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Nicaragua pursues an independent foreign policy. A participant

Politics of Nicaragua
of the Central American Security Commission (CSC),
Nicaragua also has taken a leading role in pressing for regional
demilitarization and peaceful settlement of disputes within
states in the region.

Nicaragua has submitted three territorial disputes, one with

Honduras, another with Colombia, and the third with Costa Rica
to the International Court of Justice for resolution. Constitution [show]

Executive [show]
International membership [ edit ] Legislature [show]

At the 1994 Summit of the Americas, Nicaragua joined six Administrative divisions [show]

Central American neighbors in signing the Alliance for Elections [show]

Sustainable Development, known as the Conjunta Foreign relations [show]
Centroamerica-USA or CONCAUSA, to promote sustainable
Nicaragua portal
economic development in the region.
Other countries
Nicaragua belongs to the United Nations and several V·T·E

specialized and related agencies, including:

World Bank
International Monetary Fund (IMF)
World Trade Organization (WTO)
UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
World Health Organization (WHO)
Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
International Labour Organization (ILO)
UN Human Rights Commission (UNHRC)
Organization of American States (OAS)
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)
International Atomic Energy Commission (IAEA)
Inter-American Development Bank (IDB)
Central American Common Market (CACM)
Central American Bank for Economic Integration (CABEI).
Bolivarian Alliance for the Americas (ALBA)
Caribbean Community (CARICOM)
Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
Latin American Economic System (SELA)
Central American Integration System (SICA)

International disputes [ edit ]

Main article: Territorial disputes of Nicaragua

Territorial disputes with Colombia over the Archipelago de San Andres y Providencia and Quita Sueno
Bank with respect to the maritime boundary question in the Golfo de Fonseca. The ICJ referred to the line
determined by the 1900 Honduras-Nicaragua Mixed Boundary Commission and advised that some
tripartite resolution among El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua likely would be required;
Maritime boundary dispute with Honduras in the Caribbean Sea.
Nicaragua is sovereign over the Rio San Juan, and by treaty Costa Rica has the right to navigate over
part of the river with 'objects of commerce'. A dispute emerged when Costa Rica tried to navigate with
armed members of its security forces.

International relations with intergovernmental organizations and

countries [ edit ]
Nicaragua signed a 3-year Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF) with the International Monetary
Fund (IMF) in October 2007. As part of the IMF program, the Government of Nicaragua agreed to implement
free market policies linked to targets on fiscal discipline, poverty spending, and energy regulation. The lack of
transparency surrounding Venezuelan bilateral assistance, channeled through state-run enterprises rather
than the official budget, has become a serious issue for the IMF and international donors. On September 10,
2008, with misgivings about fiscal transparency, the IMF released an additional $30 million to Nicaragua, the
second tranche of its $110 million PRGF.[1]

The flawed municipal elections of November 2008 prompted a number of European donors to suspend direct
budget support to Nicaragua, a move that created a severe budget shortfall for the government. This shortfall,
in turn, caused the Government of Nicaragua to fall out of compliance with its PRGF obligations and led to a
suspension of PRGF disbursements. The IMF is currently in negotiations with the Government of Nicaragua
to reinstate disbursements.[1]

Under current president Daniel Ortega, Nicaragua has stayed current with the Central American-Dominican
Republic Free Trade Agreement, which entered into force for Nicaragua on April 1, 2006. Nicaragua exports
to the United States, which account for 59% of Nicaragua's total exports, were $1.7 billion in 2008, up 45%
from 2005. Textiles and apparel account for 55% of exports to the United States, while automobile wiring
harnesses add another 11%.[1]

Other leading export products are coffee, meat, cigars, sugar, ethanol, and fresh fruit and vegetables, all of
which have seen remarkable growth since CAFTA-DR went into effect. Leading Nicaraguan exports also
demonstrated increased diversity, with 274 new products shipped to the United States in the first year. U.S.
exports to Nicaragua, meanwhile, were $1.1 billion in 2008, up 23% from 2005. Other important trading
partners for Nicaragua are its Central American neighbors, Mexico, and the European Union. Nicaragua is
negotiating a trade agreement with the European Union as part of a Central American bloc.[1]

