CSCI41A: Principles of Crop Production, Laboratory

Lecture Notes

Topics:  Climate and weather influences crop

I. Climate and Weather growth, determine the adaptation of
a. Climate types in the Philippines crop species and cropping pattern and
II. Major Crops Produced in the Philippines intensity in a location.
(Statistics)  Philippines experienced a Tropical
III. Classification of Crops climate.

I. Climate and weather Important Elements of Climate and weather:

Weather – refers to the state of the atmosphere in 1) Solar radiation
the short-term (minutes, days, months). 2) Rainfall
Climate – is the long-term expression of weather. 3) Temperature
The climate of a specific region is the average 4) Relative humidity
meteorological data accumulated over time in a 5) Daylength
number of decades. 6) Wind movement
7) Typhoons
Table 1. Types of Climates in the Philippines
Climate Type Description Provinces
Type 1 Two pronounced seasons,  Ilocos Region  Pampanga
dry from November to April  Western Mountain  Bulacan
and wet during the rest of Province  Bataan
the year. Maximum rain  Western Nueva Ecija  Zambales
period is from June to  Central Luzon  Occidental Mindoro
September.  Metro manila  Southern Antique and
 Cavite Iloilo
 Laguna  Northwestern Palawan
 Batangas Southern Negros Oriental
 Tarlac and Negros Occidental
(Kintanar, 1984)
Type 2 No dry season with a very  Northern Kalinga-Apayao  North-eastern Samar
pronounced maximum rain  Northwestern Cagayan  Southern Leyte
period from December to Valley  Surigao del Norte and
February. There is not a  Western Quezon Province del Sur
single dry month. Minimum  Pollilo Island Bicol  Agusan del Norte
monthly rainfall occurs Region  Misamis Occidental
during the period from (Kintanar, 1984)
December to February or
from march to May.
Type 3 No very pronounced  North-eastern part of Northern parts of
maximum rain period, with a Ilocos Norte Antique and IloIlo
dry season lasting only from  Kalinga-Apayao  Negros Occidental
one to three months, either  Cagayan  East Negros oriental
during the period from  Mountain Province  Siquijor
December to February or  Western part of Isabela  Zamboanga del Sur
from March to May. This  Eastern part of Nueva  Basilan
type resembles Type 1 since Viscaya  Lanao del Sur,
it has a short dry season.  Bulacan Bukidnon
 Eastern part of Laguna  Misamis oriental
and Batangas  Western part of
 Oriental Mindoro Agusan del Sur
 Romblon  North Cotabato
 Marinduque  East part of
 Aklan Maguindanao
 Capiz (Kintanar, 1984)
Type 4 Rainfall is more or less  Northern part of Kalinga-  Northeastern
evenly distributed Apayao Zamboanga del Norte
throughout the year. This  East Cagayan valley  Lanao del Norte
type resembles Type II since  Isabela  Sultan Kudarat
it has no dry season.  Quezon province  South Cotabato
 West Bicol region  Davao del Sur
 West samar  Davao del Norte
 South-eastern Masbate  Davao oriental
 Northern Leyte  Eatern part of Agusan
 Northern Cebu del Norte and Agusal
 Bohol del Sur. (Kintanar,
 Zamboanga del Sur 1984)

Adapted by the Modified system of Fr. J. Corona (1920)

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 II. Distribution of Major crops in the Philippines

A. Fruit Crops

 Banana
o Cavendish is the highest produced banana in the Philippines accounting to 55.2% of
the total banana production.
o Davao region was the top producer of banana, followed by Northern Mindanao and
SOCCSKSARGEN.

 Calamansi
o CALABARZON was the top producer of Calamansi, followed by Central Luzon and
Davao Region.

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  Mango
o Carabao Mango was the most produced cultivar representing 82.1% of the total
mango production.
o Ilocos region was the top producer of Mango for the first quarter of 2023, followed
by Central Luzon and western Visayas.
 Pineapple
o Northern Mindanao was the top pineapple producer, followed by SOCCSKSARGEN
and Bicol Region.

B. Non-food and Industrial Crops

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  Abaca
o Produced for its fiber (dried raw fiber)
o Bicol Region was the leading producer, followed by Eastern Visayas and Davao
Region.
 Coconut
o Coconut with husk (produced)
o Davao region was recorded with the largest production for the first quarter of 2023,
followed by Zamboanga Peninsula and Northern Mindanao.
 Coffee
o Produced for green coffee beans
o Robusta coffee was the most produced type of coffee.
o SOCCSKARGEN was the top producer of coffee production for the first quarter of
2023, followed by Northern Mindanao and Davao Region.

