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72 views19 pages5th Unit of RDBMS
Uploaded by
saraswati laxminarayanCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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SHORT QUESTIONS AND A
Qt. Write short notes on Distributed Databases. Mode! Paper ti, 8
OR
Distributed Database
Answer : May/June-19, 08 {OU}
‘A distributed database is a single logical database that is spread physically across computers 1 malin
locations, These systems are connected through a data communication network. Such database requires multiple
database management systems, running at each remote site.
The different types of distributed database environment can be distinguished based on,
1. The degree to which these different DBMSs cooperate, or work in partnership.
2. __ Whether there is a master site that coordinates request involving data from multiple sites.
Q2. Write about distributed database management system. Modal Papert, 25
OR
DDBMS
Answer : March-22, Q8 [OU]
The distribution of database among multiple sites (or) computers which are interconnected over a
network to form a system is referred to as Distributed Database Management System (DDBMS). Along with
the data, processing functions are also distributed among multiple sites.
DDBMS can be defined as a software that manages the distributed databases and performs the specified
cake
Q3. Compare centralized database with distributed database.
Answer
Distributed Datab:
Centralized Database
lows storage of data at single location.
locations.
‘Remote users can access the database using Wide
Area Network (WAN)
It is easy to store, retrieve and update data in
centralized database.
‘All the end users can access the data present in|
database using WAN.
Data updation on each site is a complex task as|
each site must be updated
Tt supports dynamic business environment
Ttdoes not support dynamic business environment.
Q4. Write any four features of distributed database management system.
Answer :
The features of DDBMS are as follows,
4. Data independence
In distributed databases, the concept of transparency allows the programs to be written without being
dependent on whether the database is distributed or not. Hence, the movement of data does not have
any impact on the program correction, but it greatly affects the speed of execution,
G db SIA PUBLISHERS AND DISTRIBUTORS PVT. LTD. a —_—_— — utigueeetama et, 123
2. Data Redundancy Reduction Q8. Write a short nates on data
ata redundancy in the distributed database (Mate tener’: cs ane M2U.comp
y QS
mncreases the speed of the system execution
and performance. But, during the updates, more *
effort is consumed because modifyin, ication. (Nowidec.
g a single -
copy requires the changes to be done in all = Pr ee
remaining copies of data in a consistent manner.
3. Data Recovery
‘The distributed database maintains a continuous ee eee
log (record) of the changes made to the data so The process of maintaining (storing) fragment
that if there is any system crash by power failure,
data copies at two or more independent sites that are
itcan restore the database to a previously stored | connected through a in called data replat
consistent state. After the system recovery, the alled data replication
database stores only the actions of complete} Advantages of Data Replication
transactions, while the actions of incomplete
+85 t0uy)
Answer: Mayilune-18, 2) [OU] Mayne, a7 foup
tiristebesledll te Walidiee or eovessed 1. Itenhances the data availability.
4, Distributed Transaction Atomicity 2. It provides improved failure tolerance over
In distributed database, users can write data.
transaction which can be written and updated
siipeiaiameh tines, 3. It reduces the overall query cost.
Q5. List various data allocation strategies | 4. _ It also provides better load distribution.
and list the factors to be considered to
allocate databa acotrapees ce | Cloadvantages of Date Rgeiomnee
OR 1. It involves increased storage cost because the
Data Distribution. data is replicated on different sites.
Ansvents MaylJune-17,Q8(0U] | 2 It involves increased transaction time due to
The process of assigning or distributing ‘mutual consistency rule.
the copies of fragments to a specific location in a
distributed system is called as data distribution. This
is also known as ‘data allocation’. It is carried out
inorder to achieve data replication which helps to
3. It additional processing overhead.
Q7. What are the various types of data
?
improve availability of data. : replication
The data is allocated by using the following | Answer: Model Paper, QS
— The various type of data replication are,
1. Incase of centralized data, the database is stored
ata single location.
2 In case of distributed data, the database with
multiple fragments are stored at multiple
locations.
(Fully replicated database method
(ii) Partially replicated database method
(iii) Unreplitated database method.
