—Corssesion —— = “thel re spedion dues fsom thy Dosti CoP yOdLAS vista g +o GQraw a biece that serena to tina dsiSoctom 2 conseg qpuo vit Deis of panel al duo to its yeacHon with tho | __ Auificundings Gosecus_ox Diguid envi corm — So,| Comresion may be dgfined. ad the f psoas of Alma conversion of octal jienhio thoi undigsablo combounds bu seach ge tin emol SHAR and 6+ yur gases psesont Im ta envirsovnment ee Fost Exam A xeddish ig own colo | fogmation on ae eddie Obsects At ib dpe to tne Cos methon ef ydlated Papaie oxicla . a | i je fo Choctwochamicall a iy or a | | Cor w@hioN _ _ Accpacaliengts hd, nto 3 wren a ~metal iS jan cont ack with sno.at alt_ox whan sinilas mae aad comect™ with each otah i Lon oe bi —pomber of galvanic cable aso ¢ Eocmaliah And existence of anedic 2 cothorlic adud __ ont tho metal ee => Aly tls comsdtlion axidadion of the melal and eduction ot phecies- frcenevek in __ : for) tales, Joco, —9frnedic fast athe metal undiage. - etalon lapd_ fh p —cedinodde fast on goeckucton and —__SUR YA Gola ‘ bee jek Poom cow ved ellictsqng- ahh ef cl - To ile: jal yom gcodt. +o_ Catho ie cansesion tha ina, = eee iP wt (ons cloction “sseachon) - - 9 tn th € Ke qefion at reed (seduction “ean i— de Mes on tha odio of 4bo_enlnonman ~~ 4M +no mocdiuyn pp acidic _ An “inh pronence of Sf dhvadlved ogy gen —— — — 2th \pbep 28 ye H2O _ ~ Ay sn joc obsence of dinalved oxygen aay Ost 28 9 Hh {0 tnd mediven is alkaline / seated tng bsesence of cites’ L CK — — 904 Yo oat 28 — 9 907 Senet absence af Alstal ved. oxygen ——}— — -2tlg0 426 —> 20H Ey ~ An Rostng- of an Ton in ahem Tok ames ot ——fenodde yeacton F 3 2& Veoa a - Cathodic seaction. Band YoO34-28 —> 20H ~ Ps oduct of argo | 2 catheda ca + 20 —> Felor!) — an tnd psezence of = DE e(oi), Lb O47 Fests, 2H Ru Cathodic orla | _ Oot 2M20t 4e = > AcH” 2 Angdic aqua Ait Fortis24) han Awd Abystmni Das “metal ant in — contact with each orah— ino CosvoxVe —conduchng medinm, the wretall with Jog, I ollse soda potent Os mose ache me DIF E =EREN [TAL MET AL cp RROS TON CCAALYVANT? “CoRROSTOM) —-_—— Oe: => Bote of cosvason chipends nn ck indy on J | Lyce im the position of ome “in gadvarn'c erick 7 of ‘cowsesion . * on Exe he , pores HypoaFHoF2e3 208 - - — - AS _anod& arr with_ hp ecco potential acts o% cothon +wo igh tho yaonle, Poacten. ip the xa | Anodic onta— cathodic and _ Eller rcocko. potent pad eine AAS wv) if Ms thot oF, color BANIT obe whan — __ th _ vais In co ia_contagt uth cobb i Tad becca __ am : Ly topper becovnld lige et et — metre Cosson ———Od_ - iter EREITAL, ~AERAT TON “conROSay - cealee “HTRALION CELL. CoRROSTON — __ = a. oa meted i. -eypssed, +0 dala __concepteadion of oy (020, park OP +e _ __ metal _ofparsd +o Dower concentration _ of oxy geo. becanwsd anodic and -unditgen — Coyyesion.—____ > cla part of ro metal « exposed fy _— eh concenpraton of a2 becames_ cat hate ond _bsotected Crom tho copvasion .