SPECIFICATION FOR SOFT LANDSCAPE WORKS

2.0 STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS

2.1 SOFT LANDSCAPE WORKS

Work of this section shall conform to the requirement of the Contract Documents.

WORKS SPECIFIED IN THIS SPECIFICATION

This specification shall describe the following works: -

1. General Requirements
2. Soil Preparation
3. Turfing
4. Plant Materials
5. Maintenance Works
6. Final Handover

1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

1.1 SITE PREPARATION

The Contractor is required to remove undesirable vegetation as directed by the

L.A. (Landscape Architect) and disposed off site.

The Contractor is also responsible for all man-made structures such as shelter,
fencing, all bridges as directed by the L.A. and to remove them off site. The
affected areas shall be graded and cleared accordingly. The Contractor shall
clear to a depth of 150mm and remove undesired plant species especially weeds
and unwanted materials away from site. Approved pre-emergent herbicide shall
be used to prevent new growth of weeds.

1.2 QUALITY OF WORKMANSHIP AND MATERIALS

All materials and workmanship shall be of the best quality and shall comply
with Medini Iskandar Malaysia Sdn Bhd standards and specifications. All
planting materials, supplied for the Contract shall be free of pest, disease,
discoloration and damages. Plants shall be well branched with vigorous roots.
The root system of each plant shall contain a good proportion of fibrous roots.
Top cut tree with no mature branches shall be rejected.

All materials are to be inspected and approved by the L.A. prior to be used on
site. The inspected and approved material shall be recorded in an appropriate
formatted form. Materials shall be obtained from approved
sources/manufacturers and/or suppliers. All materials delivered to site and been
approved are prohibited from being removed from site without prior written
approval from the L.A. Where a particular product is specified, the Contractor
must seek prior approval from the L.A. if he wishes to use similar products
from other manufacturers.

1.3 SITE RESPONSIBILITIES

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From the start of works until the Certificate of Practical Completion (CPC) has
been issued by the L.A., the Contractor shall be responsible and all areas of soft
landscape works, and parts of the site used by him, be responsible as follows: -

(i) For adequate protection of grassed areas, planted areas, trees and for
making good soft landscape and removal of any protective measures
upon completion,

(ii) For any damage to existing works and features,

(iii) For keeping all paved surfaces in a clean and tidy condition,

(iv) For periodic removal of all surplus excavation and waste to be found by
the Contractor, to a tip off site.

(v) For keeping all landscape areas in rubbish free, weed free and tidy
condition,

(vi) For replacement of damaged plant materials caused by natural disaster,

vandalism or any other causes.

The Contractor shall make appropriate allowance for these requirements in his
quotation.

1.4 PLANT PROTECTION

All plant materials shall be carefully protected and if necessary wrapped in the
nursery during lifting, transportation, unloading and storage on site.

Any evidence of unsatisfactory protection to roots, stems, branches and leaves

will result in plants being rejected. Unprotected plants must not be transported
during very hot conditions and stored. Plant materials being left unplanted at
site for more than three (3) days shall be rejected and shall be removed off site
immediately.

1.5 WEATHER CONDITIONS

Planting shall not take place in very hot, dry weather conditions, which may
result in initial drying of the root systems and/or scorching of leaves. Ideally,
planting should take place in moist overcast conditions or in the evening.

1.6 CERTIFICATE OF SUPPLY, SAMPLES ETC.

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The Contractor shall supply a certificate at the request of the L.A. within
fourteen (14) days, signed by a qualified Horticulturist to determine and
confirm the origin, species variety, quality and composition of any or all of the
materials specified, prior to their use on site.

1.7 THE USE OF CHEMICALS

No chemical shall be used on site without the prior approval of the L.A. The
chemical shall not be toxic to humans, birds and animals when applied
according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Only chemicals on the “List of Approved Chemicals” by the Agriculture Dept.

Malaysia shall be used. The Contractor shall be entirely responsible for the
storage, mixing, application and safe use of chemicals, including the proper
disposal of its’ containers.

1.8 WORK BY MACHINE OR HAND

All operations described may be carried out by suitable approved machines or

by hand. Any work around the base of existing trees, in confined spaces or
which is impractical to be carried out by machine for any reason must be
executed by hand in a proper manner to ensure safety and the Contractor must
include for this in his price.

1.9 NOTICE OF INTENTIONS

The Contractor shall give forty-eight (48) hours notice in writing to the L.A. of
his intention to commence any of the following operations; setting out planting,
turfing, fertilizer application and maintenance visits.

1.10 SUBSTITUTIONS

If the Contractor is unable to obtain a timely supply of a particular species of

plant as scheduled, he is to notify the L.A. in advance of his intention to make a
temporary replacement. Temporary replacement will be accepted for a period of
not more than six (6) months. Prior approval of the L.A. is required for all
requested temporary replacements. All temporary replacement shall be at the
contractor’s expenses.

1.11 ALTERNATIVES

All sizes and diameters of the trees and shrubs are to be complied with.
However after extensive sourcing, if the size and shape of the specified plants
are unobtainable from the market, the L.A shall be notified immediately, and he
shall specify alternatives to be used as replacement.

1.12 SETTING OUT

The Contractor shall be responsible for accurately setting out of all works to the
satisfaction of the L.A. prior to the commencement of works and shall rectify

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all errors in setting out at his own expense. Any discrepancy between the site
area as indicated on the plans and the actual area on the ground shall be notified
to the L.A. Allowance shall be made to accommodate adjustments in order to
suit site constraints.

1.13 PRICES

Prices shall include for the supply, transportation and planting of all trees,
shrubs and groundcovers. The contract includes their correct positioning,
excavating and preparing of the ground prior to planting, supplying suitable
back-fill material, watering, tending and treating with fertilizer until well
established, providing supporting timber stakes and protective fences where the
plants and shrubs are less than 1500mm high.

Maintenance, pruning, trimming, tending, watering and fertilizer application has

to be throughout the Contract and Maintenance Period. All plants failing to
establish over this period, or have become diseased, or in any way failed must
be removed and replaced immediately at no extra cost.

It is anticipated that some adjustment in the positioning of plants will be

inevitable and the Tenderer must include in his prices for any multiple handling
incurred in moving plants after they have been planted from one position to
another and all associated works. Prices shall also include treatment with
fungicide or insecticide as and when necessary during the Contract and
Maintenance Period.

