SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURES iumit- 1: Overview of sofware devon ware quaty model diferent models ‘of sol " OVERVIEW OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT AND ARCHITECTURE (03019 awe ET REET TTT (15021 ‘OVERVIEW OF SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT METHODOLOGY [AND SOFTWARE QUALITY MODEL, DIFFERENT MODELS OF software architect .cture business Cyc! ¢ styes : dataflow architecture, pipes and 1e sof development methodology. call and return arcl ‘of methodologies used in a defined. should be specific enough to give guid yased architecture, mi to most software situations. It should not be tecture, representational st 3; Software architecture implemer unit - jon Languag' Software Architecture Des Hibernate, Node JS, Angul J2EE — JSP, Servlets, EJBs; middl RMI and CORBA etc. Role of UML in software .ca structural model” has about the same lloscope”. ye development concentrates on the tot (T3109 is and design Unit - 4: Software architecture analysis -cycle view of requirements for architecture and th architecture design and analysis methods-- 2 ‘Architecture based economic analysis : Cost Benefit Analysis Method (CBAM), Architecture Tradeoff Analysis Method (ATAM). ‘Active Reviews for Intermediate Design (ARID), Attribute Driven Design Method (ADD) 4siof fic software architecture. Unit -5 : Software architecture documentation : princ! sound documentation, refinement, context diagrams, varia! ; software interfaces we iployed ’ Fig. 1.1 Components of a Document 1d softwé indards ting the behavior of software elements and so! vith Software Development ‘Methodology systems, documentation package using a seven-part templeOS ee Overview of Software Development a inagement ~ For many companies the d ie isa key milestone in an ind. ote about software quality models. models can be valuable tools for software engineering tse some software-enhancement techniques are So suming that tis not practical to apply them toall modules a gen overs ar ent techniques is an effective way to reduce the fevelopment ? sone model is developed using measurements and fenlt data calibrated model is then applied to modules curently + models yeld predictions on amodule by module bass ‘the waterfall model. (RGPY,, June 2011) the system level and progresses through analysis, support. The principal stages of the model as as follows ~ ‘which dictate how the system can be ins of appliation specific features and eompon Fig. 1.2 Waterfall Modela a eee eta heer Overview of Software Development and Arc! folype model ? Under what circumstances itis beneficial 1¢ model ? Does the construction of 1 i proto Land working version of the software iS hand0.9. Explain RAD model. Write different drawbacks of RAD model. (RGPY., June 2015) f RAD approach are (see fig. 1.4) ~ Gi) Data modeling (iv) Application generation = The information flow among business ee = (®) Testing and Turnover ~ Since the RAD process emphasized di developer lose feus ofthe real purpose of prototype aH reuse many ofthe program components ave already ben tested. Tis redees ‘comprises on the quality of product. ‘overall testing time. Bie690 Days Fig, 14 The RAD Model Advantages — (9) Deliverables are easier to transfer 5; ‘Engin 4 | (0) Possibility of lesser defects due to prototyping in nature. Disadvantages @ Usefal for only larger projets, 3 ‘Calendar Time (i) RAD projects fail ifthere is no commitment by the developers or the users to get the software completed on time, fasa aera oe aR Overview of Software Development and / osed a recent model for software develor ary software proc the controlled and sy f prototyping wi Al Resolve Ris Evaluate Alternatives, Identity, be planned to Q.11. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the increment model ? Ans. There a E 2 model i Advantages ee isthe problems resulting risk-drives 82, re 2 FES 43 ois : : (¥), Does not involve a high comy zs i (vi) Early feedback is generated, because implementation occurs ee i rapidly fora small sub-set ofthe software. it z (i) There isa low rsk of overall project failure. rp i Disadvantages — {Requires planning a the management and techni (i) Becomes invalid when there is time schedule or when the users cannot accept the phased # Q.12. Explain he spiral model. _(R.GPV., Dec. 2002, June 2011) He Or 33 With suitable ilusraion explain SPIRAL model evolutionary software A