ESO225
Lecture #3
Recap:
Course website: Mookit
[Link]
me
Materials
Materials are all around us.
Our body itself is made of various materials.
We humans want to tailor everything around-us,
(including ourselves !!!)
And, engineering materials have made this possible.
Think about life without these materials !!
Materials
Composites: have two (or more)
solid components; usually one is a
Monolithic Hybrids
matrix and other is a reinforcement
Metals (& Alloys) Composite
Sandwich structures: have a
Ceramics & Glasses material on the surface (one
Sandwich or more sides) of a core
material
Polymers (& Elastomers)
Lattice* Structures: typically a
Lattice combination of material and space
(e.g. metallic or ceramic forms,
aerogels etc.).
Segment
Segmented Structures: are Hybrids are
designed to improve
divided in 1D, 2D or 3D certain properties of
(may consist of one or monolithic materials
more materials).
*Note: this use of the word 'lattice' should not be confused with the use of the word in connection with crystallography.
Engineering Materials
In the stream of Materials Science and Engineering, we deal with solid
materials that we humans extract or make. These materials have
certain predefined properties which could be controlled through
processing or synthesis condition.
This group of materials is known as Engineering Materials. For
example, metals, ceramics, polymers are engineering materials.
Materials Science
& Engineering
Materials Science Materials Engineering
Resultant knowledge of
the structure, properties,
Basic knowledge of processing and Applied knowledge of
Materials performance of Materials
engineering materials.
Foundations of Mat. Sc. & Eng. By W. F. Smith
Common materials
Graphite
Glass: amorphous
Ceramics
Crystal
Metals Polymers
Performance of any material for particular use
Performance of any material for particular use
Performance of any material for particular use
Performance of any material for particular use
Performance of any material for particular use
Performance of any material for particular use
Performance of any material for particular use
Performance of any material for particular use
Performance of any material for particular use
Performance of any material for particular use
Heat Sink for Micro-electronics
Heat Sink for Micro-electronics
Material for tie-rod
THE NATURE AND PROPERTIES
OF MATERIALS
[Link]
Materials’ world
• Most engineering materials can be classified into one of
three basic categories:
1. Metals
2. Ceramics
3. Polymers
• Their chemistries are different
• Their mechanical and physical properties are dissimilar
• These differences affect the manufacturing processes that
can be used to produce products from them
In Addition: Composites
• Nonhomogeneous mixtures of the other three
basic types rather than a unique category
Ceramics
• Compounds containing metallic (or semi-metallic) and
nonmetallic elements.
• Typical nonmetallic elements are oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon
• For processing, ceramics divide into:
1. Crystalline ceramics – includes:
Traditional ceramics, such as clay (hydrous
aluminum silicates)
Modern ceramics, such as alumina (Al2O3)
2. Glasses – mostly based on silica (SiO2)
Polymers
• Compound formed of repeating structural units called mers,
whose atoms share electrons to form very large molecules
• Three categories:
1. Thermoplastic polymers - can be subjected to
multiple heating and cooling cycles without altering
molecular structure
2. Thermosetting polymers - molecules chemically
transform (cure) into a rigid structure – cannot be
reheated
3. Elastomers - shows significant elastic behavior
Composites
• Material consisting of two or more phases that are
processed separately and then bonded together to
achieve properties superior to its constituents
• Phase - homogeneous mass of material, such as grains of
identical unit cell structure in a solid metal
• Usual structure consists of particles or fibers of one
phase mixed in a second phase
• Properties depend on components, physical shapes of
components, and the way they are combined to form
the final material
Atomic Structure and the
Elements
• The basic structural unit of matter is the
atom
• Each atom is composed of a positively
charged nucleus, surrounded by a sufficient
number of negatively charged electrons so
the charges are balanced
• More than 100 elements, and they are the
chemical building blocks of all matter
Element Groupings
• The elements can be grouped into families
and relationships established between and
within the families by means of the Periodic
Table
– Metals occupy the left and center portions of
the table
– Nonmetals are on right
– Between them is a transition zone containing
metalloids or semi-metals
Periodic Table
• For example,
case-1: Carbon and Silicon
Note: Two different atoms but same structure (or arrangement)
Same structure and
type of bonding
Different between atoms in Different materials and different properties
atoms these two materials
•A transparent solid object.
Carbon •Electrically insulator
•An opaque solid object.
Silicon •Electrically
semiconducting
case-2: Carbon and Carbon (i.e. same atoms but different structures or arrangement)
Different structures
and the force
between the atoms
of two layers in
graphite in not there
in the carbon atoms
Same in diamond diamond. Different materials and different properties
atoms
•A transparent solid object.
Carbon •Electrically insulator
•An opaque solid object.
Carbon •Electrically conducting
Diamond cubic • Casting
• Metal Forming
• Welding
Thermo-mechanical • Powder Processing
Crystal Treatments • Machining
Atom Structure Microstructure Component
Electro-
magnetic
Processing determines shape and microstructure of a
component
Microscopic Structures of Matter
• Atoms and molecules are the building
blocks of more macroscopic structure of
matter
• When materials solidify from the molten
state, they tend to close ranks and pack
tightly, arranging themselves into one of
two structures:
– Crystalline
– Noncrystalline
Microscopic Structures in Solids
Atoms in Pure Pt
20Å x 20Å
[Link]
Crystalline Structure
Structure in which the atoms are located at
regular and recurring positions in three
dimensions
• Unit cell - basic geometric grouping of
atoms that is repeated
• The pattern may be replicated millions of
times within a given crystal
• Characteristic structure of virtually all
metals, as well as many ceramics and some
polymers
Simple Cubic
Body-centered cubic (BCC) crystal structure:
(a) unit cell, with atoms indicated as point locations in a
three-dimensional axis system
(b) unit cell model showing closely packed atoms (sometimes
called the hard-ball model)
(c) repeated pattern of the BCC structure
Crystalline Structure
SC BCC FCC DC
Po Fe,Cr,W Al,Ni,Cu, Si,Ge,Diamond
Mo, Au,Ag