(i) Fully Replicated Database Method
It stores replica (copies) of entire database
fragments on multiple sites. It is used to share
the data easily with in less time. tas
a RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
What is data fragmentation? Explain its advantag (rr, ave) RU} | Model Paper At G7)
oR
Bata Fragmentation
newer : (March-22, QF (OU) | Juy-24, 8 (OUT | Mayitune-T®, G7 LOUD
Data Fragmentation
Th fragmentation,
These 42 PROCS of partitioning a single crap er Fe
fragments can be distributed between multiple sites over the entire network. The informati ee
mentation and distribution is stored in DDC (Distributed Data Catalog), This information is u
Process the user queries
Advantages of Data Fragmentation
object into multiple data fragments is known as dat
Mallow parallel execution of queries
2 MWincreases data availability to local site users.
3._I improves the systems efficiency
29. Explain data integrity in distributed database system.
Answer :
_ Data integrity means that the data values entered in the database must be checked to ensure that they fall
Within a specified range and are of correct format (type). For example, the value for the age of an employee
‘must be in the range of 16 and 55.
Data integrity also ensures that the referred field must exist, For example, a user is not allowed to transfer
funds from an existing savings account to a non-existing savings account. Database integrity in centralized
databases can be obtained by using atomic transaction wherein either all the transactions are performed or none
of them, However, in distributed databases, transaction atomicity encounters a problem when a transaction
that needs to access to different sites is to be executed. In such situations, itis preferable to use a smart system
that executes megeBction. irrespective of the sites.
Q10. wri client-server architecture.
oR
jient-Server
i neeat = May/June-18, 7 (MGU-CA}
Client server architecture is a simple architecture that provides a well defined way for the clients and
servers to interact with each other, In tis architecture, clients are the systems that can request the services from
the servers whereas servers are the systems that respond to the clients by providing the requested services,
The client server system consists of two types of architectures. They are as follows,
(i) Two their client server architecture
(ii) Three tier elient server architecture.
‘The general structure of a client-server system is depicted below,
[Servet] communication
Network
[etient 1] [ctient 2] [crient 3] 5.
‘1 DISTRIBUTED DATABASES =
5.1.1 Need for Distributed Database Systems s
io
is meant
: oth What is by distributeg database? Why it is needed?
OR
Explain need for distribution database systems,
(Refer Only Topic: Reasons/Need of Distribua. ied Deby
Answer :
Distributed Database
MaylJune-47, O18)
requires multiple database management systems each running at remote sie
Distributed Database Management System (DDBMS)
The distribution of database amon; mnnect
s 1g multiple sites (or) wi
ortwork o form a system i referred to as Distributed Database Management Sytem (DBMS) Along wih
the data, processing functions are also distributed among multiple sites,
DDBMS can be defined as a software that manages the distributed databases and performs the specified
operations.
The DDBMS is classified into two types. They are as follows,
1. Homogeneous Distributed Database
In homogeneous distributed databases, each site contains same software. It also consists of identical
DBMS operating system and data structures and in al the sites. It is easy to manage.
2. Heterogeneous Distributed Database
‘ latabases, each site contains different software. Each of the computer
1 system. In some cases, the existence of one computer is not known
ing and
In heterogeneous distributed ¢:
uses different data structures, operatini
by another computer. The usage of different software and schemas lead to problem in query process
transaction processing.
Reasons/Need of Distributed Database
There are several reasons for developing di
1. Sharing Data ;
‘environment where users at one site may be able to access the data
avin nance aes xia gb ang se, where cack ch sore aa ree
another branch, Thus user can access the data from any of the branches.
; tion
jizational and Economic Motiva ;
OCs tional structure plays a vital role while designing decentralized organizations.
Distributed oreanization’ Test when compared (othe lage and centralized databases, Hence,
feces ere 7 umes errs the basic factors considered while developing distributed databases,
organizations and economy-0'™
; ith Each Other
isting Databases wi : ’
Scaler = 2 approach connects the existing databases with each other, Itis used in an organization
Distributed deratint Mabases. In this situation, the
aa fe distributed database is developed by employing
which contains multsple : table local databases. This process needs less amount
bottom-up approach and initiating from the already aval! a
of rrcturing, when compared to the COnstruci®! f new centralized databases.
local restructuring.