1.14 SAMPLES

Plant samples are to be provided for approval free of charge as and when
required by the L.A.

1.15 WATERING OF PLANTS

Immediately after planting, the Contractor shall water sufficiently the newly
planted trees and shrubs. He shall during the Contract and Maintenance Period
keep the plants well watered. The Contractor’s attention is drawn to the fact that
if watering is not done, others will perform this work and payments for such
work will be deducted from his Retention Fund/payment.

Oil palm, rubber trees on site will only be removed, cleaned and/or retained as
and when is directed by the L.A. on site and such shall already be covered on
the site preparation cost.

1.16 STAKING

All trees and palms should be supported immediately after planting. Attention is
particularly drawn to transplanted trees. Proper staking has to be provided to
prevent rocking by wind. All wood staking shall be of durable HW timber and
shall be painted green.

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1.17 PROTECTIVE BARRIERS FOR TREES AGAINST VANDALISM

Construct protective barriers 500mm x 100mm x 1500mm high cross creosote

poles and mounted with barriers of heavy duty galvanized wire mesh.

1.18 FILTER MATERIALS

In cases where plantable areas are reinforced with concrete base, e.g. roof top or
planter boxes of specification of the floor finish as indicated in the drawings,
the base should be gradually sloped to the weep-holes with a placement of a
minimum 3” layer of filter materials, e.g. 18mm – 38mm (3/4” – 1½ ”) sized
rubble stones. These filter materials should be covered with a layer of filter
fabric such as `Terram’. The weep-holes shall be located 1m apart.

1.19 TAGGING

All trees and palms are to be tagged for recognition purposes. The tags should
be of weatherproof material and to be attached firmly to trees or palms. The
common and botanical names should be printed clearly. All tagging to be
approved by the L.A.

2. SOIL PREPARATION

This section shall describe the soil preparation, soil mixes, fertilizer and soil
additives works that needs to be carried out prior to planting. All topsoil sample
shall to be prepared for inspection and approval by L.A.

2.1 SOIL PREPARATION AND SOIL MIXES

GROUND PLANTING BACKFILL SOIL MIXES

Topsoil mixture for ground planting and backfill shall be according to ratio 1:3,
e.g. 1 part of soil conditioner/organic matter to 3 parts of topsoil. Washed river
sand to be included where necessary as instructed by L.A.

PLANTER BOX SOIL MIXES

Planter box soil mixture shall be according to ratio 1:2 e.g. 1 part of soil
conditioner organic matter to 2 parts of topsoil. Washed riversand to be
included where necessary as instructed by L.A.

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CLEANING GROUND

All areas to be planted shall be cleared free of rubbish, weeds and all stones
exceeding 100mm in diameter shall be removed from site. Any areas which are
contaminated by petrol, oil or other toxic substances shall be excavated to
300mm below the contamination and have the excavated material removed
from site. The excavated areas shall be backfilled with topsoil.

FORMING

Subsoil shall be formed to the required levels and contours with overall an even
compaction.

RIPPING

One week prior to planting, all the planting bed or trees, shrubs, groundcovers,
etc. shall be decompacted by ripping to a depth of 300mm below the planting
bed for trees, shrubs, groundcovers etc. All obstruction to cultivation or
deleterious material brought to the surface shall be removed from the site and
any voids left by this operation shall be backfilled with topsoil as specified.

PLACING AND SPREADING

No topsoil shall be spread or cultivation carried out until the L.S. has approved
the subsoil operations. Topsoil shall be spread on the designated areas to the
depth shown on the drawings. The loose depth of the topsoil shall be sufficient
to allow the area to conform to the levels shown on the drawings after natural
settlement has taken place.

The use of heavy roller to establish firm soil and finished levels will not be
accepted. If in the opinion of the L.A. site conditions are unsuitable for working
(too wet or soggy due to the rain or area been trampled by heavy
vehicles/machinery during operation) operations shall cease and can only
resume when authorized by the L.A.

CONTROL OF EROSION

The Contractor shall be responsible for slope protection and shall take
preventive measures to control erosion and siltation of all areas and to restore or
replace any portion of the site which erodes, silts up, floods or is otherwise
damaged.

2.2 FERTILIZERS AND SOIL ADDITIVES

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CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS

Chemical fertilizers shall be of granular slow release compound fertilizers.

They shall be stored in sealed waterproof bags, sheltered away from water and
direct sunlight. The Contractor has to submit technical data on the proposed
fertilizer to E.R. for prior approval.

Following steady establishment of the plants, apply compound fertilizers of

complete formula of 10:20:20 or otherwise specified at the following rates: -

Shade Trees - 1 kg/ 25mm of caliper

Small Trees - 0.5 kg/ 25mm of caliper

Shrubs - 400gm/ 300mm

Evergreen - 65gm/ 300mm height or spread

Vines and Groundcovers - 65gm/ plant

Herbaceous Plant - 65gm/ plant

SOIL CONDITIONER

Soil conditioner shall be organic material such as composted coconut fibre,

peat, ‘Fyborsoil’ or other approved material, which is properly composted, and
in a stable condition, free from toxic impurities and containing no substance-
injurious to plants. The organic matter with 45% - 55% moisture levels and with
pH level adjusted to 5.5 - 6.5 shall be used. Soil conditioner is to be applied to
all plants in the approved rates once every three (3) months during the
Maintenance Period or as instructed by L.A.

SOIL MIXING

Unless otherwise specified or indicated on the drawings, the following mixture

(thoroughly mixed by volume) shall be for backfill around plants and herein
after referred to as “ Soil Mix”. The following is the recommended soil mixes
for specific uses.

SOIL MIXES

USE MATERIAL (BY VOLUME)

Potting mix (for trees and shrubs) 2 parts washed river sand
3 parts friable organic/top soil *
1 part well-rotted farmyard manure
1 kg C.I.R.P per cu. meter

Top dressing 4 parts of river sand

2 parts friable organic/top soil *

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2 parts well rotted farmyard manure

1 kg C.I.R.P per cu. meter

Soil for planting holes 3 part friable organic/top soil *

2 parts of river sand
1 parts well rotted farmyard manure
1 kg C.I.R.P per cu. meter

Soil mix for palms 3 parts friable organic/top soil *

2 parts river sand
1 part well-rotted farmyard manure
1 kg C.I.R.P per cu. meter

* Necessary amendment such as applying GML (Ground Magnesium Limestone) shall be added to
acidic soils to achieve pH of 6.5

MIXTURE FOR ORCHID PLANTING

For orchid planting, mix charcoal with grade one red brick (broken into pieces
20mm x 20mm) in the ratio 1:1. Fill 1/3 the orchid’s pot size (200mm x
200mm) with the charcoal and bricks mixture, the coarser particles at the
bottom. Place a wooden stake (size 30mm x 30mm) in the center of the pot. The
stake must be well anchored. Tie the orchid stalk to the stake. Fill up the pots
arranged on raised bed (150mm) at a distance of 500mm distance from each
other. Cover/mulch the raised bed and pots with dried “lalang”.