— Ad aaa S29 atl poe f= A costes 1203 ami iene woe 35 20H total et ca seal Oat 20lt— zn(oH)>—” } _ SURYA Gotu E ——|—WIRTER Lone conebergy — At is Obreaved in pieel ox ene water __-tamt postia ly Pde wth woter__ ~ I _—— =r Last of tho task quat below water Lovell exposed -to Uoes concentration of O*Ygen _ -hedpwis anedic and. ondusgets > Past ofshe tank above Fro _Covxesion water end — tuhich tt exposed to Ala h concembsation f en cecoms catoclic. cond protected }—frechn tho commogion | => Mexe cos wasion {t_obterved _Haal wates Ona hence Habs 3 vat hedew - _ water (Bane cossegion _ | —____—___ <= oo | _EAC gx er cra AN ODEC PROPET EON ~ - pected. i ys “connect ik metal +0 be. pxo . = hare anodic. meal uLing omnecte (7 sie _ __3 Tho! move goctoues metal. gets comma wwhkla tno. parent gtevctusd 1& protec _Csorn Cosvesion ‘I “= Mose achive eral ko emplouyod is ~—calllad pacsifcl anoda..— 5 The gaceiticial anodu tobe seplacad, _ “Tay feeb ous 08 and, 10 oF LB egy | = 9 tno! used — Aacsficia asia a ae _Ng peony Ce , ~Faltenplt Sil # pe is psotec ante . “in it te 0 is unattec igiidie n+ tal hon awd Zn at or fect lo aa 0 parsficial co: 4 safes oxxonlan \ hy | yySURYA Gotd__ | — Anodizing = |-_ and “Ay ods, is Poo of I aichaclonn of cue. aod metal _-to jig medal me ee _ oe - | Aneto Adomi-nium a - 1 Carthodd Steel ow ccpfeh— iL ~~ Stectaclyic 6 Bab chsenie acid | ___=}ewb ‘30 AoC. ~— = a — Applied potential: 0-40 y_____ yen 4a madd a corned ard coh} i prec ig _usedas cot Tho oly*tradlos pho amused La. an electrolyte Cand _ of! |S -lo# chxordc acid. The th cede _ att ao-4oc.. fotewtial. of o-4a0y applic which oxidized guter Ol of A’ -fo Ada 03_and phat get dopared over tha - metal The stl lid tf Tl at dredge At ‘ates —_ - —_ 64 ¥ 466 > 31g — _— ~oveapll. seocton —— 7 - LB Adis SHO g-2 Al03(a) + Fay -—-—} yj —______,. 4 7 a | egieatace— Ty R= = caihed gab) ~ | Anodt | = | : =| j-= Lc tictrabrte — 4 i tls NaS- Tet fpsocuna of Ceching emaplien 4 mana of Ze Ove HAG 8 rh sien oy 2. bees eg -cord@ion (A ¢ _ fet pseciaa 1g. emcee! wee 1 ee ae ng Kreps _ Hy lp 1 25 _ { Who ue act ag cot thocla —_ —_H 428 2 ohg— —— ! jo —> 220 . Hgsita! 22 — > 2. ‘4 po 2co Net wevertibde electrode, seachon 1k _ __| i ceabil He Be mig ea HP oy Neamst eqadirth. ea | eee re 298K it - a Se. Simp Lo sro vcorniebs ue} pivton pf eek cell cera e an Vas with LL AS ee a —D eteiination of \ Pp Uctyod@ ptertiall, ~ eae Le) Fe gt Ta ig—|—hak kl __ = Sanh, - - Meee = “ NO oo. He — Ga _ __“2ngo4—---- --- aq a "Ak anode — Qe De ae i AE cethedo ——Hgo cle + 26-9 abg + 28 —— = _||— Em Ahiga dy 22 - Sa = - Coase — Lanoda. ~ ——~- fall = €ecee= Setar - : - ft ptpn= © Cccen& € coll : _ | _ = 24-6 - a Determination of pr vodua cf a gelation — ~ acd gorka tan bes upload width i e ¢ 7 Clictsoda contolhaing balublon Sh Peake if Pk, H.C 1d) | we {god cng o- — £aQ= Eniguvl— 6 ee —-]— = Gedtinned a i ie —|— pis Cg =024207 _— | oggors