Despite important protections for investment included in CAFTA-DR, the investment climate has become
relatively insecure since Ortega took office. According to the United States State Department, President
Ortega's decision to support "radical regimes" such as Iran and Cuba, his harsh rhetoric against the United
States and capitalism, and his use of government institutions to persecute political enemies and their
businesses, has had a negative effect on perceptions of country risk, which by some accounts has
quadrupled since he assumed office. The government reports foreign investment inflows totaled $506 million
in 2008, including $123 million in telecommunications infrastructure and $120 million in energy generation.[1]

There are over 100 companies operating in Nicaragua with some relation to a U.S. company, either as wholly
or partly owned subsidiaries, franchisees, or exclusive distributors of U.S. products. The largest are in energy,
financial services, textiles/apparel, manufacturing, and fisheries. However, many companies in the
textile/apparel sector, including a $100 million U.S.-owned denim mill, had shuttered by 2017.[1]

Poor enforcement of property rights deters both foreign and domestic investment, especially in real estate
development and tourism. Conflicting claims and weak enforcement of property rights has invited property
disputes and litigation. Establishing verifiable title history is often entangled in legalities relating to the
expropriation of 28,000 properties by the revolutionary government that Ortega led in the 1980s. The situation
is not helped by a court system that is widely believed to be corrupt and subject to political influence.[1]

Illegal property seizures by private parties, occasionally in collaboration with corrupt municipal officials, often
go unchallenged by the authorities, especially in the Atlantic regions and interior regions of the north, where
property rights are poorly defined and rule of law is weak. Foreign investor interest along the Pacific Coast
has motivated some unscrupulous people to challenge ownership rights in the Departments of Rivas and
Chinandega, with the hope of achieving some sort of cash settlement.[1]

In October 2022, the European Union declared the Nicaraguan representative Zoila Müller non grata.[2]

Diplomatic relations [ edit ]

List of countries with which Nicaragua maintains diplomatic relations with:[3]

# Country Date

1 United States 4 August 1824[4]

2 Colombia 8 March 1825[5]

3 Ecuador 1836[6]

4 Mexico 1839[7]

5 El Salvador 24 July 1840[8]

6 Guatemala 15 May 1845[9]

7 Spain 21 March 1851[10]

8 Chile March 1857[11]

9 Peru 5 October 1857[12]

10 Belgium 18 May 1858[13]

11 United Kingdom 22 February 1859[14]

12 France 11 April 1859[15]

13 Honduras 1864[14]

14 Costa Rica 30 July 1868[14]

15 Venezuela 22 June 1891[16]

16 Serbia 23 February 1904[17]

17 Cuba 3 September 1905[18]

18 Brazil 1905[19]

19 Italy 25 January 1906[20]

20 Argentina 29 August 1910[21]

21 Czech Republic 20 March 1930[22]

22 Poland 18 November 1933[23]

23 Japan February 1935[24]

24 Panama 13 December 1938[25]

25 Norway 5 July 1947[26]

26 Dominican Republic 1 June 1949[27]

27 Turkey 21 September 1950[28]

28 Germany 10 April 1952[29]

29 Paraguay 18 January 1956[30]

30 Switzerland 1957[31]

31 Portugal 3 March 1958[32]

32 Canada June 1961[33]

33 South Korea 26 January 1962[34]

34 Uruguay 1964[35]

35 Greece 2 July 1965[36]

36 Denmark November 1967[37]

37 Philippines 10 August 1973[38]

38 Jamaica 15 August 1975[39]

Contents [hide] 39 Barbados 8 November 1975[40]

(Top) 40 Thailand 24 November 1975[41]

International membership 41 Finland 22 December 1975[42]

International disputes 42 Iran 29 April 1976[43]