development. ; (R.GPY., Dec. 2010) ae 2 tors} Esplain te process model thatcouples the iterative nature o ofprovwryping ‘mith the contralled and systematic aspects of the waterfall model. sod (RGPY, Dec. 2017) Review £ommitment a a Nc MN eT accaliig Ce ae: iii RA 8.5 4 6 a a oe a Fig, 1.6 The Spiral Modelnts iE PE PY i eesti Overview of Software Development and Archi | model is a realistic approach to the develo ule in the beginning, as he software is developed. hhieal program components. ware architecture in the following program or computing system is the which comprise software components, e components, and the relationships derive an architectural rendering om which more detailed design project and, problematic. if properly 9 wing are the set of props hould be specified as part of an Q.13. Write the advantages and disadvantages of the spiral model. architectural design ~ Ans. There are following advantages and disadvantages of te spiral mode!- @ Structural Properties ‘Advantages ~ the system com These are the properties which define we packaged and interact. (©, Avoids the problems resulingin sk dei Gi) Specifics aed ce eercecs inthe software (ii) Extra-fun 's ~ These properties of an eat ‘mechanism for software quality assurance activities: architectural d +hieves requirements Is ulized by complex and dynamie projects, Renee ele, pada curity, and other system ie oo ae afier each step allows changes in user characteris Shnology advances or financial perspectives. (¥) Estimation of budget and sched | (iii) Families of Related Systems ~The architectural design should progresses. chedule gets realistic as the Work draw yoon repeatable patterns found in the design of families of related systems. In short, the design should be able to reuse architectural building blocks: } 2sOverview of Software Development and ucture must support the functionality require re ~ The architectural vision, style, principles. ‘mechanisms and concepts that guide the team jural Views — Just as building architecture are best complementary views or models, s0 too and these include structural views, behavioural jews — These help document and communicate ictural patterns such as layers and ers and bridges. The architectural design s, separation of concerns > community. Itshould be available inthe publ domain rather than being bound toa proprietary hardware or software system. And it must take advantage ‘of military and intemational standards like the Ada programming language and i z The benefits of software architecture are as follows eee i 5 5 Ans. The major benefits of software = fe ibe cia ciaaen exhirane. @ Development ~ itis important to be able to recognize common 4 tectureis the high-level structure ofasofiwaresySte™ paradigms so that high jionships among systems can be better ie specs properties of sats allay ae af follows — tnderstood and so that new systems can be built as variants of old systems. @ it « bisl-eonoe eee iri Set tage cub ‘An architectural representation is often essential to the analysis and oh | description of the high-level properties of a complex system. fee are the major benefits of software architecture ?(ii) Architect Concern — This concer includes requiremer bility suppor of tradeoff analyses, completeness and consistency (iv) Developer Concern ~ This concer inclu 2) Convert sod eee teria urchiecoa! documents. a (Gv) Validating the architecture against requirements and assumptions. (iii) Creating models and component and interface specification Be Overview of Software Development fethods in the categories can "e combined to evaluate different aspects of a s are based on the previous experience and ‘orconsultants. People who have encountered of the software system before can based on the architecture will be good enough. ly on ahigh level implementation of some are architecture. The simulation can then nts such as performance and correctness -an also be combined with prototyping, thus a be executed in the intended context of the n tries to evaluate a particular quality ich forces a very conerete description 1m the profile ae then used to go consequences are documented. ind connectors. rimary computational elements sspond to the boxes in box- Typical examples of components include such things as clients, ters, objects, blackboards, and databases. In most ADLs components may have multiple interfaces, each interface defining a point of interaction between a