cise A cel Belactive toa ———— => mest ve ured fox ~ Construction’ — — * lt ys omndl oo of 4 wocth laps clactaica | oak dnc aCe ota => Gana bulb is. Alte with a folusion ofjconstank pa Co- iMN@) ard i& ingeste arth Ag= Agel. Sloboda which if tho mtemnall Tella satho. bUiedsedo ard also A£ervesfow the erterral ehactrical Sepia _ Sen falega [na ‘(oim)| niads| unknown 400% _ The pechenge of Jove by the inh and. : pauper anginbya nt a Ve lie toa ata: i —folential in dy Le Be roe _— the 020531 bog ty = 02 2083! a1 fag fo — te pce lg peg vn OL | (¢, 9 Com nevlarctiomadals bil Ian al candy te 7 \ Gg Ouction .| = = ors ov Cs econ peednatio . = mele cy folution iB core! toa vil Che 0.054 |Log O- i Tepe KE 089! toy Coit} - 24.2 a 0591 fH 1S Hep fy _ Do fe Ao pede Was. OF ete gu deseo purer ae Easy : Ea > A ged — — : l Se 2 ot Eng lige 4 Bay —_ Ege kro: 10581 wt Eval A aa eau eg aces Sgheatt Eos eG = o10591 [ eX omens a combnation of. i oe beim Fe “ fi | Ee Xt Ergingie Eat ‘Determinadl on of a of a fol eine using ap cactenl 7 ~ | omembsand IN| Olay olectysdota db i _ fo bushon ctocda-ls dipbed into ac ye ‘coupled. to_be muaasi bbe ls thon to elemed elrctredle — cen —_ta| Hgts isto DB) sto | | rick | ge Cys Cut] fons cules reser bsod ~___ SURYA Gold _atnsoygyh elac tsenle_ptl mal if——"—" -_— | ~_— Fold = Scatnoda — Ganoald, || — €G- Escge _ | Good = eo Sosa exe —- aire 6% — 6 coga— E sce | — — pas G- Ceo —E seg. i _ _ a0 $9 _—_ J An clictred _ Sheed 1s an oleetsic, al male a contact oth amon men ldic_ of a Cesc + oo fete, elite) a | = Hg} Higa dal a : ~The elaci da ote ofa metal in. “contagh = 1a dba vin polio gab of tg ~ - es ometalS LBpe im a Saluctlon ~— cortoining anion of tha falt-_. a Ex! Ag [Ag@|oo ~ _t a iietoa cad - 2. oxidation — ewaduchon “ebsetrird kg _ tn okidation seduction dice is tht ont. ~—n hich eloctyedc pte axes Prom — thd prertwce -f -ouidised andy edu _ foams of qo ame Ewrernca rer silatien pal Fe pet |__P uf a2, oon ee - am mpelictve Clectsode (an embsant cee A -tntimbsant (8 I contact with a peluction sith which ‘it can Cachorne jond _ __Lpss'— +0 determing +no Poncenfy ation ob. = Os omnes of cation’ ands anions Auch Hatha! Kt Rete. ass 1 Ralince ancdal= tuhese potential _kngwr which haw a Sra Qo poteyHe a &xK= colamed electrode, SHE - — Pacing ee Sesimee electrode sHe 2 — oecoded ad primary) se: Pesont®® ole Cre er “4 Second seference electrode ’—The electro _whexe potential is daterminedt yond to the Ste 8 cade as fecenilae _ wséference elect seco SURYA Gold inhase botertHial Wig Pred zero at —fempenauss oF + _ au — a - oe — I i —~ — } ——~—-_ — att ap ee | . 