 Rubber
o SOCCSKARGEN was the top producer of rubber for the 1st quarter of 2023, followed
by Zamboanga Peninsula.
 Sugarcane
o Sugarcane for centrifugal sugar accounted 98.5% of the total sugarcane production
o Sugarcane for ethanol, Muscovado, Chewing, Vinegar had an aggregate of 1.5%.
o Western Visayas is the top producer of sugarcane, followed by Northern Mindanao
and Central Visayas.

 Tobacco
o Produced for dried leaves
o Virginia tobacco was the most produced variety which contributed 96.3% to the
total tobacco production for the first quarter of 2023.
o Top producer of tobacco for the first quarter of 2023 was the Ilocos region, followed
by Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR).

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  Cacao
o Produced for dried beans with pulp
o Davao region was the top producer of cacao for the first quarter of 2023 for about
76.7% of the total production.

C. Vegetable and Root Crops

 Mungbean
o Ilocos region was the top producer of mungbean for the first quarter of 2023,
followed by Western Visayas and central Luzon
 Potato
o CAR was the top producer of potato for the first quarter of 2023, followed by Davao
Region and Northern Mindanao.
 Cabbage
o Highest contributor in cabbage production for the 1st quarter of 2023 was CAR,
followed by Central Visayas and Ilocos Region.
 Eggplant
o Ilocos Region was the top producer of eggplant for the first quarter of 2023,
followed by Central Luzon and CALABARZON.
 Tomato
o Ilocos Region was the top producer of tomato for the first quarter of 2023, followed
by Central Luzon and Western Visayas.
 Ampalaya (Bittergourd)
o Central Luzon was the top producer of amplaya for the first quarter of 2023,
followed by Ilocos Region and CALABARZON.
 Onion
o Bermuda was the most produced type of onion contributing 80% of the total onion
production.
o Central Luzon was the top producer of onion for the 1st quarter of 2023, followed by
Ilocos Region and Cagayan Valley.
 Sweet Potato
o Eastern Visayas was the leading producer of sweet potato for the 1st quarter of
2023, followed by Bicol region and Western Visayas.

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  Cassava
o Northern Mindanao was the top producer of cassava for the first quarter of 2023,
followed by Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao and Cagayan
Valley.
List of Philippine Regions and Provinces
Region Provinces
Region 1 – Ilocos Region  Ilocos Norte  La Union
 Ilocos Sur  Pangasinan
Region II – Cagayan Valley  Batanes  Isabela
 Cagayan  Quirino
 Nueva Vizcaya
Region III –Central Luzon  Bataan  Pampanga
 Bulacan  Zambales
 Aurora  Nueva Ecija
 Tarlac
NCR –National Capital Region
Region IV A – CALABARZON  Cavite  Quezon
 Laguna  Rizal
 Batangas
Region IV B – MIMAROPA  Occidental Mindoro  Palawan
 Oriental Mindoro  Romblon
 Marinduque
Region V – Bicol Region  Albay  Catanduanes
 Camarines Norte  Sorsogon
 Camarines Sur  Masbate
Region VI – Western Visayas  Aklan  Guimaras
 Antique  Iloilo
 Capiz  Negros Occidental
Region VII – Central Visayas  Bohol  Negros Oriental
 Cebu  Siquijor
Region VIII – Eastern Visayas  Biliran  Northern Samar
 Leyte  Samar
 Eastern Samar  Southern Leyte
Region IX – Zamboanga Peninsula  Zamboanga del 
Norte
 Zamboanga del Sur
 Zamboanga Sibugay
Region X- Northern Mindanao  Bukidnon  Misamis Occidental
 Camiguin  Misamis Oriental
 Lanao del Norte
Region XI – Davao Region  Davao de Oro  Davao Oriental
 Davao del Norte  Davao del Sur
 Davao Occidental
Region XII – SOCCSKSARGEN  Cotabato  Sultan Kudarat
 South Cotabato  Sarangani
Region XIII – Caraga  Agusan del Norte  Surigao del Sur
 Agusan del Sur  Surigao del Norte
 Dinagat Isands
CAR – Cordillera Administrative Region  Abra  Benguet
 Apayao  Mountain Province
 Ifugao  Kalinga
BARMM – Bangsamoro Autonomous  Basilan  Sulu
Refion in Muslim Mindanao  Lanao del Sur  Tawi-tawi
 Maguindanao