43 Suriname 24 June 1976[44]

International relations with
intergovernmental 44 Luxembourg 7 July 1976[45]
organizations and countries
45 Pakistan 27 September 1976[46]
Diplomatic relations
46 Hungary 1 October 1977[47]
Bilateral relations
47 Romania 6 January 1979[48]
States with limited
48 Zambia 21 April 1979[49]
recognition
49 North Korea 24 August 1979[50]
See also
50 Vietnam 3 September 1979[51]
References
51 Republic of the Congo 13 September 1979[52]
External links
52 Russia 13 September 1979[53]

53 Grenada 29 September 1979

54 Mongolia 13 October 1979[54]

55 Albania November 1979[55]

56 Bulgaria 16 November 1979[56]

57 Austria March 1980[57]

58 Zimbabwe April 1980[58]

59 Laos 30 May 1980

— State of Palestine 22 July 1980[59][60]

60 Tanzania December 1980[57]

61 Mozambique January 1981[57]

62 Belize September 1981[61]

63 Guyana 23 November 1981[62]

64 Cyprus 26 May 1982

65 Iceland 16 December 1982[63]

66 Bangladesh 15 February 1983[64]

67 Yemen 21 February 1983[65]

68 India March 1983[66]

69 Lesotho 14 June 1983[67]

70 Liberia July 1983[57]

71 Burkina Faso 30 November 1983[68]

72 Ethiopia 7 May 1984

73 Seychelles 22 May 1984

74 Benin 5 June 1984

75 Equatorial Guinea 20 September 1984

76 Madagascar 26 October 1984

77 China 7 December 1985[69]

78 Libya March 1986[57]

79 Vanuatu 6 June 1986

80 Nepal 2 October 1986

81 Algeria March 1987[57]

82 Ivory Coast 3 April 1987

83 Democratic Republic of the Congo 4 May 1987[70]

84 Australia 1987[71]

85 Guinea 15 March 1988[72]

86 Indonesia 11 April 1988[73]

87 New Zealand 30 August 1988[74]

88 Angola 20 October 1988[75]

— Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic 10 March 1989[72]

89 Jordan 27 May 1991[76]

90 Kuwait 27 June 1991

91 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 28 June 1991

92 United Arab Emirates 1 August 1991

93 Bahrain 15 August 1991

94 Qatar 15 August 1991

95 Oman 26 September 1991

96 Bahamas 3 January 1992[77]

97 Antigua and Barbuda 20 February 1992[78]

98 Slovenia 14 April 1992[79]

99 Saint Kitts and Nevis May 1992[80]

100 Ukraine 30 November 1992[81]

101 Saint Lucia 1992[82]

102 Slovakia 5 January 1993[83]

103 Singapore 6 January 1993[84]

104 Malaysia 17 February 1993

105 Moldova 8 November 1993

106 Cambodia 10 March 1994

107 Lithuania 23 March 1994

108 Belarus 24 May 1994[85]

109 Latvia 20 June 1994

110 Kazakhstan 5 July 1994[86]

111 Armenia 6 July 1994[87]

112 South Africa 15 September 1994

113 Azerbaijan 23 November 1994

114 Andorra 29 June 1995

115 North Macedonia 28 March 1996

116 Croatia 29 March 1996

117 Turkmenistan 29 August 1996

118 Brunei July 1998[88]

119 Syria 14 February 1999[72]

120 Nigeria 24 April 2001[72]

121 Egypt 18 June 2001[72]

122 Morocco 5 December 2001[72]

123 Ireland 9 September 2003

124 Estonia 4 March 2004

125 Saudi Arabia 30 March 2006

126 Uzbekistan 23 February 2007

127 Mali 17 July 2007[89]

128 Botswana 28 August 2007

129 East Timor 2 November 2007

130 Dominica 2 June 2009

— Abkhazia 14 September 2009[90]