3. TURFING

3.1 GENERAL

The areas to be turfed shall be completely cleared of all debris, large stones,
broken bricks and wood, concrete lumps etc. The Contractor shall trim or grade
the ground to the required level before the spreading of topsoil. The top edge of
embankment shall be rounded off to allow for the cutting of the turf with lawn
mover.

TOPSOIL

The topsoil shall be clean, free from roots, weeds and any unnecessary hard
granular materials exceeding 10mm in diameter.

PREPARATION OF PLANTING AREA

The planting area shall be cultivated to an average depth of 150mm. Where the
ground is clay, hardpan, sun-baked earth or other impervious materials, it shall
be ploughed or scarified to a minimum depth of 150mm and reduced to granular
materials, size not exceeding 50mm.

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The ground shall be graded with a minimum fall of 2.5% to the nearest drain or
water discharge outlet to avoid water ponding. It shall be the Contractor’s
responsibility to take all the necessary measures to ensure there is NO WATER
PONDING at all turfed areas.

The ground shall be later finished by lightly rolling with roller not exceeding
150kg in weight. Rolling shall only be done when the formation is dry.

TOPSOIL APPLICATION

The top vegetation soil shall be spread over the planting area to a required depth
in accordance to the thickness of the turf and as approved by the L.A.

3.2 TURF

The turf used in the Contract shall be of the best quality and obtained from
sources approved by the L.A. It shall be healthy, free from defects, decay,
disfiguring or roots, sun or wind scalded injury, plant disease, insect or pest or
any other form of infestation.

The Contractor shall furnish the L.A. samples of the turf for his approval before
planting. The L.A. whenever he deems fit, shall visit and inspect the nursery of
places from where the turf are obtained.

3.3 THE TURF FOR USE IN THE CONTRACT SHALL BE OF THE

FOLLOWING TYPE.

Cow Grass (Axonopus compressus)

1. General

The turf shall be cut and lifted carefully with proper cutting tools and they shall
be flat, square or rectangular, with an even thickness. The minimum thickness
of turf shall be 32mm. The root formation shall be moist and the grass shall not
exceed 18mm long and shall be dense green vigorous roots and healthy. The
sod should come with 25mm soil attached.

The grass shall be stacked on site, root to root and grass to grass and the
Employer’s Representative shall inspect to the grass for weeds before laying.
The grass shall always be kept moist by spraying with water and covering with
wet sacks.

2. Planting

Cow grass shall be planted within 24 hours of being cut or stripped off. Dry turf
shall be rejected and immediately removed off site. All turf to be thoroughly
watered immediately upon planting to ensure the sods do not dry up. Dry sods
shall be rejected.

i) Close Turfing

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The turf shall be laid on beds of topsoil and shall be laid accurately to
level and full with close butt joints. Immediately after laying, the turf
shall be lightly beaten with beaters until they are firmly embedded to
the ground.

Fill any depressions with additional topsoil underneath the turf. The turf
shall be beaten again. Laying and beating shall continue until all the turf
is firmly bedded and a continuous turfing area is obtained. The
minimum total thickness of the turf and the topsoil shall be 75mm and
it shall be measured after the turf has been laid and beaten.

For this purpose, small trial holes shall be dug as directed by the E.R. If
the thickness between the top of the grass and the formation level is less
than 75mm, the Contractor shall without additional cost, relay the turf.

Close turfing to all newly formed earth embankments or slopes shall be

with cow grass pegged to the embankments or slopes with approved
wooden pegs.

ii) Spot Turfing

The above mentioned specification shall apply for close turfing except
that the sod size shall be 150mm x 150mm and the gap between edges
of sods should not be more than 150mm. The turf to be laid in rows
with the sods placed in a zig-zag order.

Before planting the turf, a small pocket, big enough to receive the sod,
should be created in the prepared ground. The sod should be laid and
beaten to be flush with the soil level. The final finish level should be a
flat surface with no depressions in between sods.

3.4 TOP DRESSING

The material used for top dressing shall be 1 part of Sulphate of Ammonia and
not more than 10 parts friable organic/top soil to be mixed with river sand. The
Contractor shall apply top dressing to the turfed area immediately after they are
laid and thereafter once a month. The top dressing shall be deposited and spread
evenly over the turfed area at the rate of 50kg per acre.

3.5 WATERING AND AFTER CARE

The Contractor shall water turfed area as often as necessary or as required by

the L.A. to ensure well-knit growth. The Contractor shall make an inspection of
the watering requirements at least twice daily during dry weather.

Any areas of excessive weed growth shall be re-cultivated and re-grassed as

required by the L.A. All bare patches shall be re-cultivated and turf to maintain

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full ground cover as required by the L.A. at the contractor’s own expense. It is
the Contractor’s responsibility to ensure the grass is green, healthy and weed
free at all times throughout the Contract and Maintenance Period.

The Contractor shall water the turf by spraying so that no turf or soil will be
disturbed. The rate of application shall be not less than 3 liters per sq. meter.

3.6 CUTTING AND ROLLING

The Contractor shall cut the grass twice a month throughout the Contract and
Maintenance Period or at any time as instructed by the L.A. Grass cutting shall
be carried out using mechanical tools with sharp and well-adjusted blades, so
that the turf shall be cleanly cut and no tearing will take place. All edges should
be trimmed off neatly.

The Contractor shall take reasonable care not to cut or damage the stolons or
rhizomes of the spreading grass when it is raining. The Contractor shall roll the
turf with a roller weighing 150kg immediately upon turfing as and when
requested by the L.A. to obtain an even surface. The roots of the turf should
press firmly in the soil and produce a close well-knitted turf.