7 of thin book » CRIMINAL act Anyone found gut LADLS tw face LEGAL proceedings),
(Carving Xoronitnetescern
istributed databases. Some of them includes the following, Tw
4 Smooth incremental Growth
Smooth incremental growth is supported by
ibuted databases when new autonomous units are
SO as to expand the organization. This growth
however does not have much impact on the previously
existing organizational units. But, in the centralized
databases the growth has a large impact both on new
applications as well as on the already existing units.
The initial dimensions of the system are responsible
for managing the future expansions, which would
otherwise be difficult to predict and at the same time
would be expensive to implement.
5. Decreased Communication Overhead
Distributed databases consist of more
communication overhead when compared to
centralized databases. The communication overhead
in distributed databases can be reduced by localizing
the applications (i.e., every application can access
its own database). Therefore, the main goal while
designing a distributed database is to maximize the
evel of localization.
6. Enhanced System Performance
With a high degree of parallelism, several
independent processors can enhance the performance
level of the system. This performance criteria is not
only considered by the distributed databases, but
also by the multiprocessor systems. In the distributed
databases, the data is decomposed into smaller
components, due to which,
(i) The applications are made dependent
(i) The applications locality is increased
(iii) The interference existing among several
processors is reduced
(iv) The load is shared among several processors and
(v) The issues arising due to communication
network or common services of system are
prevented.
7. Higher Reliability and Availability
Asystem with higher reliability and availability
can be developed by using a distributed database
RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
present at different locations docan"t enue » higher
reliability of the system. Instead, st ensUre® * oe
of the distributed system in which
compared to
failures are more frequent “he? ran - ‘the
centralized database. This is because: © ponents,
son databases,
are large in number. In distribution dat if
¢ location, then the other
degradation”
a component fails at oné
ent locations remains
ications are affected
failed location.
infrequent in the
components present at differ
unaffected Le., only those apph
‘that are linked with the data of the
Also, the failure of entire system 15 u
@12. What are the characteristics of Distributed
Database Management Systems
(DDBMS)?
Answer :
The characteristics of Distributed Database
Management System (DDBMS) are as follows,
1. Application Interface
It provides an effective application interface to
‘communicate with application programs, end
users and other databases within the DDBMS
environment.
2 Transformation
Complex requests can be transformed into
simplex by decomposing them into atomic data
request components.
3. UO Interface
It provides an effective way to perform various
read/write operations for both input and output
data over permanent local storage.
4. Validation of Request
It verifies whether the request made by the user
is valid (or) not with respect to the syntax.
5. Query Optimization
It is used to provide the best possible way of
accessing the database. It is responsible for
Providing access to the database fragments with
Tespect to the query and also for the update and
synchronization of data,
approach along with redundant data and some | 6. Security
techniques (that are not completely known). The ea
processing capability of the autonomous processors databeces Security and privacy for all the
a GLA DuRAt
HERS AND NISTRIBIrAne UNIT-5: Distributed and Client Server Databases
7. Backup and Recovery 197
It uses various techniques to backup the data. Thus, it can be recovered incase of any {allure
8 Administration Features ;
I provides various administration features to database administrators.
9 Concurrency Controt
With concurrency control, DDBMS ensures consistency of data among all the database fragments. It
also provides a way to manage simultaneous access of the data.
10. Transaction Management
Wensures the synchronizations of local and remote transactions along with their distribution.
Q13. Discuss briefly the DDBMS transparency features.
Answer:
DDBMS transparency features hide all the complexities of distributed database and makes the user to
believe that he/she is solely working with a centralized DBMS. The various DDBMS transparency features
are as follows,
(i) __ Distribution Transparency
This feature treats the distributed database as a centralized database. It eliminates the need of a user for
the partitioning data over multiple sites, replication of data over multiple sites and the location of data.
(li) Transaction Transparency
Using this feature, the transaction can be able to update the data over multiple networks. It either
completes the transaction or aborts it in order to maintain integrity of database.
(ili) Failure Transparency
This feature allows the system to be operated in case of node failure by providing the lost functions
through different nodes over the network.
(iv) Performance Transparency
This feature treats the system as a centralized database to avoid degrading the performance of the
system, It also provides an effective way to access the remote data with minimal associated cost.
(v) Heterogeneity Transparency
This feature can integrate various local DBMS within a common schema by translating their data
requests
¥ en 5.4.2 Structure of Distributed Database I,
eee the structure of distributed database system.