131 Montenegro 24 September 2009

132 San Marino 2 October 2009

133 Bosnia and Herzegovina 22 October 2009

134 Solomon Islands 20 April 2010

135 Maldives 11 May 2010

136 Tuvalu 3 August 2011

137 Fiji 21 September 2012[91]

138 Liechtenstein 23 February 2013

139 Sudan 27 June 2014

140 Tajikistan 30 March 2016

141 Kyrgyzstan 7 July 2017

142 Sri Lanka 15 May 2019

143 Eritrea 6 June 2019

144 Uganda 7 June 2019

145 Central African Republic 12 June 2019

146 Marshall Islands 13 June 2019

147 Palau 17 June 2019

148 Burundi 26 June 2019

149 Tunisia 2 July 2019

150 Gambia 8 July 2019

151 South Sudan 22 July 2019

152 Kenya 30 July 2019

153 Niger 8 August 2019

154 Monaco 4 September 2019

155 Djibouti 9 September 2019

156 Eswatini 17 September 2019

157 Comoros 18 September 2019

158 Mauritania 14 October 2019[92]

159 Namibia 16 October 2019[93]

160 Nauru 18 October 2019

161 Togo 23 October 2019

162 Cameroon 1 November 2019

163 Rwanda 8 November 2019[94]

164 Federated States of Micronesia 11 December 2019

165 Myanmar 6 August 2020

166 Sierra Leone 25 September 2020

167 Kiribati 17 May 2021

168 Gabon 14 June 2021

169 Chad 24 September 2021[95]

170 Malawi 25 September 2022[96]

171 Papua New Guinea 17 February 2023

172 Afghanistan Unknown

173 Bolivia Unknown

174 Guinea-Bissau Unknown

175 Haiti Unknown

176 Iraq Unknown

177 Israel Unknown

178 Lebanon Unknown

179 Malta Unknown

180 São Tomé and Príncipe Unknown

181 Senegal Unknown

182 Sweden Unknown

183 Trinidad and Tobago Unknown

Bilateral relations [ edit ]

Formal
Country Relations Notes
Began

China 1985 (With See China–Nicaragua relations

the People's Nicaragua established diplomatic relations of the nationalist government of
Republic of Republican China in 1930 but maintained relations after the central
China)[97] government of the Republic of China retreated to Taiwan after declaring the
establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949. After the
Sandinista National Liberation Front took power in 1979, Nicaragua
recognized the PRC on 7 December 1985 until 9 November 1990 when
FSLN was defeated and resumed relations with the ROC, which continued
under Daniel Ortega's presidency since 2007. On 9 December 2021,
Nicaragua resumed relations with the PRC.[98]

Colombia See Colombia–Nicaragua relations

The relationship between the two Latin American countries has evolved
amid conflicts over the San Andrés y Providencia Islands located in the
Caribbean close to the Nicaraguan shoreline and the maritime boundaries
covering 150,000 km2 that included the islands of San Andres, Providencia
and Santa Catalina and the banks of Roncador, Serrana, Serranilla and
Quitasueño as well as the arbitrarily designed 82nd meridian west which
Colombia claims as a border but which the International Court has sided
with Nicaragua in disavowing.[99] The archipelago has been under
Colombian control since 1931 when a treaty was signed during US
occupation of Nicaragua, giving Colombia control over the islands.

Colombia has an embassy in Managua.

Nicaragua has an embassy in Bogotá.

Denmark See Denmark–Nicaragua relations

Finland See Finland–Nicaragua relations

Finland is a significant donor of aid to Nicaragua. In 2007, total aid

amounted to around EUR 14.5 million. The cooperation focused on rural
development, health care and supporting local government.[100] In 1992, the
Finnish government announced an aid program of US$27.4 million.[101]

In 2006, the Finnish government pledged 4.9 million euros to help the
Nicaraguan government integrate the ICT systems of 20 town councils.[102]
In 2008, the Finnish government revoked a 1.95 million euro aid package
meant for Nicaragua in protest of what it alleged was a lack of transparency
in Nicaragua's national budget and its municipal elections.[103]

In 2004, Finnish President Tarja Halonen visited Nicaragua[104] where she

stated "The Finnish government and Parliament have decided that
Nicaragua is one of the main targets of Finnish development aid. However,
the visit has shown that Finland is not only giving money – it is also
interested in what is happening here".[105] The Finnish President also made
a speech to the National Assembly of Nicaragua on 31 May 2004.[106] In
2003, the two countries signed the Agreement for the Promotion and
Reciprocal Protection of Investments>

