Inheritance

Gene- Length of DNA that codes for the making of a protein, occupying a particular locus on
chromosome.

Allele: Alternative version of a gene

Homozygous: Two similar alleles (tt or TT)

Heterozygous: Two different alleles (Tt)

Dominant allele: Allele which expresses itself in phenotype if present in either homo or heterozygous
form

Recessive allele: Allele which expresses itself in phenotype only during absence of dominant allele so
only when it’s in homozygous form.

Phenotype: Shape / Appearance

Genotype: Combinations of alleles such as xx - Xx.

Locus: Position of gene on its chromosome

Homologous Pairs: 2 sets of chromosomes that can be arranged as matching pairs in terms of shape,
size, and length.

Consists of 2 types of chromosomes:

- Autosomal Chromosomes: These are 44 somatic chromosomes present in all our

cells for both males and females.
- Sex Chromosomes: 2 Chromosomes which can be X or Y chromosomes.

Karyotype: Diagram which lists down all homologous pairs and sex chromosomes.

- Depending on gender or down syndrome there is different karyotypes

- Normal Male: 23rd pair is X and Y chromosomes (1 long and 1 short chromosomes).
- Normal Female: 23rd pair is X and X chromosomes (2 long with similar shape).
- Down syndrome Male: 21st pair of chromosomes contain extra Y chromosome.
- Down syndrome Female: 21st pair of chromosomes contain extra X chromosome.

Monohybrid inheritance: Formation of only 1 characteristic

Co-dominance: When both alleles are expressed (no one is dominant over the other) in phenotype, so
intermediate phenotype formed is different from both parents.

Sex-linked traits: Mutated genes carried on sex chromosomes in humans and present only on X
chromosomes

Test cross: Used to determine the genotype of dominant individual.

Pure-breeding : Homozygous always formed so same phenotype as parents

Hybrid-breeding : Heterozygous formed so not always same phenotype as parents

Homogametic: Individual that produces gametes which contain only 1 type of sex chromosomes
(Females with XX chromosme)

Heterogametic: Individual that produces 2 types of gametes each containing different types of sex
chromosoems (Male with XY chromsome)

Colour blindness: Sex linked condition that results in inability of organism to determine red and green
colour

Haemophilia: Sex-linked condition where people have poor blood clotting

INHERTICANCE RATIOS:
- HETRO AND HETRO
o 3:1 ratio
 75% Dominant Heterozygous
 25% Recessive homozygous
o Parents Genotype = Xx
o Parent Phenotype = Dominant Allele
 Gametes => X or x OR X or x
 Offspring Genotypes  XX, Xx, Xx, xx
 Ratio  3:1

- HOMO AND HOMO

o 1:0 Ratio
o 100% Heterozygous Dominant
- HETRO AND HOMO
 1:1
 50% Dominant Heterozygous
 50% Recessive Homozygous
- CO-DOMINANT AND CO-DOMINANT
 Red : Pink : White
 1 : 2 : 1
 25% Red
 25% White
 50% Pink

Diseases to remember:

Albinism: Recessive

Cystic Fibrosis: Recessive

Polydactyl: Dominant
Example  Color blindness:
Male :

Normal: XBY

Carrier: NO MALE CAN BE A CARRIER FOR A Sex-linked DISEASE

Why?

Because sex linked traits are carried only in allele of X chromosomes and
males have ONLY 1 X CHROMOSOME so men can only be carriers or diseased

Diseased: XbY

Female :

Normal : XBXB

Carrier : XBXb

Diseased :XbXb

Explain why there is boy who has colour blindness even though his mother is?

As the genotype of boy is XY the boy inherits Y chromosome from his father which isn’t carrier for
genes of disease but he inherited gene of disease from his mother not father.

Explain why Haemobilia are most common in male not in female?

As the male requires only 1 recessive X chromosome allele to be diseased, but women require more
than 1 revessive X chromosome allele to be diseased which has a lower probability than women.

What type of disease is this and explain why?

Sex linked trait because it is most common in males

Example questions:

Female carrier marries a normal male

XBXb x XBY

Gamete: XB Xb XB Y (circles)

Offspring: XBXB, XBY, XBXb, XbY

Phenotype: Normal female, Normal male, Carrier Female, Diseased Male

DNA:

Deoxyribonucleic acid in a DOUBLE HELIX SHAPE

Polymer made up of monomers called Nucleotide

What is the nucleotide made up of?

Sugar (Pentose = has 5 carbon atoms called deoxyribose sugars)

Phosphate (P)

Nitrogenous base (1 of 4 bases per nucleotide) and they are:

 Adenine: A Complementary
 Thymine: T
2 Hydrogen bonds

 Guanine: G Complementary
 Cytosine: C
3 Hydrogen bonds

Finding %:

A= 15%

C= ?

A=T 15x2 = 30

100 – 30 = 70

70/2 = 35%

C= 35%
Mitosis and Meiosis:

Nuclear Division:

Mitosis:

o One nuclear division

o Only 1 type of Mitosis
o Has a prophase then a metaphase then an anaphase and then a telophase
o 2 cells formed
o 2 cells are identical to each other
o No variation in mitosis
o Because there is no cross over
o Same number of chromosomes
o Importance
 Growth
 Repair
 Cloning
 Asexual reproduction

Protein synthesis:

3 Types of RNA (EXTRA)

Transcription:

Where does it happen?

NUCLEUS

DNA  m.RNA

Describe transcription:
It takes place inside nucleus. m.RNA (carrying copy of genetic code of DNA) formed from DNA.
m.RNA leaves nucleus through nuclear pores and go to ribosomes through cytoplasm to be
used in protein synthesis.

Translation:

Where does it happen?

RIBOSOME (Site of protein synthesis)

m.RNA  Amino Acids

Mutation:

Sudden change in DNA BASE SEQUENCE

Every 3 base codes for amino acids

Genetic code properties:

Triplets:

Each 3 bases code for 1 amino acid

E.g : AUG (Methionine)

Universal:

Genetic code codes for same amino acid in ALL living organisms

Extra:

Degenerate genetic code:

More than 1 code that codes for the same amino acid

Protein synthesis:

Start:

Once m.RNA containing starting codon arrives at the RIBOSOME the ribosome detects the start codon
which is AUG (Methionine) and this creates the 1st polypeptide chain.

End:

Stop codon detected by ribosome allows it to stop synthesising proteins

Translation process:

t.RNA : Anti codon, Amino acid binding sight

m.RNA: Codon

t.RNA and m.RNA : Codon, Anti codon interaction occurs between t.RNA and m.RNA to form second
amino acid . Ribosome begins moving towards next codon and process. Those amino acids bind
together in a peptide bond

m.RNA single strand released from DNA through nuclear pores in nucleus out to ribosome. t.RNA
containing anticodon and amino acid binging sight enters ribsosome.
Summary for Inheritance

- HETRO AND HETRO

o 3:1 ratio
 75% Dominant Heterozygous
 25% Recessive homozygous
o Parents Genotype = Xx
o Parent Phenotype = Dominant Allele
 Gametes => X or x OR X or x
 Offspring Genotypes  XX, Xx, Xx, xx
 Ratio  3:1

- HOMO AND HOMO

o 100% Heterozygous Dominant
- HETRO AND HOMO
 1:1
 50% Dominant Heterozygous
 50% Recessive Homozygous

Question Examples:

Dad got black hair and mom got red hair: B = Black and b = Red

BB and bb

Gametes:

B and b

Offspring genotype:

Bb so always goanna be black hair

Probability = 100% Black because the offpsirng of genotype will be Dominant Hetrozygous.

Bb and bb

50% chance to get black hair or red hair