a situation where studies have not variables reveal similar or different
been done or minimal data are patterns of characteristics when
available to establish significant compared, using a set of variables
patters or relationships of variables. as bases
 HYPOTHESIS is not present here  Clue words: Compare, determine
because the purpose is to similarities, find out differences
recommend possible hypothesis that and contrast
can be tested in future
 Clue words: explore, find out, 6. Evaluative Research
know, examine, and investigate  Conducted to asses performance or
impact of a set of variables on
3. Causal/Explanatory Research another one.
 Carried out to ascertain the  This design considers an
occurrence of, or change in the ADEQUATE TIME SPAN to pinpoint
independent variables lead to the effects accurately because this
changes in dependent variables study could also be LONGITUDINAL.
 Clue words: analyze, explain, and  Clue words: evaluate, assess,
identify appraise, measure, and quantify

4. Correlational Research 7. Experimental Research

 Conducted to establish the fact that  Undertaken to determined the
the outcome of certain patters or possible cause and effect relationshit
relationshits occur together in a through experimental and control
specific manner without suggesting groups.
that one variable causes the other  Usually done in simulated
variable to change. environment
 In this design relationshit is also  Experimental group is exposed to
clearly identified as positive or the treatment conditions or
negative correlation manipulations
 Clue words: correlate or
interrelate
  Control group does not received  In research terms a sample is a group of
the treatment and is used to people, objects, or items that are taken
compare results. from a larger population for
 Clue words: determine the effects, measurement
examine the differences, compare  The sample should be representative of
the results and analyze the the population to ensure that we can
influence generalize the findings from the research
sample to the population as a whole.
8. Action Research
 Conducted to develop or recomment Reasons for sampling
fresh approaches, policies, programs,  Researcher is able to generalize findings
strategies, or skills to solve problems for the entire populations
in an actual organizational setting.  Is able to save time, effort, and cost
 The most applied oriented research  Makes the scope of the study
 Clue words: develop, propose, manageable because of the small
suggest, recommend, determine number of respondents to be covered.
alternative approaches, identify
solutions, and formulate policies. Steps for Sampling
1. Define populations
Method of Research 2. Specify where population frame will
 Use descriptive method of research be taken
 Mention some observation of the conduct 3. Choose sampling method
of survey 4. Determin sample size requirement
 How do you go finding it out? 5. Select actual samples
 If we accept that our understanding of
reality affects the way we gain 2 Sampling designs
knowledge of reality, then we need to 1. Probability - normal data/ identified
accept that this will affect how we are number of populations
actually conduct research about reality.  Simple random
(idk what the hell is this)  Stratified
 Systematic
Population frame sampling scheme  Cluster
2. Non- Probability - abnormal data/ no
Sampling number identified
  Convenience  An unordered set of categories
 Purposive idetified only by name.
 Voluntary  This only permits you to determined
 Snowball whether 2 individuals are the same
or different
Description of respondents  Ex. Hair color, gender
 Describing the respondents (normally 2. Ordinal Scale
based on the scope and profile  Ordered set of categories
 Tells you the direction of difference
Research Instruments between two individuals
Can be in the form of  Ex. using likert scale - ranking
 Self-administered questionnaire/ students based on grades etc
developed by the researcher 3. Interval Scale
 Structured questionnaire - from other  Ordered series of equal-sized
studies of other author/researchers (get categories
their personal approval)  Identify the direction and magnitude
 Modified structured questionnaire- the of a difference. The zero point is
researchers modified some parts of the located arbitrarily on interval scale
questionnaire  Ex. Temperature in farenheit, credit
 Standared questionnaire (additional scores
information only) - worldwide used
questionnaire structured. 4. Ratio Scale
 An interval scale where value zero
Quantitative - survey questionnaire indicates non of the variable
Use Likert scale bitch  Identify the direction and magnitude
We have; of differences and allow ration
Numerical description - number comparisons of measurements
presentations 1 lowest 5 highest  Ex. Pulse, weight, legth
Verbal Interpretation - verval equivalent of
number like 5- very effective 4-effective Data Gathering Procedures
 Mention how you gather the data
4 Measurement Scale  How you conducted and retrieved the
1. Nominal Scale data
 Mention some difficulties encountered 3 characteristics
while gathering data 1. Relevance
2. Completeness
Note: if ever the survey questionnaire are 3. Accuracy
lost or sobra ang sagot let’s just say
dalawa ang sagot niya sa isang item that Test of Reliability and validity
is considered as invalid.  Reliability - Composite and Cronbach’s
alpha
Statistical Treatment of Data  Validity - Discriminant and Convergent
Validity
SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION STD
1. Frequency and percentage Designing Questionnaire types
distribution  Adopt - nearly verbatim/ kinopya mo
2. Weighted mean lang yung questionnaires from other
3. Pearson/ pearson correlation researchers
coefficient  Adapt - altering the instrument
significantly/ meaning you adapt
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE STD questionnaires sa ibang researchers
1. Frequencey and percentage distribution however may mga minodidy ka pa or
2. Ranking changes na nangyare
3. Weighted mean  Develop - Doing an instrument from the
4. The two tailed test scratch / meaning ikaw at sariling gawa
5. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) mo yung questionnaire

Research instrument Reflective Construct - validity (convergent

 A tool used to collect, measure, and and discriminant) and Reliability (cronbach’s
analyze data related to your research alpha/ Composite reliability)
interests
 Good research instruments is one that Formative Construct - convergent validity,
has been validated and has proven collinearity, and outer weight and significance
reliability. It should be one that can
collect data in a way that’s appropriate to Factor Analysis
the research question asked  Adapt confirmatory factor analysis (the
usual requirement)
 Develop: exploratory factor anaylysis
(EFA) and CFA TYPES OF CONSTRUCTS
 Powerful data reduction technique that 1. REFLECTIVE CONSTRUCT
enables researchers to investigate  Usually about siya sa timeliness ng
concepts that cannot easily be measured questions mo
directly  Items/ indicators represent latent
 The practice of condensing many variable
variables into just a few, so that your  Highly correlated items/indicators
research data is easier to work with  Deletion of an item/indicators will
NOT affect the meaning of the latent
construct
Exploratory Factor analysis 2. FORMATIVE CONSTRUCT
 Is a statistical technique that is used to  This one is walang correlation
reduce data to a smaller set of summary instead contribution siya
variables and to explore the underlying  Items/indicators causes the latent
theoritical structure of the phenomena variable
 NOT highly correlated
Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA)  Deletion of item/indicator may affect
 Is a statistical technique used to verify the meaning of the latent construct
the factor structure of a set of observed
variables.
 Allows the researcher to test the
hypothesis that a relationship between
observed variables and their underlying
latent constructs exist.

Observed Variables (manifest variables)

This one you can see it sa part 1 which is
mostly yung demographic profile

Unobserved Variables (Latent variables)

This one you can see it sa part 2 which is you
will state the different aspects na need mong
gawan ng questions