3.7 PRE-TURFING CULTIVATION LAND/GROUND PREPARATION

i) All areas to be turfed shall be finely textured by approved mechanical

means or by hand raking prior to turfing.

ii) Any necessary works on the surface shall be carried out to confirm with
the prescribed finished levels. The ground is to be trimmed and leveled. In the
case of banks, the top edge is to be trimmed off to curve to allow the grass to be
cut with motor mower. Mounds shall be leveled and depressions filled with
topsoil so that it is in level with the surrounding areas and to ensure sufficient
gradient for water to flow smoothly without ponding.

iii) The areas to be turfed shall be completely cleared off all builders’
debris, stone and other obstructions. Stones exceeding 10mm in diameter shall
be removed from the site. Watering of the area shall be carried out to produce a
moist condition of the topsoil to a depth of 150mm.

3.8 PRE-EMERGENCE TREATMENT

The Contractor shall spray the finished surface with pre-emergence herbicide at
the rate as stated on the label, 1 week prior to turfing. The sprayed areas are to
be protected from further working or trafficking.

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3.9 TOP SOIL

The topsoil shall be cleaned, free from roots, weeds and any unnecessary hard
granular materials exceeding 10mm in diameter. Soil amendments such
conditioner, organic matter or GML shall be added if necessary, as instructed by
L.A.

3.10 CHEMICAL FERTILIZER

Chemical fertilizer for soil mixture shall be Triple Superphosphate (TSP) and
for later application shall be NPK Green and/or Urea as approved by the E.R.
Urea shall be applied at the manufacturer’s recommended rate and watered
immediately and thoroughly after each application. Urea can only be used
during dry season upon approval by the L.A. The fertilizers shall be stored in
waterproof sealed bags under shelter.

3.11 SOIL CONDITIONER

Soil conditioner shall be processed organic chicken dung, with 45% - 55%
moisture content and with a pH value of 5.5 – 6.5 free from toxic impurities and
containing no substance injurious to plants. The contractor is required to submit
a laboratory test report of the material approved by RISDA, FRIM or any
approved agricultural agency. The report and sample should be submitted to the
L.A. for approval.

3.12 SOIL MIXING

All topsoil used in the project shall be mixed to the ratio of 1 part
conditioner/organic matter, 2 parts washed river sand and 3 parts of topsoil. All
soil conditioner/organic matter shall be thoroughly mixed with topsoil to
produce an even texture and friable medium. Mixing of soil shall be done away
from the planting area.

3.13 LACING & SPREADING

No soil mixture shall be carried out until the land preparation and underground
drainage has been approved by the L.A. Soil mixture is to be spread on the turf
areas to the depth of 50mm. The finishes level for soil mixture after settlement
as shall be flushed with all kerb and footpath levels and all manhole inspection
chambers, silt trap covers and other hard edges.

3.14 PRE-TURFING FERTILIZER APPLICATION AND LAYING

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Fertilizer shall be applied to all areas prior to turfing after pre-emergent

spraying at the rate of 1kg per 6 meter square evenly spread over the whole area
and lightly worked into the soil.

The turf shall be laid on the prepared soil bed and firmed into position, closely
butted to the correct level. The turf shall be laid off planks working over turf
previously laid. Where necessary, the turf shall be lightly and evenly firmed
using wooden beaters, and the bottom of the beaters shall be frequently scraped
clean of accumulated soil and mud.

A dressing of either fine sand/peat shall be applied and well brushed into the
joints and all depression to get an even surface. Any inequalities in finished
level due to the variation in turf thickness or uneven consolidation of soil shall
be adjusted by raking and packing sand under the turf.

Closed turf method shall be applied on slopes. Unless otherwise required the
finished level of the turf shall be above adjoining paved surfaces after allowing
for final settlement. Turf edges and margins shall be laid with whole turf, and
any uneven edges shall be trimmed to give a clean line.

3.15 FERTILIZER APPLICATION PROGRAM FOR TURF AREAS

Grass should be fertilized with approved slow release fertilizer high in Nitrogen
content one month after planting at the rate of 60gm per square meter, evenly
spread over the whole area and well watered after each fertilizer application.
The turf area shall be fertilized monthly after each grass cutting works for a
period of six months. After the seventh month, fertilizer is applied at an interval
of 3 months. Wherever turf does not appear lush, adequate fertilizer should be
applied to achieve even greenery.

Fertilizer Program For Turf Areas

Fertilizer Application Rate/sq. meter

G.M.L. (Ground Magnesium Limestone) 3 weeks before grass 300 gm

establishment

C.I.R.P. (Christmas Island Rock Phosphate) 1 - 2 days before grass 80 gm

- to be well mixed with topsoil establishment

Urea and Sulfate of Potash 5 - 6 weeks after initial grass 80 gm

establishment

Urea Monthly after full 25 gm

C.I.R.P. establishment of turf 20 gm
Sulfate of Potash 15 gm

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Slow Release Fertilizers

There are several categories of slow release fertilizers as stated below: -

Pelletized - In pellet form

Chemically altered - Chemically altered to render a portion of it

insoluble.

Coated - water soluble - Fertilizers may be coated or encapsulated in

membranes for slow release of nutrients.

Blended fertilizer - May be used in order to render the period of

release to be more effective and longer lasting.
A blended fertilizer is one that mixes slow
release with soluble fertilizer and to release
nutrients upon application throughout the
growing and establishing period.

Foliar fertilizer/liquid - This is a completely soluble fertilizer and

compost shall be used at manufacturer’s recommended
dosage. The establishment of early lush
greenery will be enhanced with the use of
any soluble foliar fertilizer or fortified liquid
compost.

The Contractor is required to choose the appropriate type according to its purpose and
he shall inform the L.A. of his choice in writing.

3.16 GRASS CUTTING

Grass shall be cut every 2 weeks (twice a month) after 1 month’s

growth/establishment using grass cutter/mower and as often as required to give
a well trimmed sod not less than 25mm in height. All clippings shall be
gathered and removed from site and the grass shall then be watered. The
Contractor to ensure that there is no exposed soil due cutting too low upon
completion of grass cutting.

The maintenance of earth slope includes the repair of any slip as directed by the
E.R. and such repair shall include the replacement of turf as required. When
shrinkage occurs at the joints, fine sand or peat shall be brushed into the gaps
and shall be watered in. The contractor shall maintain turf area for the duration
of the contract including all necessary cuts to restrict growth above 50mm.