4 ee a fp 1a ie ee eT ef oe eM A a 4h gun a J po _ | | 2 a = — = | . a i _fP ——_—}- Oe — | - iS oe ee — Oo ; ee ee : - ft _ tT - _ = pt jo a a —_ ee —— | tS _ jj. a et F + ; Poy : i - | = oe - a a tL og a —_— |I Porter: lomet/S - Folentie mePsic Aemsot Con eo ned ae ~ {no Maas: oxcynevite of change in. potent ial po tvatlon using poatingm _ — sah a ‘ehactrade Combination _— Thaoty. Ta pase on tho neo ar _ oxidokion- seduction seacton eactign Caypied out” ie usin __pLledinnumn = C toda. combina, Sactor ig the woo of _ ~ hw Act exmini Aaboneemieetia _of the onidis, and - Xeductad fooms of cesstain lon species a cites wn elsctson 9 vedlwead form biewball Oi acquised. by the indic ator _ ae cot 25'c 1g. Guindy — ~ ms es Pe epaas lg Tai dined fied Posm _ _¢ Sy Santas ached orcad of tho ee Aystey , — Tae Sokentto” of the jommursed Qacd-s ts pers “contralled by tho Lalas tha _concentrotion of Tha axidigod +o — ipo seediactd Abecies psenowk, AS — the weact tho, pe ence the potential. Chang cs a more __walid in -Had_yiel sal wo end he td potentiometieall swe ten et plat of, chagge in potential bode Tienes. pth hides falge! yeess i$! chaaacet Fes ok a Ricken aoe in = powered 8 polwt tha, egquivalls nce, 0 p ee old, p> ee — , " = _ Porte odlometeic Hob otlon pet. ub ce: nat of— a Potentiometes.'— te dasice for moaiualng the af Eat potential _ at Refesonce electrode! -calamel elected —€lnd> Bendic ators electrela/— Platinum @lectsodk ieie ponds rapt + to the change jy — potential volyg ts Koncewtraton - ch Ing 2 of Hho - Oma te “Gy. M mnotic. Sctimees =" to Adis tno sentes 0 osetia Fax additloneat the 4.4 ae _ ~All tov. AphGcotion— ed > belownad Balucro com alls be. ti +satec = Acid bose tityad} Hon can also be dong, - uo His me Hoel =. | Prrec' ipradion Yeac4 Han com alse be comsied, |Ss (0, oul pctentiames>i¢ ca lem REAUCI a - : L a => AnAnts- smethce do be “casviede oul" aj -ipation- can of Perveus, a Poteet jemetsic esti action tous mort acid ed. ne Acharomat fpoluct' co 7 ~ Braendd bet The seocton. anak tabs ping, = Lipon ‘Ke. ly207— is-addad te _FAS 12 oo | fer arate & _ - tah rant bE > 2 THD. - Pact. Ao “a C sowallorace bolatt -Had. —peterrinll - obatea my by— +no_Feé Se _ — Sugtem and the pote ental given hed SIHne 29 mochion.. — £ pated Saye + o-8a) Seg Crt] + ete Brel a wr te ons Foose deg (ee Crest] 1 | Pret] ad ~The pee val. af the-bel ube. will be [ aycunda-15 ve on sno 6g Au \ a why ald “Fe? tg oxi ee 4 ] _ Fee LL ja poteriod iS dates, given-agt 1 SURYA Gt the lew,04 foySt buy ste mn 1h E 1H “eae. oe ~~? raat —_ om 6204 iets = fen hn apt: 59) Ne Cena] | — — {ay Eeva lev! =. 133.) 0.059) Teg. (exaiy -_ SURYA Gott The. podewt Hh al_of Hho Baliiceoys i ae =Flatg coke will be asound Boe Thue an, abyufrt intse are In tho poten-} Had. of pho Sa lutioy inthe ae of. tha, equivala nce, —-polwt if obsBived this marches tho _ -eqpivalence olut dn ha expesimunt tha potential of tno coll Us eh erning _ dst agentes to_fatusated calom — ehectedd —— " = — Provecluad, beta Pa of EAS folution ato a leg aon beaks. Add ono -test--tube of ‘yom - -cal slomuall elebivado iyo sno 260” Inthe peal — 7 Connect iE to O potentiometes Meas wl FOO tne _busebte with k2C3207 on, Add