component and its ‘environment Connectors ~ It represent interactions among components. Computationally speaking, connectors mediate the communication and ‘coordination activities among components. That is, they provide the “glue”setors are related (a) Decomposition — The other by the “is a submodule of” relat decomposed into smaller ones recursively until they are small enough to be easily understood. (b) Class ~ The module unit in the structure are called classes. The class structure allows us fo reason about re-use and the ineremental ‘addition of functionality. (©) Uses ~ The units are related by the uses relation, One unit luses another if the correctness of the first requires the presence of a correct version (as opposed to a stub) of the second, Overview of Software Development }) Layered — Layers are often designed as ide implementation specifies below from t portability /\e Ela Cee) Geman Genes 7 Common Software Architecture Structures Concurrency ~ The concurrency structure is used early in design to iden juirements for managing the issues associated with concurrent ry — This structure comprises ‘and access persistent data. ;paration of concerns ution, and for load balancing structures show the relationship between in one or more extemal environments ited and executed. the following = (©) Work Assignment ~ implementing and integrating the modules to the appropriate development22 Sowers Architectures "ARCHITECTURE BUSINESS CYCLE, ARCHITECTURE PATTERNS, REFERENCE MODEL Fig, 1.8 The Architecture Business Cycle _ Ina later report the originators clarified the purpose; “..the architecture ‘business cycle was envisioned as a means o depict the influences on a software architect and to show how architectures can eventually influence the very ‘things that originally shaped them”. — The influences of the original eyele have been updated by the original authors in and are subsequently called forces in, This study is based on the latest of these updated architecture business cycles, since the seven categories egardless of the technique used to elicit the requirements, ‘of the system to be constructed determine the shape ofitsOverview of Software Development and Architer ws the feedback loops. Some of the fe ture itself, and some comes from the system buil e system. and the development, test, \d the units, Likewise, schedules and budgets n chunks corresponding to the units. Teams become tructure. This is feedback from the architecture ‘goals of the developing organization. A a company to establish a foothold re can provide opportunities for the rard ensuring architectural conformance. tage of its newfound expertise to plumb the Ensuring thatthe Implementation Conforms tothe Arc i (2) Finally, when an architecture is created and use ‘a maintenance phase. feet customer requirements for the next system ive a system in a more reliable, .equent system were to be built (Constant vigilance is required 10 ensure tht architecture and is representation remain o each other during this phase. 0.27, Explain the working of architecture business cycle. Ans, Relationshipsamong business goals, product requirements, architects experience, architectures and fielded systems form a cycle with feedback loops that a business can manage, A business manages this cycle to handle a growth, to expand its enterprise area, and to take advantage of previous Culture. Le, the technical environment in which investments in architecture and sysiem building. en the architects experience with experience base. ‘hange the software engineering system builders operate and ‘ER ea ha Say DerThe repository usually takes the form of a (comm connectors are protocols for managing the data, such (iii) Client-server Pattern — The components are the and the servers, and the conne rotocols and messages they share among ‘Common allotation patterns include the following ~ iv) Multi-ter Pattern — Multi-tier pattern, ‘hardware and software, connected by some communi acs eliza Oe Fare deployment (software-to-hardware Eascisay structure. (©) Competence Center and Platform ~ These are patterns that specialize a software system’s work assignment structure. In competence enter, work sallocatd sites depending onthe echnical or domain expertise located at a site, For example, user-interface design is done at a site where engineering experts are located. In platform, one site is tasked with develop applications that use