In February 2012, Finland made decision to stop development aid to

Nicaragua. The main reason was concern over the state of the democracy in
Nicaragua.[107]

Finland is accredited to Nicaragua from its embassy in Mexico City,

Mexico.
Nicaragua has an honorary consulate in Helsinki.[108]

Georgia Diplomatic Nicaraguan-Georgian diplomatic relations established on 19 September

relations 1994[109] and ended on 29 November 2008. The Georgian Foreign
severed in Ministry said that it had cut diplomatic ties with Nicaragua in a response
November to the latter's recognition of independence of breakaway South Ossetia
2008 and Abkhazia.[110]

Greece See Greece–Nicaragua relations

Greece is accredited to Nicaragua through its embassy in Mexico City,
Mexico.
Nicaragua is accredited to Greece through its embassy in Rome, Italy.

Holy See Diplomatic See Holy See–Nicaragua relations

relations Holy See had an Apostolic Nunciature in Managua until 2023.
severed in Nicaragua had an embassy in Rome to the Holy See until 2023.
2023

India See India-Nicaragua relations

India has an honorary consulate in Managua.[111]
Nicaragua has honorary consulate in New Delhi and in Mumbai.[112][113]

Israel Israel was the last country that still shipped weapons to the embattled
Anastacio Somoza regime in 1978–1979 (the dictator's father had supported
Israel in 1948, establishing a "special relationship" between Nicaragua and
Israel), becoming the regime's main supplier of arms, after the Carter
administration had cut off supplies amid the public outcry over Somozista
troops' atrocities.[114] This soured the relations with the -Sandinista
government; the relations were then gradually normalized. In March 2017,
Nicaragua and Israel reestablished diplomatic relations after they were
suspended in 2010.[115]

Mexico 1838 See Mexico–Nicaragua relations

Mexico has an embassy in Managua.[116]
Nicaragua has an embassy in Mexico City and a consulate in Tapachula.
[117]

Soviet October See Nicaragua–Russia relations

Union- 1979 Both countries signed diplomatic missions on October 18, 1979, a few
Russia months after the Sandinista revolution.[118] President Vladimir Putin visited
Nicaragua on July 12, 2014.

Nicaragua has an embassy in Moscow.

Russia has an embassy in Managua.

South January The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea
[119]
Korea 1962 and the Republic of Nicaragua began in January 1962.[119]

Nicaragua has an embassy in Seoul.[120]

South Korea has an embassy in Managua.[121]

Diplomatic
The direct cause for severing relations was the Netherlands’ decision to
Relations
definitively terminate its financial contribution to the Nicaraguan authorities
Netherlands severed in
for the construction of a hospital in Nicaragua, which has been on hold for
October
several years. [122]
2022

Spain 20 March See Nicaragua–Spain relations

1851 Nicaragua has an embassy in Madrid.
Spain has an embassy in Managua.[123]
Both countries are full members of the Association of Spanish Language
Academies and the Organization of Ibero-American States
Nicaragua was a colony of Spain from 16th century, Nicaragua gained
independence from Spain in 1821.
Nicaragua was in a coalition led by Spain during the Iraq War the Multi-
National Force – Iraq between 2003 up to 2004.

1956 Relations with Nicaragua and

Switzerland Switzerland focus on development
cooperation, humanitarian aid and
trade.

Nicaragua is accredited to
Switzerland from its embassy in
Berlin, Germany.
Switzerland is accredited to
Swiss Cooperation Office in
Nicaragua from its embassy in Managua
San José, Costa Rica and
maintains a Swiss cooperation
office in Managua.[124]

Turkey Nov. 11, See Nicaragua–Turkey relations

1926[125] Turkish embassy in San José, Costa Rica is accredited to Nicaragua.
[125]

Nicaraguan embassy in Berlin is accredited to Turkey.[125]

Trade volume between the two countries was US$11.6 million in 2019
(Nicaraguan exports/imports: 0.5/11.1 million USD).[125]

United 1824; 1849 See Nicaragua–United States relations

States Nicaragua has an embassy in
Washington, D.C., and consulates-
general in Los Angeles, Houston,
Miami, New York and San
Francisco.
United States has an embassy in
Managua.[126]
Embassy of Nicaragua in
Washington, D.C.