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 III. Classification of crops Taxonomy – the science of identifying, naming,
A. Botanical classification and classifying plants.
B. Agricultural (Functional) Classification - In Greek taxonomy means ‘putting in
Why classify crops? order’.
 Grouping provides order Carolus Linnaeus – Swedish naturalist and
 Make important crop decisions explorer who was the first to frame principles
 Ease of communication among plant for defining natural genera and species of
scientist organisms and is credited with developing the
A. Botanical Classification current Latin-based system called the binomial
 Systematic botany or plant nomenclature.
systematics Binomial nomenclature – a system of naming
 Phylogenetic systems – identifies plants whereby a plant is given a two part name
plant on size, shape, color, floral representing the genus and species.
traits, food reserves, and genetic ICBN (International Code of botanical
relationships. Nomenclature) – is published by the
Pyrame de Candole – Swiss botanist who international body that sets the rules for the
established scientific structural criteria botanical classifications of crops to provide
for determining natural relationships guidelines for standardizing the naming of
among plant genera. He is credited with plants.
the introduction of the term taxonomy. Taxonomic Groups
Systematics – the branch of biology that deals o Kingdom
with classifying living beings: diversity and o Division
interrelationships of living beings (both o Class
neontology and palaeontology. o Order
- In Greek systematics means ‘Putting o Family
together.’ o Genus
Three sub disciplines of Systematics: o Species
1. Phylogenetic o Variety
2. Taxonomy  Arrange in order from the most
3. Classifications inclusive group to the least
inclusive group.

Table 1. Eight major taxa are commonly used in plant classification

Kingdom Depends on whether the organisms is a plant or animal
Division Based on whether the plant bears seed or not
Class Assigned based on whether the seed contains one seed leaf or cotyledon (monocot) or two
cotyledons (dicot)
Order Based on differences and similarities in the vegetative and reproductive structures of plants
Family Similar to order, family is assigned on the basis of differences and similarities of various
vegetative and reproductive structure
Genus Based on whether the species in a genus show close genetic affinities
Species Assigned on the basis of plants being populated or related interbreeding forms
 Variety Botanical varieties differ in subtle ways such as color, shape, size, chemical quality and
other traits

o Kingdom o Species –the lowest and least inclusive

- Monera – have prokaryotic cells taxon, however species may be
- Protoctista – have eukaryotic cells subdivided into specific categories.
- Fungi – absorb food in solution  Botanical variety – is a naturally
- Animalia – Ingest their food occurring variant of the species that
- Plantae – Produce own food by the is significantly different from the
process of photosynthesis general species originally described.
Botanical varieties may differ in
o Divisions subtle or more visible ways (color,
- Bryophytes (Bryophyta) shape, size, chemical quality or,
- Vascular plants – large bodied and some other traits).
have three primary vegetative organs  Cultivar – the product of plant
and conducting tissues. breeding. They are maintained by as
 Seedless (Spore-bearing) clones in vegetatively propagated
 Seeded (cone- bearing) – species and as lines in species
Gymnosperms (non-flowering) propagated by seed under specific
 Seeded (seed in fruits) - conditions.
Magnoliophyta – Angiosperms
(c) Muskmelons –
(a) Honeydew Melons –
C. melo var reticulatus
Cucumis melo var. inodorous
Two melon variety (a) and (c),
(b) Cucumis melo ‘Brilliant F1’ melon cultivar (b)

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 Rules for writing names:
1. The binary name must be underlined or written in italics.
2. The genus name starts with an uppercase letter, and the species name is written in lowercase
throughout.
- “species” is both singular and plural, may be shortened to “spp”
3. In technical writing, aninitial may follow the species, indicating the author
- e.g. Zea mays L. (authored by Linnaeus)
4. The generic name can be written alone to refer to individuals in the group, while the specific
epithet cannot be used by itself (i.e., Zea but not mays)
5. At the bottom of the taxa hierarchy is variety. The binomial name is followed by the
abbreviation var. and the variety name. Cultivar names are not underlined or italicized.
6. In writing the cultivar the first letter of the cultivar name should be written in uppercase and
NOT underlined or NOT in italics.