(Model Paper, 13(D) | March-22, Q18 [OU] | March-22, Q117 [MGU} | Juty-21, Q17 [OUD
OR
Explain about architecture of Distributed Database Management System (DOBMS).
ee Mayigune-18, 1200) BAOU)
A distributed database system consists of multiple sites which are connected over a communication
network. Each site maintains a local database which can be executed locally ie., within the site. These individual
sites work together in order to access the data anywhere in the network (global transaction)
0 acc —— 128
RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
The structure of distributed database is illustrated in below figure,
Database:
Figure: General Structure of Distributed Database
“The various connection networks/configurations used in distributed system are depicted below,
® ©
@® @—®
© ©® Fr) © ©o—®
(a) Tree Network (b) Star Network (c) Ring Network
@
® ©
@ ©
(d) Fully Connected Network (e) Partially Connected Network.
‘Connection networks/configurations are as follows,
4. Installation Costs
The cost involved in connecting the sites/nodes in the system may differs from one configuration to
another configuration
2. Communication Cost
‘The cost involved in establishing the communication diffe
fers from one configurati
configuration. iguration to another
3. Reliability
The reliability of one configuration may vary from another configuration i.e. failure rate
4. — Availability
‘The data availability may vary from one configuration to another irrespective of some fai
a sites, Le.
essibility ome failure sites.
rate of data UNIT-5S: Distributed and Ghent Server
51.3 Advantages and
15. Explain the advantages and disadvantages
of DDBMS. (Model Paper. ata) |
Now Dee. 21, G17 [OUI | Mayidune-t9, a134a) ou)
OR
Discuss the advantages ang
disadvantages of DDBMS.
(PP-1, a10 1KU)
wer Mayidune-19, 10a) IMGU-Comp.)
dvantages of DDBMS
In DDBMS, the data is distributed among
multiple sites and allocated according to the
demand and requirements of the business
lt provides faster data processing by distributing
the workload and processing of data over
multiple sites or computers,
It provides faster data access because the users
access only a local subset of the database.
It provides the facility to add new sites without
affecting the operations of other sites.
If any one of the site (or) computer failure,
its responsibilities are overtaken by several
different sites.
Itprovides improved communication between
the users and the company with use of local
sites because they are smaller and located
near the customers. They also improve the
communication among various departments
Disadvantages of DDBMS
4.
Complexity of Management ang
Distribution of data and ‘helg ao am
multiple sites make the mange’ *ng
database more complex, This iy Hemet ct
application has to locate the data ang,
them by acquiring from various sites
Technological Difficulty
It is necessary to address and resolve the
following technologies,
(i) Transaction management
(ii) Data integrity
(iii), Concurrency control
(iv) Security
(v) Backup
(vi) Recovery
(vii) Query optimization
(viii) Access path control.
“Increased Storage and Infrastructure
Requirements
It increases requirements of storage space as
the data is distributed along with their copies
among multiple sites.
Lack of Standards
At database level, there exist no particular
standard communication protocol.
Security Issues
The probability of getting attacked increases
since the data is present at multiple sites, wg
Increased Training Cost
The training associated with distributed model
is higher when compared with centralized
mod. 138
Wis very simple in conceptual way as a data-
designer does not maintain any physical
Storage details.
5. Itsupports flexible and easy-to-use adhoc query
‘capability which is based on SQL
6. It maintains data integrity
7. Iallows the backup and recovery of the data.
Disadvantages of RDBMS
The following are the disadvantages of RD-
BMS,
1. RDBMS requires huge amount of powerful
hardware and system software in order to hide
the implementation complexities from the us-
ers
2. The ease of designing the system may lead in
incorrect development and implementation of
RDBMS results in degrading the performance.
3. The implementation of RDBMS is a slow pro-
cess in case of logic programming language.
4 ‘The implementation of RDBMS needs skillful
human resources,
a Distribution -
| Data Distribution
Q17. Discuss the advantages and disad-
vantages of data distribution.
PP-2, 210 [KU]
OR
Explain about advantages of data
distribution.
Answer: May/June-19, Q13(a) (MGU-CA]
Advantages of Data Distribution
‘The advantages of data distribution are as
follows,
1. Data Sharing
Data distribution allow users to share data
It also contains locking mechanism.
bh
RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
3.