the core assets. ng euable coe aes of «software produst | Hine and other sites services from the server component. Serves ae permanently active, listening Overview of Software Development and A ‘hat do you mean by layers pattern ? Also describe le abstractions are in the 0 effect on the layer inge in the behaviour of a lower should be avoided. ver without an effect on behaviour -es can therefore be implemented where a dynamic link is perform unnecessary 0.30. What do you mean by issues. "Ans. In the client-server pattem as shown in fig. 1.10, a server component ‘provides services to multiple client components. A client Component requests for clients.Overview of Software Deves Distributed systems with many servers with the transparent for clients ~ there between servers. When you type in should not have to know the exact machin‘ seen as a transition to the Peer-to-Peer pattern. 0.31. What do you mean by master slave pattern ? Also describe their Ans. The master-slave pattem as shown in fig. 1.11 supports fault tolerance and parallel computation. The master component distributes the work among identical slave ‘components and computes. final result from, the results the slaves return, Fig. 1.12 shows ofa master distributing lt 1H Master-slave Pattern <jp ion. Show and hide is achieved iate one template from a set ofSoftware Architecture imp AngularJS automatically handles JavaScript code suitabl (iv) AngularlS is open source, compl Fig. 3.12 J2EE Server Model 0.22. What is J2EE ? Ans. J2EE stands for Java 2 platform, enterprise platform, enterprise edition defines a simple standard tha of architecting and developing multi-tier server based apy It defines a standard architecture composed of an platform for hosting applications, a compatibility test reference implementation in the J2EE specification.hain Software Architecture impo, eave (925, Cam Lereate XML pages using ISP technology » 26 Whats Java Server Pages (ISP technology satay Ore? (RGR, June 2 Or sP technology ? How do. whats ISP technology ? How does JSP technology works , ina Servet THEE piatiorm |] Fig. 3.14 J2EE Components en between <6 and %4> tags. So it takes the ‘pression %>. In this example, we have used which displays the current date. What are the advantages of JSP over various server side techniques ? . Advantages of JSP are as follows ISP vs. Active Server Pages (ASP)— ASPis similar technology oft. The advantages of JSP are twofold — pak Eee Daa ‘accessible to the components via a standard set of APIs. the. Java Naming Directory Interface (JNDI) APIs: ‘to access the nam ygies - The essence of J2EE is the definition rastructure. Components need toSoftware Architecture implome, (ov) Request Handling ~The Wet ent servlet that are initialized gue" fn Explain the various components (or lemens in different pes of tags or Scripting elemen, Or in basic component of JSP Expl sed of dire standard use a directive for tht purpose ters, namely <%(@ and %>. The stan attribute = “value"%4> Used to provide the information about it page language = “java%e> lude a file in the JSP page clude file= “header jsp"¥6> sed to include the custom tags in the ISP pages ined our own tags), uri=“tlds/taglibld” prefix= “mytag’”4> a4 stribute may be ~ (@) language “java” the time when a request for the JSP is received for the (i) Compitation Stage ~The JSP container code for the corresponding servlet and converts it into J ‘The container can decide to either discard the code Fava source code by default. i Ui) Loading and Initializatior a instantiates the servlct that has been ‘and compilation stages respectively. perform three operations, namely, loadin,Shoe ae ‘Software Architect Meche Implementation Techn nologies 97 Boal ge border =2> a forint j = 0; j<n; j++) { Ww <> cad> Number <td> etd> <Sorit 1%></id> Declare all the variables here Expressions ~ Expressions are means of acces, ies or other expressions that directly yield a va can be merged with the HTML page that ges ge jon examples. ‘This code will display Hello World, (v) Standard Action ~The syntax forthe following JSP standard Tags — The syntax for custom tags is ~ sa (b) response is subclass of HitpServletResponse. (©) session HTTP session object associated withSoftware Architecture implomery ti seret 2 Explain life epee explain the features of Java ser os (4 cere provide many avant i ve ore beiter. Servet run ant pot required t0 J, servlets are “The third and final phase ofthe servlet life-cycle It represents the removal ofthe servlet from the con interface defines the destroy() method to correspond to the ‘eyele phase. When a servlet isto be removed, a contane: method. 