B. Agricultural (Functional) o Yam

classification o Yautia
a. Agronomic Classification d. Sugar Crops/ Sweeteners – crops that
b. Horticultural Classification are sources of sweeteners
i. Agronomic Crops - mostly annual o Sugarcane
herbaceous plants that are grown in the o Stevia
farm under a system of extensive or o Sugar beet
large-scale culture. o Sweet sorghum
a. Cereals e. Oil Crops – crops that are grown for oil
b. Seed legumes o Coconut
c. Forage crops o Sesame
d. Fiber crops o Castor
e. Drug and Beverages o Olives
f. Sweeteners o Flax
g. Oil o Oil palm
a. Cereals or grain crops – belong to f. Fiber Crops – are field crops that are a
the grass family or Poaceae, rich in grown for their fibers which are used
carbohydrates and consumed after to make paper, cloth, rope, sack, mats,
being dried and utilized as staples. etc.
o Rice o Jute
o Corn Grown in the o Kenaf
o Job’s Tears Philippines o Ramie
o Sorghum o Cotton
o Millet o Kapok
o Wheat o Abaca
o Oats g. Forage crops – they are grown
o Barley specifically to be grazed by livestock or
b. Legumes or Pulses – they are crops preserved as silage.
that are belonging to the family o Napier
Fabaceae, high in protein and o Guinea grass
consumed in dry seed form. It has o Star grass
the ability to fix nitrogen through o Alabang X
the symbiotic association with the o Kakawate
Rhizobium bacteria. o Calopo
o Mungbean o Indigofera
o Cowpea o Flemengia
o Pigeon pea o Leucaena
o Soybeans
o Peanut Special Purpose of classification under
c. Root crop and tuber crops – they are Agronomic Crops
underground swollen parts (roots, 1. Green Manure – legume crops that are
tubers) and grown primarily as source grown in the field and before reaching
of carbohydrates. the reproductive stage it is ploughed to
o Cassava improve soil fertility.
o Sweet potato 2. Silage – crops that grown extensively to
o Irish potato be cut and preserved in a succulent
o Taro/ Gabi

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 condition, usually used corn and  Cauliflower
sorghum.  Broccoli
3. Green Crop – crops that are grown and  Cabbages
cut at green and succulent stage and  Chinese cabbage
are fed to livestock without curing. o Root and bulb crops – grown for
4. Catch / Emergency Crop – are short their swollen underground
season crops that are used to fill-in structures, consumed with
when regular crops have failed or when staples not as staples.
planting is delayed.  Tuberous roots –
5. Cover crop – they are crops that are carrots, radish, sweet
seeded on the land needing protection potato, cassava
againsts wind and water erosion and  Tuberous stem -
nutrient loss through leaching. potato
6. Supplement crop – crop grown as  Modified underground
secondary crops used to provide grazing stem – ginger, yautia,
at times when other pastures cannot be taro, ube
used or are not sufficiently productive.  Bulbs – garlic, onion
7. Companion crop – a crop that are o Solanaceous crops –mainly
grown with another crop to gain grown for their fruits, belonging
advantage in the yield or crop to the family of Solanaceae or
protection from pests. nightshade family.
 Eggplant
ii. Horticultural Crops – they are annual,  Hot pepper
biennial or perennial crop species which are  Tomatoes
grown under intensive culture.  Sweet pepper
a. Vegetables o Cucurbits – grown for their
b. Fruits edible fruits belonging to the
c. Ornamental Plants family Cucurbitaceae.
d. Plantation crops  Bittergourd
a. Vegetables – crops are classified as  Chayote
vegetable according to the similarities  Cucumber
in their method of culture. Mostly  Squash
consumed fresh and succulent. Usually  Zucchini
consumed with staples.  Bottlegourd
o Leafy vegetables – crops that are  Snakegourd
grown for their leaves.  Ridgegourd
 Lettuces  Watermelon
 Celery  Melon (Honeydew
 Pakchoi & Musk)
 Kangkong o Tree vegetables – vegetable crop
 Squash that are grown for their
 Kulitis economic parts that are borne
 Chayote on trees (flowers, leaves).
 Alugbati/ Malabar  Sesbania
Spinach  Moringa
 Kamote o Other vegetable – classified
 Talinum separately since their
 characteristics cannot be
o Legumes – grown for their fresh classified to the above category.
green pods that belong to the  Okra
family fabaceae.  Sweet corn
 Snap beans  Asparagus
 Vegetable soybean  Breadnut
 Winged bean  Green papaya
 Sweet pea b. Fruits- categorized according to
 Pole sitao where they are borne and the
o Cole crops – cool season fruit structure.
vegetable under Brassicaceae o Tree Fruits – are the fruits
family. borne on trees.