Improved Availability
With data distribution, availability of data can
be increased because system continues to work
even if some data nodes fail
Modifiable Structure
Structure of distributed database can be
modified accordingly to allow both local and
remote access of data to meet the organizational
goals.
Increased Accessibility
The shared data can be accessed from any
location around the world thereby providing
increased accessibility.
Transparency
‘on provides various transparency
Data distributi P
gmentation and
features such as location, fra
failure transparencies.
Increased Efficiency
Data can be stored at the location closer to
the sites from where it is frequently accessed
thereby providing increased efficiency.
Parallel Computations
The requests related to data computations
can be assigned into multiple parts (or) nodes
and these requests are processed in parallel at
different sites.
Apart from all these advantages, data distribu-
tion also provides improved performance,
scalability and reliability.
Disadvantages of Data Distribution
‘The disadvantages of data distribution are as
follows,
The process of failure recovery is a very
‘complex as the data resides on different nodes
situated at different locations.
The cost required to provide transparency
becomes very high as the number of sites/nodes
increases.
Sharing and accessing the distributed data
increases the possibility of bugs in the syste™ ynit-5 Distributed and Client Server Databases
5.1.5 Dota Replication
gid. Explain in detail about data replication
answer
pata Replication
The process of maintaining (storing) fragment
1a copies al (Wo OF More independent sites that ane
aonected through a network i
led data replication
advantages of Data Replication
| Ienhances the data availability,
It provides improved failure tolerance over
ata :
3, Itreduces the overall query cost,
4, Italso provides better load distribution,
Disadvantages of Data Replication
|. Itinvolves increased storage cost because the
data is replicated on different sites.
It involves increased transaction time due to
mutual consistency rule,
3. Itimposes additional processing overhead,
There are three replication strategies with
which the data can be fully/partially replicated (or)
unreplicated.
1. With a fully replicated database,
fragments of the database are replicated and
stored at multiple DP sites. This results in the
increased amount of processing overhead.
2. Ina partially replicated database, some of the
fragments are replicated and stored at multiple
DP sites.
3. Inan unreplicated database, replication is not
performed and the fragments are stored at a
single DP site.
Factors Influencing the Data Replication
‘The factors that influence the data replication
are,
1. Size of Database
The storage requirements and transmission
cost depends on the size of database to be
replicated. IFthe size of database is very large,
iteffects other applications by consuming more
bandwidth and time.
NN
el
Usage Frequency -——._ 1a
The part of dita which is
to be updated regularly st
data Which is rarely used yay
regularly. This decision depen © Uae,
frequency of the database usaye "YM the
3. Cost
The cost associated with the per
management and overhead may infin a*
decision of using data replication
5.1.6 Data Fragmentation
k
Q19. Explain in detail about data fragmen-
tation, Model Papert, 1b),
oR
Elaborate data fragmentation techniques,
Answer : March-22, 018 IMGU]
The process of partitioning a single data
object i¢., user database, system database (or)
table into multiple data fragments is known as data
fragmentation. These fragments can be distributed
between multiple sites over the entire network
The information related to the fragmentation and
distribution is stored i DDC (Distributed Data
Catalog). This information is used by TPs to process
the user queries.
The three types of data fragmentation strategies
are as follows,
1. Horizontal Fragmentation
In this strategy, the objectrelation is divided
into multiple segments with respect to the
tuples or rows. These segments consists of
unique rows and are stored at different sites. All
the values of different rows haye the common.
attributes (or) columns
2. Vertical Fragmentation
In this strategy, the object/relation is divided
into multiple segments (or) fragments with
respect to the attributes (or) columns. These
segments consists of unique columns and are
stored at different sites. Here, all the vertically
fragmented segments contains a common key
column.