0.31. What is the conceptual difference between JSP and ser Ans, Coding a JSP seems to be simpler than coding the correspo servlet. Inthe JSP, we do not have o write complex Java code and wors HTML inside that Java code. We can write HTML taps, and wherever I =e [timo] needed, write Java code in between : HTML tags, Inother words, serves a sccm] ‘ough a session involving diferent servlets side Java, whereas ISPS. Fig. 3.17 The Conceptual Difference be to follow for the programmer, The connection between the ide HTML. This shown ‘between Servlets ae ‘an HTML document with a form and the code that 4 ao Ab A a the form field data is often not obvious. Moreover, the , managed through the setA\tribute/getAttribute mechanism eee are as follows ~ truction of HTML documentsisstil low: re writen to an output stream, event ‘There are no compilea se i dard definition ofa Java servlet — HutpServlet extends GenericServlet public class OrderServlt extends HiipServlet public void init) { system out printh ("In doGet( ) method”); ‘HiipServletRequest and HitpServletResponse obje: information stored in the latter by the servlet method an entire HTML document along with some HTTP head the document content-type. When the servlet method has finished its processing it retums control to the server. P c (iv) The server formats the information stored in ‘HitpServletResponse objectby the servlet into an HTTP response message __itthen sends tothe cient (i.., Web browser) that initiated the HTTP: ssystem.out printin(“In destroy( ) method”); class extends HitpServlet class provided by Sun. Our servlet the service( ) Java method from this HtipServlet, Similarly, itself, in turn, has been inherited from GenericServlet. The capesuta ing bean Setter methods go here got in how Java servlets perform session handling 5 Explai A (RGPY, Dec. 2016) mets perform session handling 2 (RGRY., June 2017) Ta Be rHTTP a betwe 0s Communicating a String message ts several Web pages, sale atthe Web site, In this‘cookies are typically enabled, but to ensure session tracki What features does EJB pro Rewriting, use encodeURL( in your servlets, or encodeRedi ywing features — Transaction Management ~ A developer can specify tat your oe eeSoftware Architecture imptementaiyy +, piscass about session beans, as 107 ta session bean (ii) Remote Awareness ~ EJ ‘objects and clients can be in different parts ofthe wor these objects are allowed to communicate ped s, stateful session beans and stateless ~ A session bean corresponds to a by the EJB container. In addition to these, ee ‘new components, managing database connections, threads and sockets, ete.Software Architecture i is Implementation fore the eeate() method on the home Mmggnee anda FFerence tothe remote imei eat petining the ‘Component Interface — terface SignOn extends EJBobject public boolean validateUser throws InvalidLoginExcept } {terface has one business method, validarey ite interfacs Ans, A stateful session bean interfaces ~ a home interface (EJB! ‘and a bean class that implements the SessionBean 0.45. Describe the steps to implement a stateless session bean in deta, (RGPY, June 2019) ‘print(“The container called the setSessionContext method”), _print(“so that the bean instance can be initialized.\n"),qjbPassivate throw new InvalidL oginException(: ) beceningEcepton ne throw new InvalidLoginException (“Invalid logiy password”); ) void print (String s) { System.out println(s); J J Writing the Exception Class ~ The InvalidLoginExceptior defined below. This class has been derived from java.lang Excepto package day04; ‘Public class InvalidException extends Exception ie ses ie ‘Public InvalidLoginException( ) Bs Stee Software Architecture implementation T Technologies : super( ); } public InvalidLoginException(Exception e) sper(etoString( ); } : public InvalidLoginException\ String s) super(s); is given below. its bean type and st name>students/env-entry-name> ype>java. lang Strings/en-entry-type> <env-entry-value>passwords/env-entry-value> <lenv-entry> <eny-entry-name>student 1</env-entry-name> <env-entry-type>java.lang.string/env-entry-type> <env-entry-value>password] <env-entry-value> <leny-entry>iding good response time. multiple