Uruguay 1849 See Nicaragua–Uruguay relations

Nicaragua is accredited to Uruguay from its
embassy in Santiago, Chile.
Uruguay is accredited to Nicaragua from its
embassy in Guatemala City, Guatemala.

Embassy of Nicaragua
in Montevideo

1979 Venezuela and Nicaragua have had diplomatic relations since January
Venezuela 1979. During the Venezuelan government of Carlos Andrés Pérez, they
helped FSLN to overthrow regime of longtime Nicaraguan dictator Anastasio
Somoza Debayle. Relations between Nicaragua and Venezuela have
significantly improved during the Presidency of Hugo Chávez. In 2007
Nicaragua became a formal member of the Bolivarian Alliance for the
Americas (ALBA) international cooperation organization and the Caribbean
oil alliance Petrocaribe. In the recent years Nicaragua has received
discounted oil from Venezuela with low payments. The presidents of
Venezuela and Nicaragua, President Hugo Chávez and President Daniel
Ortega, have both described themselves as good friends and visited one
another's nations.

Nicaragua has an embassy in Caracas.

Venezuela has an embassy in Managua.

States with limited recognition [ edit ]

The following table includes Republic of China, Georgia, and some of the states with limited recognition:

Recognized
Name by Notes
Nicaragua

See Abkhazia–Nicaragua relations

Nicaragua recognized Abkhazia[127] and South Ossetia[128] on September 5,

2008.

At a press conference in November 2008, Nicaraguan Foreign Minister Samuel

Santos López said, "Certainly, we think that the decision [to recognize
Abkhazia independent Abkhazia and South Ossetia] was fair and appropriate. They [the
republics] must be given time for inner formalities. We will coordinate the
possibility and terms of direct diplomatic relations at a convenient moment.
Obviously and logically, we will be acting via our friends, probably Russia, to
establish closer contacts and diplomatic relations [with the republics]."[129]

Palestine has an embassy in Managua.[130]

Nicaraguan foreign minister, Denis Moncada, has publicly expressed
Yes solidarity with Palestinian statehood and called for "an end to the Israeli
Palestine
occupation of Palestinian territories," and the "liberation of Palestinian
prisoners."[131]

Sahrawi
Arab Yes Recognized by 34 UN states, claimed by Morocco.
Democratic
Republic

See Nicaragua–South Ossetia relations

Nicaragua extended diplomatic recognition to South Ossetia[128] and

Abkhazia[127] on 5 September 2008. After the recognition was announced, the
Nicaraguan Foreign Ministry stated that they would immediately establish ties
with Tskhinval and would eventually appoint an ambassador to the republic.
[citation needed]
At a press conference in November 2008, Nicaraguan Foreign
Minister Samuel Santos López said, "Certainly, we think that the decision [to
recognize independent Abkhazia and South Ossetia] was fair and appropriate.
They [the republics] must be given time for inner formalities. We will coordinate
the possibility and terms of direct diplomatic relations at a convenient moment.
South
Yes Obviously and logically, we will be acting via our friends, probably Russia, to
Ossetia
establish closer contacts and diplomatic relations [with the republics]."[129]

The recognition of South Ossetia by Nicaragua triggered immediate reactions

from other countries involved in the dispute over the status of South Ossetia.
Georgia responded to Nicaragua's concurrent recognition of Abkhazia and
South Ossetia by cutting diplomatic relations with the Central American state at
the end of November 2008.[132] Russia offered to strengthen ties with
Nicaragua and to provide aid to Nicaragua to help rebuild areas damaged by
hurricanes.[133] The U.S. Secretary of Commerce canceled a planned trip to
Nicaragua, with the U.S. Ambassador in Managua saying, "It isn't the
appropriate moment for the visit."[134]