3. Mixed Fragmentation
In this strategy, the relation is divided with
respect to both rows and columns. It is the
combination of both vertical and horizontal
fragmentation strategies
Tr cana suitey im LIABLE te face LEGAL proeredinet 132
Consider a relation “EMPLOYEE” which consists of employees details assoc iated with certain Company,
“DESIGNATION | LOCATION
RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
EMP_NAME
Accountant HYD 10,000
HYD
30,000
DBA
Developer CHE 25,000
Manager BAN 40,000
Accountant CHE 10,000
Jr, Develo 15,000
‘On the above relation, the fragmentation strategies are implemented as follows,
1. Horizontal Fragmentation
The given relation is fragmented according to location as follows,
Fragment Location Condition Employee Ids
EMP_HI Hyderabad | LOCATION - HYD 401,523
EMP_H2 ‘Chennai LOCATION - CHE 624, 101
EMP_H3 Hyderabad _| LOCATION - BAN 215, 112
"The fragmented segments consists of common attributes but it may consists of different number of
rows, The resulting fragments are as follows,
Table: EMP_H1 LOCATION: Hyderabad
‘| EMP_NAME | DESIGNATION] LOCATION | SALARY
401 John Accountant HYD 10,000
DBA
HYD 30,000
LOCATION: Chenn
EMP_I0 | EMP_NAME | DESIGNATION | LOCATION | SALARY]
624 Smith Developer CHE 25,000
101 Leon Accountant CHE 10,000
Table: EMP_H3 LOCATION: Bangalore
EMP_ID| EMP_NAME | DESIGNATION] LOCATION] SALARY’
215 Alex Manager BAN aan
112 Ross Jt. Developer BAN 15,000
2. Vertical Fragmentation
‘The EMPLOYEE table is fragmented with respect to the columns as EMP_V1 and EMP_ V2
FRAGMENT | DEPARTMENT | COLUMNS/ATTRIBUTES =
EMP_VI. Security EMP_ID, EMP.
EMP_V2
NAME, DESIGNATION, LOCATION
Accounts EMP_ID, SALARY DBA
Developer
Mixed Fragmentation
Mixed fragmentation can be d ing both horizontal and vertical fragmentation. Here,
the table is divided with FesPéct to the department and itis Performed at each site according to the
The resultant fragmented tables are,
location.
EMP_M1
lone by performi 5 J RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
Table: EMP_M5 LOCATION: Bangalore DEPARTMENT: Security
Emp_ip | EMP_NAME | DESIGNATION | LOCATION
Manager BAN
Table: EMP_M6 LOCATION: Bangalore DEPARTMENT: Accounts
[ewe 0 | sacamr_|
2 40,000 |
15,000 _
5.2 CLIENT SERVER DATABASES
20. Explain client server databases.
wet (Model Paper-il, a13(b) | MaylJune-17, 13(6) (OUD)
Client-server Databases
Generally, client-server consists of two logical components, i.e, client process and server process. The
client process (requestor of resources) requests the service from the server process (provider of resources)
which schedules the requests.
Incase of client-server databases, the database client requests are handled and served by database server
Process,
The processing of request with in the server also involves verification of security, searching of indexes,
manipulation of retrieval of data and executing any server side code. Thus, most of the work is handled by
database server.
Client-server database is a model in which database resides on server and requests are made by the
client to access the services from the database. The following are the responsibilities of client/server.
Client Responsibilities
1. Facilitate an interface to the different tools, data and reports.
2. Initiating the communication and making request to the server.
3. Displaying the data to the end user in a attractive, simple and helpful form,
‘Server Responsibilities :
i. Implementing complete database rules and constraints.
2. Implementing data security.
3. Handling intensive-data processing.
4. Handling data modification and data retrieval request.
Advantages
‘The advantages of client/server databases are as follows,
They implement data integrity and business rules on server side such thatthe outcome is thorough.
They control the network traffic and minimize it to 95% when compared to desktop database
They improves the security asthe entre data is handled by the server which makes data hacking difficult.
They improves the reliability as data is not distributed to different application or across the network
Yk wen
They allow to have work done efficiently in a distnbuted environment even incase of slow communication Give a brief overview on the evolution of client/server computing models.
} answer =
‘ose Paps creas
Evolution of Client/Server Computing Mode!
During the initial phase of computing. all the major computing environn-ents consisted of dummy
temminals, whose entire processing was carried-out at the centrally located computer i.c., mainframe. Such
computing eavironment failed to provide a platform to quickly fulfill the business needs of the managers.
[As fast, reliable and efficient Personal Computers (PCs) came into existence, the complete concept of
computing has changed. These PCs were used to replace those dummy terminals and the processing burden
of mainframe was distributed among mainframe and PC’s connected to it. Thus, client/server computing
came into existence
The first generation of client/server computing is the two-tier architecture. This architecture consists
of only two components i.e, the client and the server. In this architecture, user interacts with the server via
graphical user interface present at the client side. There may be more than one client attached to the server.