requests efficiently, "0.49, Write short note on Message Oriented Middleware (MOM). (R.GPV, Dec, 2010, June 201 “Ans. Asynchronous communication allows the parties to indirectly through # message queue, The software that manages Software Architecture Implementation Techno fo od as Message Oriented Middleware (MOM) Ty sen tinues with its other work without wai the sender A sen: ie cage queue Sve (R.GRV, June 2010, Dec. 2010) (RGRY., June 2015)30 interfaces and Prepared Statement, R Connection Obj Statement Object ~ execute static SQL statements (b) PreparedStatement ~ This object is used to execute dynamic SQL statements (€) CallableStatement ~ This object is used to defi execute stored procedures. (ii) ResultSet Object The result o' some data. This data is returned inside an object -uting a Statement i usu type ResultSet iv) SQLException Object — This object is used to deal with in JDBC. -. ot An. The JDBC API ‘The JDBC Test Suite 33 drive spac of Explain various types of JDBC drivers in Java, — Sofware Archectur npemeneton Techy what are the components of DBC? mig “The components of JDBC drivers ae a follows — (ti) The DBC Dri (v) The IDBC-op} ms, chine to communicate loaded onthe client, which (054 Explain how 10 connect 10 a local MS access database using a Write the steps of setting up an Open Database Connectivity (ODBO). Or What is database connec middleware support, ODBC Ans, We wish t0 (RGRY, June 2011, Dec. 2015) ? Explain the basic connectivity, JDBC technologies. (R.GRY, June 2014)ceDB will appea ea tar ide ipeedonthavean Acces tbe String dataSourceName ‘String dbURI = “jdbc:odbe: uy f Class.forName {java.sql Connecti con.closef );//To close the connection , éatch( Exception) { ceprintSackTrace ODBC bridge, the URLis a URN consisting of the prefix jdbe:odbe: followed ‘by an ODBC data source name, In this example, we use the data source name EmployeeDB that we associated with the Employee database using the Dat ‘on amact ‘ting host="db. ‘ring dbname=“ String usemame Siring password String dbURI = yf ‘The new! — Software Architecture implementation Tach wwe have already created a MySQL wih host name dbexamplence Mae ‘CPAP connect Copy ths file to lation directory. The next R file will automatically be added othe by the server. exam ‘Employee’ = “someuset = “mypasswé *jdbe:my: host +47" + dbname +"?user=” ' usemame + “password =" + password; work around for¥ Software Architecture implementation Tec «what is INDI ? Explain. ot faming and Directory Interfac shown in fig. 3.24 Sava Application INDIAPI (Client Layer) aI TNDISPIG (Server Layer) the first call to next) positions the cursor ) secess fields inthe row pointed to by the by ordinal (ie, 1,2 etc.) rather than name,122 sofware ‘The INDI model def ‘an API 10 access an ‘messaging system. ‘used to communicate (ii) JMS API Unified interfa clients, (Gx) JMS Provider ~ The messazing sys JMS in addition to other administrative and cont full-featured messaging product. ‘The JMS architect (i) IMS Messages ~ Appli the na send and receive messages through a JMS defi information betwer and _— Sofware Architecture Inlementaton Technolo Gielen ologies 123 sred Objects ~ These r’s administra te writing portable enterprise a ‘operational funet les a set of application programm infrastructure, similar to what lcompiler can generate the— — ‘name. This returned be sent back to the Which, in turn, uses TCP/IP as a basic RMI infrastructure is very architecture based on RMI wouldFig. 3.28 Imterface and Impler ‘Software Architecture ructure Services afro ORB, such as secur k Management Services rents and transactions, ss * Or ins wi ‘oot (0 support the role of a — ‘mplementation Technologies (RGPY., June 2015) Also discuss about its components, (RGPY., June 2016) n object request invocation must be used. Most because it provides a more natural '© main components of CORBA asta Fig, 3.29 The Main Compon (@) ORB Core—The 10! (@) Operation enabling it to (6) Operations to con invocation, be started and stopped. between remote objectreferences and Operations to provide argument lists for requests using wa dankeé ‘Software Architecture Implementation 7, i tn iy running. The object adapter name is used ind activating them. An implemen of ‘ype identifier ofan interface itmay be used asa key to IDL. Every CORBA remote object type identifier of its i © oF its type withthe interface re ns ot requis an Sera gfe TpOSHIONY