a5 cw? of Kal820q40, +h) be Stas tho Leductio : and mi ox uno tho potest “Com Ny _ 4. proceduse. +00 nine 16 Avddon 4 qump. in| tho potertiall, After tro 2 emp atte aa eerreae sseadins eter mi na. Lend poll = wal A thod, a “Tape tia ad eat alnsh velome ef __ FAs saluting Jon nina he. ‘amen of cee ayen fealaden : | }{ _ pelvalirce opel it —> | SO | | ‘AC oe (en “Nosmad)ty of Rats, 09 «= ~N wil 2 de Ahe_gsdbh yelof kyCs267 abW ———-— S_eqitivalence pelvit = xa a Nea (SND-Ro05 203 — OS KX — Vins _ he whol Easfinn Neale wt oe a FAS ! 2 —— ie tt oy. ee it ae en | fe a | fp a to i ——— — = a =~. —__4 —— | ———— _ ——— 4 }. + — — _ i2 Conducdorne:| se EO wp tondancs ‘ned y ow “tg a doe eo { L& Com ws Led of olociso dus thal ok a. wetge the hectic. cenolurehvety or an ack 5b ganle foch as wt eg)! —- (i— di is the “xedipsocall ZI - te Ve omit? —> ahd, chm” pm hed : l= The. “conduc ance of ne Acletion _ xp Soimad by. ca ob), Loud ‘pecoon§ to ohms Vow the cosseril - Mowing thxoagh he. Conductos” ih disecty {psofesdionall 40 volta and iny eucly ~ xe epee Hopall to_-tha Yes iitance._-—~ ry = €/g €=1R-- — ; _¢ = AbpMied valtags.—— a ar Cuysent ______ He | RS wealslance. oe — “Resbtance of ony conducts 18 diveck 1, aia to the Lex goth- ands oe be onal +o_-the cased: of crass faction of the conductow uae Re S (Oo) ee _S-> Shecific “reiltanle - : - c= Yip | Ws a, = Ka Vr 7 C : KaSpefic. Cor ducati ov dfeabia Comducchity of tho Otvetse ape _ dolution os ay | whencast) Je thon Ce. KS | thisdhose spec te conduct he —tenductive 4 of an ciclo akan — |o ellacisoclts ots aoe + Hebe lp acta ot Lm. opast . 4p ot ; pci it is the- condunctance. = 7 _ 0 mclactivity 50) a anicted. cur © of y Pe alec baby ale e._conduetion “ dufends _ 7 hen St: ‘actosk tet _ dato et _ “Fhe. amobliity cof tha LON. —_—— 3. The concer Baton of +ho oludion, cod una _ “iaiinaalion ard [se onda Beers consrt of Fel llouin Comperntt cy tapduch pe} OL Gin conduc Wit co — a Mogenetic 7 fryse 8 cs) Micxob et > Conbliactemes le merry R by ua ins _ ated necting. covsent between bin | tf eI }Jatinor-elec}reda.of Lom aod. each; placod ina conduct cell. = Roth electrods must be ssigid ane at avixe —s apast cicm) wang ~_Lidwdction Im osc 4Fo pyeve —Flucgtnatien, cis in ferductanteSURYA Gold 3 Ad VS method tae chosif eee aatiatlon in electsieal conductances ef selution - duaing hha COUALD of g H+yation {8 LalWotaed fo -> Solution is continuous! and gent! : Aisxe: A UAING ayy nehcd Sfhiyyer. + 5 Conductime? va. asd Ahoy plotted against ho volome of tho ag Ont - addsa +o obtaln og yabh which qaca : pee of +wo At vallg wh Divnug intearsocdyn _ aki th equivalence poled Cerd palwit) Application of conductomehy — oo _ Daation of weak acid (ike CHgcovrl) worth Atsong. base(Gike Noon) “The! conductance of dw add will be iw alow slnce acetic acid Ka. _ week efactrolyte. when Mach i addled _ 40 the acd Salt fosmed lo pk boy tows ad 2 conchuctance inex Conger tH Cuah ac > Cengcodindt) +H 0 eke Cris ceoNa Calt-- —Cwihich 18 id Whom cH3cooH Le see een lela) Aubpreak -fno lonizeton of CHa tcoH ud —t0.