3.17 MAINTENANCE OF CLOSE TURFING BEFORE COMPLETION

The following operations are to be carried out as required to achieve high

quality turf. Cutting before completion shall be carried out as necessary to
maintain the grass to a maximum height of 30mm. Watering shall be carried out
as often as necessary before completion to allow a satisfactory lush greenery
sward to develop over the whole closed turf area.

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Ground depression resulting in ponding of turf shall be top-dressed with

specified soil mixture. The soil mixture is to be evenly spread to establish
smooth and an even surface free from hollows. Any area damaged and severely
scorched by fire, toxic chemical or petrochemicals should be re-laid with fresh
turf. All chemical residues are to be removed before re-laying the turf.

Any infestation of weeds like Mimosa pudica or other wild weeds that had
developed during the planting or maintenance period shall be treated by manual
weeding only. One fertilizer application as per monthly rate is to be carried out
before completion of maintenance period.

1. GENERAL

All turf area within the contract boundary shall be maintained

throughout the 24 months Maintenance Period. Maintenance during the
installation period to final completion (issuance of CPC by the L.A.)
shall not be considered as the commencement of Maintenance period.

Maintenance shall begin immediately after each portion of turf area is

installed and shall continue for a period of 24 months from the date of
issuance of Certificate of Practical Completion (CPC).

Maintenance shall include watering, weeding, fertilizer application,

spraying, mowing and any other horticulture management and practice
as may be directed by the L.A.

2. WATERING

The Contractor will have to source water externally during the

installation and maintenance of turf areas. The Contractor will have to
water the turf manually by using a tanker with the appropriate spray
nozzle to avoid any damage accrued to the planted area during
watering. The best watering time is early in the morning, when the
humidity is high and moisture lost is minimal.

Watering is also encouraged in the late evenings. Watering in the

afternoon should be avoided as it results in 20% to 25% loss of water
through heat and evaporation. If the turf shows signs of drought stress,
then watering in the afternoon should be applied.

3. WEEDING

Keep all turf free from weeds and undesirable grass by using methods
approved by the L.A. A common weed in the turf area is Mimosa
pudica, which should be removed by manual weeding. Chemical
applications for weed control are not allowed unless specially suggested
by L.A.

4. MOWING

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Mowing on newly established turf area should be delayed until it is

obvious that the grass is growing strongly. The grass should be cut
when they are about 50 - 70mm in height. The first cut should be aimed
at renewing 13mm of top leaves. The cutting height can be gradually
lowered at subsequent mowing, until a height of 25mm to 30mm is
achieved.

Remove all grass clipping during or immediately after mowing to an

approved compost site. Areas that are not accessible by machine such
as edging to planting areas or paved areas will require the Contractor to
cut the grass manually.

Rough turf on slope or similar areas can be cut once a month. Grass
mowing should not be carried out when the grass is wet as this can lead
to clogging of the mowing machine. After heavy rain, enough time
should be allowed for excess water to drain out of the soil before
mowing.

5. FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON TURF AREAS

Fertilizers are to be of slow-release type. Having applied Phosphorus

during the soil preparation stage, subsequent large application of this
element is not required. Nitrogen is required in relatively large
quantities than other elements to promote healthy growth of leaves.

Nitrogen in the form of Ammonium has an acidic reaction with the soil,
while Nitrogen as Nitrate has an alkaline reaction. Nitrogen is best
applied in the form of urea as this material does not increase soil
acidity. Potassium promotes leaves to remain resilient, strong and
resistant to premature death. It should be applied as Potassium Sulphate
or Potash.

Both Nitrogen and Potassium fertilizers are readily soluble in water and
can be applied as a spray. Fertilizers must be applied at the
recommended rate and not in excess as this can damage the grass.

Annual application of fertilizer should be divided into 4 - 6 separate

applications at different intervals. During wet seasons, smaller dosages
can be applied more frequently to allow leaching of nutrients from the
soil.

Application of Fertilizer at the rate of per 100 sq. meter

Area Urea (N) Sulphate of C.I.R.P (P)

Potash (K)

Playing Field 6lbs (2.7kg) 5lbs (2.3kg) 5lbs (2.3 kg)

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General Turf 5lbs (2.3kg) 3lbs (1.4kg) 4lbs (1.8kg)

6. AERATION

Where the soil has been compacted badly, aeration treatment is required
to improve air penetration to the roots. Aerator is to be used once every
4 months or when instructed by the L.A.

Another method is to remove the compacted zone to a depth of 100 mm

to 150mm, backfiling with sandy loam, then close turfing. The area
shall then be rolled to get an even surface with the surrounding turf
area. Use of the area should be discouraged for several weeks, to allow
grass to establish.

Spiking for better aeration of the soil is to be carried out by the

Contractor as where and when instructed by the E.R. Insitu installation
of underground drainage is to be carried out by the contractor to water
ponding/water logged areas as where and when instructed by the L.A.

Chemical fertilizers shall be approved granular slow release

compound fertilizers. They shall be stored in waterproof sealed bags
sheltered away from water and direct sunlight. Samples to be
submitted before use.

Organic fertilizers shall be organic products such as organic liquid

fertilizer, pallets or granules manufactured primarily from organic
materials. These products are to be from accredited sources and
technical data indicating sources of origin and manufacturing
process must be submitted before use.

Vermin Control - Animal by products must be sterilized before

being packed for transport and odorous materials used on site will
be rejected. Any vermin resulting from the use of organic fertilizers
will have to be controlled by the designated Sub-Contractor within
12 hours of any infestation. A sample shall be submitted to the E.R.
for his review before being used on site.

Slow release fertilizer to be granular NPK chemical fertilizer with

minimum four (4) months release period at 32 degree Celsius with
the following formula :
14 - 18 parts N (Nitrogen)
7 - 12 parts P (Phosphorus)
12 - 16 parts K (Potassium)
1 - 3 parts MgO (Magnesium Oxide)
plus other trace elements

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Quick release fertilizer to be granular NPK chemical fertilizer with

minimum two (2) weeks release period at 32 degree Celsius with
the following formula:
14 - 16 parts N (Nitrogen)
14 - 16 parts P (Phosphorus)
14 - 16 parts K (Potassium)

Limestone to be ground limestone, containing a minimum of 90%

Calcium and Magnesium Carbonates and to pass through a 10mm-
mesh sieve. Prior to use and for every 50 tonnes delivered to site,
take samples and produce Certificates of Analysis of the limestone
from an approved laboratory within 14 calendar days of taking
sample. Each certificate should state the Calcium and Magnesium
Carbonate content and it’s particles.