and servants 10 achieved of the standardization of “ti servants. The POA suppor (a). Those whi ice repository. Not all ORBs provide an Invocation Interface ~The dynamic invocation results in reply messages. () Client Stubs/Proxies ~ Th spects the contents of the request to discover its bjt, the method to be invoked and the arguments then invokes the— = 1 NetWork to in re component B is located. This is shown fig 33), [omen] Fig, 331 ORB Forwards the Call Its Counterpary HRB at component B's end same machine where the called component 32, tnsert 6] Pretara Onn Insert Method Gets Called ‘send takes this return value, converts wetwark back to the ORB at component [Papeete] smion. aah | ig, 3.33 Called ORB Returns Results to Calling ORB end receives ths binary data, it to compone itA, as shown ‘method and sends back the to the client ORB. Ho believes that it was all a local operation. Comer] Component srt a») Coos Coos Fig. 3.30 Component Calls an Insert Method Component A calls the Insert method and passes two parameters ‘a, and b to this method. (i) The ORB receives this request and is defined in component B, How does it know ‘whenever a CORBA component i created by a3A ORBs communicate with eachother using the {uOP). The early versions of CORBA we — expected to run at an application Seay asa server metbod to make it more readable. intentio: ing | 5 some protocols passed “in lef, some consiRMI was perceived ‘goals in the design of UML are as follows ~ tha ready-to-use, expressive, and visual modeling guage and notations to enhance concepts to righer rend on OO languages. 1 development concepts such as component ievelopment, reusability interoperability, and provided by the UML-based modeling — of the to include the system’s intricacies ore suitable, where the specific complexity account in each iteration. This enhances (0.68. What are the different system views that can be modelled using UL? What are the different UML diagrams which can be used to capture cach ofthe views ? or Explain the use of UML for object-oriented design. (RGBY, June 2010, 2011) or What are the different system views that can be modelled using UML? (RGPY, June 2015) using following views (models) to nt perspectives ~ y fines the functionalities provided_ SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE __ ANALYSIS (o) Environment and behavioural aspects of implemented. : Fig 336 shows he different UM each ofthe views. The goal with software tem to be bui c with the requirements, toatheoreticaly viable software ‘an interval or absolute scale.— 20 Onting Sais, (95 White short note om domain requirements t ie: Requirements which are derived from the appli ee 1d from the needs of the users ar -d dor Software Architecture Analysis & Design 141 Search the desired ye eT ey number of domain requirements. software development lifecycle model ? Why is it important cle model while developing a large software product ? (RGRV, June 2010) product starts with a request for the product conception. Starting with tired when it is no longer useful. This forms ery software product. Life cycle is not strange n fact, each business organizations conducts its phase. A software life ¢} descriptive representation of the software lif the various activities conducted on a softws retirement into a set of life cycle phases. Fig. 4.1 Types of Non-functional Requirements the fundamental development activitiesrchitecture design and anay (i) lication and collection of requirements145 —The inputs of CBAM a : sme incades the following steps - Collate Seenarios Collate the scenarios elicited during the, se! ve the stakeholders the chance to conti bute n hitectural d 4 Ose on satisfying the business poals ofthese (i) The existing ar eer ssios ba s0als of the system and ee ih Sor further study. 