Sovereign
A sovereign entity without territory, established diplomatic relations with 104
Military Yes[135]
states.
Order of
Malta

Diplomatic Nicaragua used to maintain official diplomatic relations with Taiwan instead of
Taiwan relations the People's Republic of China. In 2007, President Daniel Ortega stated that
severed in Nicaragua will maintain its diplomatic ties with Taiwan. Ortega defended
2021 Nicaragua's right of having diplomatic relations with Taiwan and China at the
same time and insisted that Nicaragua will not break its diplomatic relations
with Taiwan and Vice-president Jaime Morales Carazo (during Ortega's first
tenure) criticized the People's Republic of China for conditioning Nicaragua's
diplomatic relations. Nicaragua maintained its diplomatic relations with Taiwan
until 2021.[136] On December 9, 2021, Nicaragua broke off diplomatic relations
with the Republic of China and recognised the PRC as the legitimate Chinese
government.[137]

See also [ edit ]

List of diplomatic missions in Nicaragua

List of diplomatic missions of Nicaragua
Nicaragua v. United States

References [ edit ]

1. ^ a b c d e f g h "Nicaragua" . U.S. Department of State.

2. ^ "La Unión Europea expulsa a la embajadora de la dictadura de Daniel Ortega" . 10 October 2022.
3. ^ "Diplomatic relations between Nicaragua and ..." United Nations Digital Library. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
4. ^ "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country, since
1776: Nicaragua" . Retrieved 20 March 2023.
5. ^ "Nicaragua" (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 April 2023.
6. ^ Las relaciones bilaterales entre Nicaragua y Ecuador: Situación actual y perspectivas a futuro (Thesis) (in
Spanish). 2014. p. 34. Retrieved 10 April 2023.
7. ^ "Acerca de la Representación" (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 June 2023.
8. ^ Coleccion de tratados del Salvador (in Spanish). Impr. del Doctor F. Sagrini. 1884. p. 294.
9. ^ "Listado de paises con relaciones diplomatica" . minex.gob.gt (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 26
February 2018. Retrieved 23 July 2021.
10. ^ "TRATADO ENTRE NICARAGUA I ESPAÑA, FIRMADO EN MADRID EL 25 DE JULIO DE 1850, I RATIFICADO
EN 21 DE MARZO DE 1851" (in Spanish). Retrieved 18 August 2022.
11. ^ "RELACIONES ENTRE CHILE Y NICARAGUA. PRIMEROS CONTACTOS Y DIPLOMATICOS CHILENOS EN
NICARAGUA" (doc) (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 March 2023.
12. ^ Coleccion de leyes, decretos y ordenes publicadas en el Peru desde el año de 1821 hasta 31 de diciembre de
1859: Ministerio de relaciones exterior es (in Spanish). 1862. p. 399.
13. ^ "De amistad, comercio y navegación entre Nicaragua y la Bélgica firmado en Managua por los Señores
Ministros Juárez y Kint el 18 de mayo de 1858" (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
abc
14. ^ Lévy, Pablo (1873). Notas geográficas y económicas sobre la República de Nicaragua ...: y una exposicion
completa de la cuestion del canal interoceánico y de la de inmigracion, con una lista bibliográfica, las mas
completa hasta el dia, de todos los libros y mapas relativos á la América central y general y á Nicarrgua [!] en
particular (in Spanish). p. 339.
15. ^ Nouveau recueil général de traités: conventions et autres transactions remarquables, servant à la connaissance
des relations étrangères des puissances et états dans leurs rapports mutnels. Rédigé sur des copies
authentiques, 16 (in French). 1858. p. 66.
16. ^ Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por
el titular despacho (in Spanish). Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores. 2003. pp. 528–529.
17. ^ "Bilateral cooperation" . Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Serbia. Retrieved 24 December 2021.
18. ^ "Despedida Embajador de Cuba en Nicaragua" (in Spanish). 18 November 2021. Retrieved 7 April 2023.
19. ^ "República da Nicarágua" (in Portuguese). Retrieved 27 March 2023.