[Cemmon —lon ‘ foct that decyeay tic. —Concluuctity : shaak ine ~-—tm_Com) —Mbudyoli ze ton Ot 7 Me | ata: Fusstius adden Of hese leads 4 AD AN, INCEase ty thd nomber_ot—— - pels Lo. oH ond Hence concuuctance ~~ Wcseases hash be. ___ | aa_“TMhe oo nt fs _yaucy. alization poi wt, - gives 4a _ | _ ve : __—— : ; ani _ o£ \mtefrge Hort By ty 7| SURYA gp } _Concen- soot tone WS Tp lecetenten dias, cold. +s alto an —-elhiench nical, cold. oo emat eh _-elpchicale ywhen 4 Aimilat— me+ OM in tamstack wrth Solutions - tts com fang ot di sey cencentationd Thus ina concendrection ced coe — elactrode ith Jower. ele cts concentration acts af da “the. om with hu ela ct}rolute cencentsation act Ob C i 7 The. Se cation of ok ovoda_incseaiig ats cathe defveni “ghey the cell [6 in rn opssachon - oie tea pelt into 6 gw lovic &olichone of c, 2 G and - {x vebrensyted ag — — a oy feretee cb es ]eu- — Bye cisuchtmical conventions ol a TAL anoda _ ty. 30" Fa). 2 2ew _ He bathed yy a 7 | Otte) y _2€- > ou — 7 _ Thus, the vekcell veachon— ofthe conc” € 4P| (cotta pce” =ee5._! Thy EMF of the cone” will be - He oh ale fh nee. of the wo veducton eloc sod)” po ential tte y “Cetus oa ofl pve avs aay fe 7¢, TOY MD cari be not. Ph a aout! a. errr ¢, dhe come” eel dats, not gent, 3. When | LG Go00 ik ise An bah, fine vedic p cht Io, went 7 nd “ og see fetes fp : ey nee electrical 2 edgy aQA godvanic cell ts obtalwid bpeombne 4009 20 elsetyccles im i - 2 Subproke polutions_of- ences akon 0:05 - ‘ado 5M ot 30'C. Give the ced sepsesertation cof ceaction and. cadcul ake eneof thi. ; — cel, | “Be 1, ebactaodas ne ed nao made of Lanne _ - nasal em muse frat teachin but of Aiffese = Li ce_it id dyn elocteobute “toweenciendion call cr | an eiso4 Co 105M) | 204. (0256)| 279. At amode zn > 2h {0.051 2E oe ~— AL cathode ape 98 9 7) ouekall nenccian. — at %025)- =a oy hoes) Leg = 2303 8T Log 0 ee zathodd) — oe | - {—— ‘wi ot amede] _——— fh. aged pSA0558 >, 6:25 -— _ oj 2 96 Sed _ a5 - ica! =e sa fakey, _OY ESF . _ahvat ht reel _ - = 001 ov Aig rai) _ Meee) ‘Bees be ~ = = 0314 MM “63 nh Hg seq-(o-01m)| HGS Co: — age rn o8v.E) Se na valiey oa asp on Wat: hd ee Pert at-an a woh as at = a= 20K. bag Ca 9.403 AT tog af cali) a _™ ; Mad caxhnode ght = * Cee) — oN AetAduaN A ASOD * Saeed — - 803K 28 500- BG a Ne 2 — MeAcusous io”) 8 Sound 40 occur af igre iow, ‘Qe EME ofthe cell —— 1 colevseg Coy Cusog. co) |eo a Wo595v at 25% Find xX see 4 ig _ thot C)= 0-00IMy C=¥ and n22_ | Eee = 0059 mn fog oe | aah X= alah ee Bi-Aconcentsation cell {a onibncied 8 f =a _capper es oolM oS On a Zolbnete on. Colleci __ SURYA Gold ett cod. the a a “oka Exe oe io _ —cathede’ cup ses Cy - ml feels "8H Sab : Bol sega oO: -0541V ee varie. cell cece ae — a +- ee a _ fe - 5 eS a — foo ee