‘Adding clients to the two-tier architecture will increase the server overhead which ultimately effects its
performance. Muit-tasking is also possible with the implementation of graphical user interface in a two-Ser
application.
“The second generation of client/server computing is the three-tier architecture which was designed in
order to overcome the limitations of two-tier architecture. It consists of three layers i-c., presentation layer,
application layer and the data layer.
‘The presentation layer consists of presentation component which provides the user interface. The
pplication layer consists of application component which is responsible for processing the user requests. The
data layer at the database server is responsible for storing and retrieving data from the database depending on
application server's request.
“Adding clients to the three-tier will have minimal impact on its performance.
‘The next generation of client/server computing is N-Tier architecture. It is similar to the three-tier
architecture except that, the middle tier ie, the application server is further divided into different componeats
based on the functionalities or services provided. :
‘There are many benefits of N-Tier architecture over three-tier architecture. They are,
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(@ Large applications can be developed in @ short span of time . :
(ii) Simpler and secure to access data and functions.
(ai)
yy Explain the need for client/server
computing. (@arch-22, O17 [OUL|
Juy-21 18 {OU} | May.June-18, 01346) [OUD
oR
‘ Explain about need for client server
database.
Answer: MaylJune-19, Q134b) [MGU-CA]
Client Server Computing
(Client server computing is a computing model
in which chent gpplications request for services from
server process (The computer system which stares the
database is called as server and the system that runs
the application using data is called as client.
Need for Client Server Computing
Client server computing is needed in large
database systems because of the following reasons,
(To simplify the system implementation by
separating client and server operations.
(ii) To climinate the need of expensive servers
which are not capable of performing efficient
user interactions,
(iii) To facilitate users with GUI in order to perform
their operations in a user friendly way.
(iv) To provide shared access to the clients
‘accessing the centralized database
{%) Tohandoverall the computational responsibilities
to server while client can only generate requests
for the data.
‘To develop a customized platform for specific
applications.
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bain nn Hem is
RELATIONAL DATABASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS
3
Q23. Explain the structure of Client Server
‘Systems and its advantages.
Answer: (Nov Ose_-21,018 (OU) MayiJune-19, 21340) {OUD
Client Server Architecture/Structure
Client server architecture is a simple
architecture that provides a well defined way for the
clients and servers to interact with each other. In this
architecture, clients are the systems that can request
the services from the servers whereas servers are the
systems that respond to the clients by providing the
requested services.
The client server system consists of two types
of architectures. They are as follows.
(i) Two their client server architecture
(ii) Three tier client server architecture.
The general structure of a client-server system
is depicted below,
2. Itis highly flexible and scalable.
me Its easy to backup the data ri,
Also, the data case be
ther iy fae soc ee a UNIT-5. Distributed and Cheat Server Databases
24. Explain in brief about the components of application logic. _———_
Answer:
The chent server architecture can be distinguished based on the components of application logic.
are three components of application logic. They are as follows, os
1. Presentation logic
2. Processing logic
3. Storage logic.
1. Presentation Logic
‘The first component is the presentation logic which holds the responsibility of formatting and presenting
data on the users display. In other words it can be defined as a way of supplying input, processing the data and
presenting the output on the user’s screen.
2. Processing Logic
“The second component of the application logic is processing logic which handles data processing. business
rules logic and data management logic. Here, data processing logic is responsible for performing activities like
‘ata validation and identification. Business rules logic handles the data that have not been coded at the DBMS
level hence it codes the data at the processing logic. Data management logic manages the data for processing
the transaction of query.
3. Storage Logic
‘The third component of application to logic is storage logic which holds the responsibility of storing
and retrieving data from storage devices.
Figure: Components of Application Logic
Q25. Describe in detail about two-tier and three-tier client-server architectures.
Answer:
‘Two-Tier Client-server Architecture
“The two-tier architecture consists of two components which are,
@ Client
(ii) Server.
‘The client component can be either a fat client or a thin: RELATIONAL DA’
nt and then query
verface format.
ra data request entered in the user interface is transformed into SQL query at th
‘the server for processing. The query then sends back the result to the client in the use? ¥
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Figure (1): Fat Client-Thin Server Architecture
Client
[User]
[interface
{pplication
ec)
am