4. PLANT MATERIALS

SCOPE OF WORKS

4.1 GENERAL

According to planting plans and the specifications, the Contractor shall

purchase, plant, prune and maintain the plants required, ranging from trees to
the smallest plant such as climbers and groundcovers.

1. PREPARATION OF PLANTING

This stage covers all operations before the installation of the plants, soil
mix, filter fabric, drainage aggregates, fertilizers and etc. shall be
installed in the specified planting beds, trenches, troughs and planting
holes.

2. INSTALLATION OF PLANTS

The plants shall be transferred to the site and installed in planting holes
according to the planting plans and the specification.

3. MAINTENANCE WORKS

The maintenance shall commence after each planting works, from the
day of planting to a period of 24 months after practical completion.

4.2 PLANTING MATERIALS

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TREES

i) A tree shall be a plant with all of the following characteristics: -

a) shall be well balanced with natural branching and leaves, top-cut

trees shall be rejected,

b) healthy with a straight trunk, well developed vigorous root

system, without any injury/damage to bark,

c) trunk diameter shall measure 1m from the stem’s earth

line/rootball top, and

d) all trees and palms shall be in containers unless otherwise

specified.

SHRUBS

i) A small size shrub shall be a plant with all of the following

characteristics: -

a) not less that six (6) months old, with vigorous leading shoots and
dense bushy habits,

b) a well developed vigorous root system, and

c) a minimum height not less than that stated in the contract

drawings.

ii) A medium size shrub shall be a plant with all the following
characteristics: -

a) not less than one year old, with minimum three vigorous
branches well furnished with shoots,

b) a well developed vigorous root system, and

c) a height above ground not less than that stated in the contract
drawings.

iii) A large size shrub shall have all of the following characteristics: -

a) 1 - 2 year old plant with an established natural form and height.

Bushiness encouraged by pruning with minimum three vigorous
woody shoots well furnished to produce a diameter 2/3rds of the
height,

b) a well developed vigorous root system, and

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c) a height above ground not less than stated in the contract

drawings.

GROUND COVER PLANTS

A groundcover plant is a low growing dwarf or prostrate shrub or

herbaceous plant, which shall have all of the following characteristics: -

i) not more than 4 months old with well developed vigorous shoots,

ii) a well developed vigorous root systems, and

iii) a minimum size not less than that stated in the contract drawings.

HERBACEOUS PLANTS

Herbaceous plant is a non-woody perennial plant and shall have the

following characteristics: -

i) not less than 6 months old, with well developed main stems and good
symmetry branches, clumps of herbaceous plants shall include
rhizomes, corms, tuber or roots and soil undisturbed by lifting with
evidence of growing shoots,

ii) healthy root systems free of rot or insect attack, and

iii) not less than the size stated in the contract drawings.

CLIMBING PLANTS

Climbing plants shall have all of the following characteristics: -

i) one or more years old with minimum of 3 vigorous main shoots that
are not less than 600mm long,

ii) a well developed vigorous root system, and

iii) not less than the size stated in the contract drawings.

CONTAINER GROWN PLANTS

Container grown plants shall mean shrubs, groundcovers, climbers and

etc which has grown in containers sufficiently large to hold the
developing root system from seed or cutting and shall be filled with
suitable compost. Containerized stock shall be well watered prior to
dispatch from the nursery and shall remain in container until planted on

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site. At planting, the containers shall be carefully removed and

disposed.

4.3 PLANTING METHODS

1. PLANTING

All plants shall be planted to accommodate the spreading root system of

the plant to the same soil depth as in the nursery and shall be watered
before being removed from containers. Plants are to be positioned
upright and the soil firm around the roots. All plastic bags/containers
shall be removed and excess roots, dead leaves and branches shall be
pruned before setting in plants. All planting works shall be carried out
according to Best Horticultural Practice.

2. PLANT PLACEMENT

Set all plants at the proper level so that after settlement a normal or
natural relationship between the crown of the plant and the surrounding
ground surface exists. Set the plant vertically and firmly work and tamp
the soil mix carefully under and around the base of the ball to fill all
voids. When partially back-filled and compacted, cut the ball ties and
remove the burlap from the top and side of the ball and cut or adjust to
prevent the formation of air pockets.

3. BACKFILLING

Extra care shall be taken during the backfilling and tamping to avoid
injuring the root and to eliminate all air pockets. Any roots found to be
bruised or broken before or during planting shall immediately be
pruned to sound tissue with a clean cut.

4. WATERING

Thoroughly water all plants immediately after planting. This shall mean
full and thorough saturation of all backfill in the pits and beds during
the same day of planting. Apply water only by open-ended hose at a
very low pressure to avoid air pockets and injury to the roots. When
planted, watered and fully settled, the plants shall be vertical.

5. FERTILIZER APPLICATION

After placing backfill, prior to final watering, and before mulching,

apply to dressing to all plants. Following steady establishment of the
plants, apply commercial fertilizers of complete formula of 10:20:20 or
otherwise specified at these following rates:

Shade Trees - 1kg/ 25mm of caliper

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Small Trees - 0.5kg/ 25mm of caliper

Shrubs - 400gm/ 300mm height
Evergreen - 65gm/ 300mm height or spread
Vines and Groundcovers - 65gm/ plant
Herbaceous Plant - 65gm/ plant
“Nitrophoska” NPK - 12:12:15 + 2%
Blue special

6. STAKING AND GUYING

All plants should be supported in accordance to the local practice or as

otherwise specified.

7. MULCHING

Within two (2) days after planting, mulch all planting area (individual
tree pits, entire shrub and groundcover beds) with 25mm layer of
mulching material. Mulch shall be clean Oil Palm shells, peat moss or
any other approved material free from noxious weeds, seeds and other
elements harmful to lawns or any of the plants. Prior to use, submit a
sample for the L.A.’s approval.

8. CLIMBER STRING

Climber wires for training climbing plants against wall shall be that of
an approved string (wire, jute and nylon) fixed at 600mm intervals to
screw eyes. For maximum coverage, it shall be trained through the
strings with leading shoots directed upwards and tied.

9. PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL

The Contractor shall take all necessary precautions to prevent or

eradicate any outbreak of disease or insect attack. The frequency and
timing of the pest controls shall be as instructed by the L.A.