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  Anacardiaceae – d. Cutflowers – also known as
Siniguelas , mango florist crop which are grown for
 Annonaceae – sugar its attractive flowers.
apple, anonas, soursoup a. Roses
 Caesalpiniceae – b. Chrysanthemums
tamarind c. Anthuriums
 Clusiaceae – d. Gadiolus
mangosteen e. Calla lily
 Ebenaceae – Mabolo f. Orchids
 Lauraceae – Avocado g. Baby aster
 Mimosaceae – camachile h. Gerbera
 Meliaceae –Santol, i. Heliconia
lanzones j. Liliums
 Malpighiaceae - Acerola e. Cut Foliage – also known as
 Moraceae- Jackfruit, florist green. Plant foliage that
Camansi, Breadfruit, are used as background in floral
marang arrangement.
 Myrtaceae – Macopa, a. Asparagus fern
guava, duhat, tambis b. Fish tail palm
 Oxalidaceae –Cucumber c. Boston fern
tree or kamias, star d. Fan palm/ anahaw
apple f. Flowering pot plants - plants
 Malvaceae – Durian grown in containers for their
 Rutaceae- lemon, beautiful flowers for display
pomelo, orange, lime, purposes.
calamansi etc. a. Adenium sp.
 Sapotaceae – caimito, b. Bougainvillea sp.
tiesa, chico c. Adenium sp.
 Sapindaceae – lychee, d. Petunia sp.
longan, rambutan e. Hippeastrum sp.
 Muntingiaceae –kerson f. Euphorbia sp.
fruit g. Cordyline sp.
 Phyllantaceae – Bignay/ h. Codiaeum sp.
Currant Tree i. Aglaonema sp.
(Please refer to the j. Alocasia sp.
slides for images) k. Sanseveria sp.
o Small Fruits – are fruits NOT l. Philodendron sp.
borne on trees. g. Foliage plants – plants that are
 Bromelliaceae – grown for their attractive
pineapple foliage.
 Cactaceae – dragon fruit a. Song of jamaica
 Passifloraceae – passion b. Song of india
fruit h. Landscape plants – almost all
 Vitaceae – grapes ornamental plants can be a
 Rosaceae – strawberry landscape plants. They are
o Nut Fruits – fruits that are grown for landscaping
enclosed by a stony purposes.
endocarp and are borne on a. Ornamental
trees. lamdscaping
 Anacardiaceae – cashew b. Edible landscaping - is
 Burceraceae – Pili nut the growing of plants in
o Herbaceous Perennial – a garden that are
fruits that are borne on non- arranged aesthetically,
woody stems plants whose fruits,
 Musaceae – banana foliage, flowers, roots,
 Caricaceae – papaya and other parts can be
c. Ornamental Plants eaten.
i. Turf – it is a ground cover that
is close cut, grows thickly, and

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 commonly grass. Usually perfume, soaps, body
planted in an open space. dressing, etc.
Plants that have the ability to  Black pepper
resist mowing and provide a  Citronella
functional dense and healthy  Vanilla
ground cover.  Rosemary
 Atsuete
o Bermuda grass  Lemongrass
o Rye grass  Cinnamon
o Carabao grass o Latexes and resins –
o Blue grass crops that are grown for
j. Plantation Crops – crops that their sap (latex or resin)
their principal products can be tapped from the bark.
substituted for one another, Latex – a milky
undergoes secondary usually white
processing and maybe classified fluid that is
according to their useful produced by
components. tapping from the
o Oil crops – they are bark (specifically
grown intensively for oil on rubber trees)
products.  Apocynaceae
 Castor  Euphorbiaceae – Rubber
 Coconut tree
 Oil palm  Sapotaceae
 Lumbang Resins – yellowish or brownish
o Fiber crops – grown for substance that are obtained
their fiber, used as from the gum or a sap of some
textiles, cordage, pulp, trees and are used in varnishes.
paper, twines, etc. They are solid or semi-solid
 Agave materials insoluble to water but
 Kapok/ doldol soluble in certain organic
 Cotton solvents.
 Abaca  Almaciga
o Beverage crops – crops  Canarium spp.
that are grown and used o Medicinal crops
for brewing non-
alcoholic beverages. Medicinal plants – plants which
 Cacao provide curative and laxative effects.
 Coffee  Aloe vera (may look like
 Tea a cactus but not related
o Spices, condiments and to the cacti family)
essences – grown to  Lagundi
provide special flavors,  Sambong
scents, and color to food,  Yerba buena

Agronomic Vs Horticultural crops, adapted from Jules Janick (2005).

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 References:
George Acquaah. 2002. Principles of Crop Production. Prentice Hall.
George Acquaah. 2009. Horticulture Principles and Practices, 4th ed. Pearson Prentice Hall.
Ricardo M. Lantican. 2001. The Science and Practices of Crop Production. SEAMEO Regional Center
for Graduate study and Research Agriculture (SEARCA)& University of the Philippines Los
Baoos.
Jules Janick. 2005. Horticultural Plant Breeding: Past Accomplishments, Future Directions. Acta
Horticulturae. 694, 61-65.
Nadia Haider. 2018. A Brief Review on Plant Taxonomy and its Components. The Journal of Plant
Science Research. 34(2), 275-290.

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