10. PLANTING SCHEDULE

Planting shall be carried out in accordance with the schedule of plants

and drawings supplied. The number of each species and variety shall be
evenly distributed over the area as indicated on the drawings.

11. PLANTING OF SMALL SHRUBS, HERBACEOUS, PLANTS

AND GROUNDCOVERS

Small shrubs, herbaceous plants and groundcover shall be planted in

shallow trenches of 150mm deep, 300mm wide and 300mm long

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(according to contract drawing) formed on cultivated ground or on a

bed 150mm height 300mm wide and 300mm long.

The length of trenches/bed can be based on the contract drawings. The

sides and base of the trenches shall be loosened; the plant shall then be
placed upright in the trenches/bed and firmed into the ground by
backfilling and treading or hand pressure.

4.4 HOLE EXCAVATION

1. GENERAL

All holes shall be free from water log and unsuitable materials. All such
holes shall be treated with appropriate remedial treatment before
planting works can commence. Inspection of 2 tree holes sample to be
conducted for approval.

2. PALMS AND TREES HOLES

Holes for palms and trees shall not be smaller than 1m x 1m x 1m or

1/3 size bigger than root ball. The bottom 300mm of the palms and
trees holes is to be forked loose prior to backfilling. The palms and
trees shall be planted so the collar of the palms and trees of the ground
level. Before planting the hole is to be soaked with water after
backfilling.

3. BIG SHRUB HOLES

Holes for big shrubs shall not be smaller than 450mm x 450mm x
450mm. The bottom 300mm of the big shrub holes is to be forked loose
prior to backfilling. The big shrubs shall be planted to the same depth as
in the nursery. Before planting hole is to be soaked with water after
backfilling.

4. SHRUB HOLES

Holes for medium shrubs, shall not be smaller than 300mm x 300mm x
300mm. The bottom 300mm of the holes is to be forked prior to
backfilling. The shrubs are to be planted to the same depth as in the
nursery. The distance from center to center of holes shall not be more
than in the contract drawings.

5. CLIMBER HOLES

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Holes for climbers shall not be smaller than 300mm x 300mm x 300mm
and shall be located 150mm - 200mm away from the wall or structure
with the roots spread away from the wall or adjacent supporting
structure. The climbing plants shall be trained through the string with
leading shoots directed upwards and tied.

4.5 BACKFILLING OF HOLES

1. ADDITIONAL SOIL CONDITIONER

Before backfilling, remove the excavated soil. Add in soil mixture (1

part soil conditioner/organic matter, 3 parts of top soil, 2 parts washed
river sand or as instructed by the L.A. to suit the more sensitive plants)
readily mixed on site but away from planting area. Basal Fertilizer TSP
is added to the soil mixture according to the size of trenches, bed, hole
as follows: -

▪ Trenches/bed (small shrub/groundcover/herbaceous plants) size

150mm x 300mm x 300mm required length, rate of TSP
50gm/running meter,

▪ Planting holes (bigger shrubs) size 450mm x 450mm x 450mm rate

of TSP 100gm/hole, and

▪ Planting holes (palms and trees) size 1m x 1m x 1m or bigger rate

1kg/hole.

2. BASAL FERTILIZER TSP

Shall be mixed thoroughly with soil mixture (backfilled) prior to

planting. For palms, trees, and big shrubs, the stake shall then be driven
into the soil, off undug soil to the bottom of the hole. If settlement takes
place, resulting in a hollow, the hole shall be topped up with additional
soil mix. The centre of the hole shall than be dug out sufficiently large
to accommodate the fully spread roots, retaining the soil mix for final
backfilling.

3. BACKFILLING

The roots of shrubs and climbers shall be spread carefully and the soil
replaced gradually in the hole. The soil is to be consolidated during
backfilling. Care should be taken during planting to avoid excessive
compaction of the soil around the roots or on the surface. Center the
root ball of palms and trees/big shrubs in the planting hole.

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Backfill the hole in layers followed by watering to ensure that the plant
is firmly held in the ground so that voids are not left around the roots.
Compact the soil around the trunk and surrounding areas. When in
position, palms, trees and big shrubs shall be attached to the stake by
tying 1.5m from the ground level.

4. WATERING

After planting, all plants are to be thoroughly watered using enough

water to soak the ground all around the root ball. The planting surface is
to be mulched with approved material not less than 25mm thick. Before
the E.R. issues the Certificate of Practical Completion for the works,
the Contractor will be responsible for ensuring that the plants are well
watered and all rejected works are rectified including top dressing,
replacements, weeding, clean-up and the like.

5. MAINTENANCE WORKS

1. GENERAL OBLIGATIONS

The Contractor shall maintain the works for a period of twenty four (24)
months after the date certified by the L.aA. that the specified Contract work has
been satisfactorily completed (date of issuance of Certificate of Practical
Completion).

Landscape maintenance shall include all necessary watering, cultivation,

weeding, pruning, wound dressing, disease and insect pest control, protective
spraying replacement of unacceptable material, straightening plants which lean
or sag, adjustment of plants which settle or are planted too low, and any other
procedure consistent with good horticultural practice necessary to ensure
normal, vigorous and healthy growth of all plants.

Regular monthly site inspections shall be held to inspect and approve the
maintenance works. It is the responsibility of the Contractor to request for such
inspections every month in order to be able to claim for the maintenance fee for
that particular month. The Contractor to submit Maintenance Report checklist
duly verified by the authorised site staff together with his claim for the
maintenance fee.

If the maintenance is found to be incomplete or unsatisfactory, the maintenance

fee shall be deducted partially or wholly as deem fit by the L.A. Contractor
must submit monthly Maintenance Report consisting of work schedule and
related documentation during the inspection. All quantities shall be as per the
approved As-Built plants during each inspection. The Contractor shall ensure
any shortfall, replacements are done well before the inspection date.

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2. WATERING

i) Watering Requirements

For manual watering, water all plant materials and quantity of water applied at
all times shall be sufficient to penetrate the soil to a minimum saturation of the
soil.

a) For shrubs and groundcovers 2 times daily, morning - before noon,

afternoon - before 6.00 pm.

b) For trees, once a day preferably in diffused daylight.

c) During rainy season watering shall be carried out when necessary.

ii) Fresh Water

Fresh water only shall be used for the works. Water shall be supplied by the
Contractor from the irrigation system at agreed points on the site. However it
will be necessary for the Contractor to supply his own means of transport (such
as hoses) from the watering point to the plant bed itself. An inspection of
watering requirements is to be made by the Contractor at least two times a week
in dry weather, with particular attention being paid to the plant in the planters.

iii) Methods of Watering

Water shall be applied using an approved hose or sprinkler and so as not to

cause compaction or washout of the soil or loosening of plants. The Contractor
shall immediately make good any such damage.

3. WEEDING

All plant beds are to be kept in a weed free, condition with a weeding operation
at least once a month. All weeds, stones and rubbish collected from this
operation shall be removed from the site. Compacted soil around plants is to be
loosened by scarifying and forking to a depth of 150mm.

4. FERTILIZER APPLICATION

The Contractor shall allow for one additional fertilizer operation in the 11th
month of the Maintenance Period. An approved slow release fertilizer shall be
applied to plants at the rate of 65gms per shrub a month. After spreading the

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fertilizer around the base of the plant the granules shall be lightly forked into
the soil, and the plant well watered.

Herbaceous and ground areas shall receive 50gms of fertilizer/per running

meter & 25mm of approved soil conditioner/organic matter evenly spread over
entire areas and the areas should be well watered. Avoid fertilizer in contact on
any part of plant. Mix the fertilizer according to labels and spray until it wets
thoroughly.

Apply soil conditioner/organic matter to shrubs, climber, herbaceous plants,

groundcovers every 3 - 6 months after planting at the rate of 1kg - 5kg
(Application frequency and amount depends on size, species and rate of growth
for the above plants OR when instructed by the L.A.).

Apply soil conditioner/organic matter to palms, trees and big shrubs every 6 -
12 months after planting at the rate of 15kg - 25kg. For the first 3 months apply
fertilizer high in Nitrogen content to shrubs. Apply fertilizer high in P & K
content to all flowering plants on the 4th month. Apply fertilizer only after
weeding.

5. RATE OF FERTILIZER APPLICATION

For leafy shrubs, herbaceous plants, ground covers and climbers apply fertilizer
high in Nitrogen at the rate of 60 - 100gms/3 months (rate of fertilizer depends
on size, species and rate of growth or as instructed by the E.R. This application
can be applied after 3 - 6 months (depending on the growth or as instructed by
L.A.).

For flowering shrubs, groundcovers, herbaceous plants, climbers apply fertilizer

high in P & K content after 3 - 6 months (depend on size, species and rate of
growth) at the rate of 60 - 100gm/plant.

For leafy trees and palms apply fertilizer high in Nitrogen after planting at the
rate of 500gm/6 months or base on the size of the growth, e.g. 1kg for every
25mm diameter per year.

For flowering trees, apply fertilizer high in P & K content only when the trees
are well established (after 1 year) or as instructed by L.A. based on the above
rate.

6. METHODS OF APPLICATION

For shrubs, groundcovers, herbaceous plant, climber, apply the plant direct into
the soil and mix well. Avoid fertilizer touching any parts of the plants. Water
the trees and palms after every application. Apply fertilizer in pockets/around
the plant at the edge of the canopy, mix well into soil and water thoroughly.

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7. PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL

Pest and disease control must be scheduled as instructed by the L.A. Upon the
discovery of any disease or pest infestation, act promptly. If the plants are still
infected pest and disease control must be done more regularly, at least once a
week. Systemic chemicals shall be preferred rather than contact chemicals.

8. FIRMING UP OF PLANTS

Firming up and adjustment of stakes/ties are to be carried from time to time and
ensure that shrubs are firmly held in the ground. The Contractor shall be
responsible for training and tying in all climbing plants to climber wires.

9. PRUNING

i) Hedges, Herbaceous and Groundcovers

All hedges, mate-forming herbaceous plants and ground cover plants shall be
clipped with shears to maintain a tidy appearance.

ii) Shrubs and Climbers

Allowance is to be made for all shrubs and climbers to be pruned at least once
or whenever necessary during the maintenance period to promote bushy growth
and good flowering characteristic. The shrubs shall be checked and all dead
wood, broken, damage or crossed branches shall be cut back, depending on
species. Pruning and removal of branches is to be carried out using sharp clean
implements to give a clean sloping cut with one flat face. Jagged edges of bark
are to be trimmed with a sharp pruning knife.

10. STAKING AND GUYING

All plants should be supported in accordance to the local practice or as

otherwise specified. The rubber tube ties should be loosened as the trees or
palms grow. It should be raised so that it does not cut into the trunk and damage
the trees. Any trees damaged due to ties cutting into the bark shall be rejected
and to be immediately replaced true to its size.

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11. LAWN CARE

This can be carried out as follow: -

i) Spiking

Spike the lawn area to a depth of 75 – 100mm once in every 2 months or when
necessary to make a regular series of hole using ordinary garden fork. Spiking
should be done after heavy rain, when the lawn is at its softest. The four
pronged garden fork should be pushed straight in using foot pressure and pull
straight out and repeated at 150mm intervals.

ii) Top Dressing

The lawn should be mowed before top dressing is applied. Soil mixture should
be applied and spread as evenly as possible over the lawn area, a day or two
days after the spiking operation is over.

12. REPLACEMENT OF PLANTS

During the course of the maintenance period, the Contractor at no extra cost to
the Employer shall replace damaged and poor growing plants true to its size.
Substitution of plant species or sizes is only permitted with the Employer’s
written consent.

All questions relating to replacements shall be subject to site inspection,

arbitration and acceptance of responsibility. The replacement shall be done
immediately before next month’s inspection. L.A shall impose deductions if the
Contractor delays the monthly inspections due to non-completion of
replacement work.

6. FINAL HANDOVER

One month before the end of the twenty (24) months Maintenance Period, a
joint inspection shall be held with the Employer’s Representative and the
Contractor, to review the requirements for alterations or replacement in order to
gain approval for final handover. In order to ensure satisfactory handover, site
meeting will be held each month between the Contractor and Employer’s
Representative to inspect and approve the maintenance works. All plants
replaced during the last two (2) months prior to handover shall be subject to
additional three (3) months maintenance from CMGD date at Contractor’s own
cost. A final inspection will be held with the E.R and the Contractor before the
issuance of Certificate of Making Good Defects (CMGD). Until the formal
CMGD is issued, it is the responsibility of the Contractor to maintain all
completed works in good order.

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