9 * in calculating the architectural of the quality attributes that concern the lity ~ Determine the utility for each urrent, desired, best-case) forthe ‘of concer are the ones in the lst address the chosen scenarios sponse levels that will result - Given that an architectural lation must be performed for Expected Quality-attribute- the elicited utility values (that the expected quality-atribute- Determine this utility for each narios and relevant quality {Conte rests with intuition Step 8. Choose Fig, 4.2 Process Flow Diagram for the CBAM Investment (ROI) Subj -ctural Strategies based on Return on to Cost and Schedule Constraints ~ Determine — es “@ Software Archscture, 146 Soma Arches ‘Analysis & DesignSofware Architecture Analysis & Desion 147 ; on the architecture promoting modifiabi pe cae are ai, (pill builders ofstems interacting wih the oneunde consideration Fe ye ATAM Inulin the ce ‘ten'sbusinessimission drivers @ The Evaluation Team - This group is external to the project whose architecture is being evaluated. ii) Project Decision Makers— These people are empowered to speak for the development project or have the authority to mandate changes to it it) Architecture Stakeholders ~ Stakeholders have a vested intrest | " {in the architecture performing as advertised. They are the ones whose abilitySofware ACRES i Software Architecture Analysis & Design 149 = the |= The lead designer the deoge ond was hon te esp. Dring is nediscuss how ADD uses three commons views, ‘Software Architectures a g Software Architecture Analysis & Design 151 (9) | Approximate duration ‘and communication between the meetings. 0.16, Wpxa1 do you mean by attribute driven desi Ans. The attribute driven design method (A\ ‘generate and test philosophy. It keeps validated. It produces a ‘ean be given to other pri ‘architect or architecture team cor ADD is a five-step method ‘Next Iteration —Fither the design instep 3 ASRs or it won't. Ifit does not, then either willbe elaborated in future iterations of ADD, ‘satisfied, allocated to children, or indicated as not ac! ‘Step 5. Repeat Steps 1-4—Until all the ASRs have been satisfied or until ‘the architecture has been elaborated sufficiently for the implementers to useit, kfc and for determining potentidoing the same. components whi Disadvantages of Reused Code ~ = rite short note on domain-specific sofeware architec ee hate nce 0000 1 & lage of software components specialized fi __ Ain, generalized for effective use oct som dons), is ‘or, alternately. {for patterns of problem elements, si define mappings between them. domain-specific software architecture with construction clements, and hod. “ns Domain-specific software architecture consists of a domain model, eee requirements and referential architecture used to of [pains in a specific problem domain, and its ‘pletion in one specific domain. Function ~ Software development in certain domain: @ Increased Maintenance Costs ~ If component source ce not available then maintenance costs may be increased as the reused elem of the system may become increasingly incompatible with system changes ase bs prove this kindof software development more feasible.teaching. SOFTWARE ARCHITECTURE DOCUMENTATION ied Vial as some sort oe d vuntonality The granular _ eta Comenttion being developed sbsd ge as a major subsystem, in others it might be 2 cally component represent Systm It os putational elements, and run-time processes. ip ations between components are documented vi | pec. yal such elation | <tr oer components, and bow inter-component commu Fig. 4.3 Construction Model of Domain. specific Software Architecture Ye oe ‘model of some aspect of the system. For example, as we might document the structure of a system as a which the components represent logical groupings of jew might document the structure of a system in terms of in which components represent communicatingsitaines® ° i To define the ofosher systems [To define thes F Des this one must and required, 0 ih operation To provide the mox use via standand APIS. tun-time Views ~ These describe th behavioural prope ‘consumption, performance, throughy foreach attributes have their own mation needs. To create development team: ding 10 work assignments plan and allocate projectre to track progress by the vario are the principles of sound documentation ? (Yas Te seven principles of sound documentation are as follows — (Write from the Reader’s Viewpoint ~ & document is read only if mes te needs of, and is usable by, its intended audience, Material writen ‘stems of consciousness or using arcane terminology is unlikely to meet tere’ needs and thus is unlikely to be read or consulted often, combined with that in run-time views to derive syst a] Managers 0.2. Describe the uses of arch Ans. The uses of architectural d Uses of Arct ‘S.No. ‘Stakeholder Table (| Architect and requirements engineers who represent customer(s) (ii) | Architect and designers of parts (i) Avoid Unnecessary Repetition ~ While repetition sometimes rls point, its use in technical information becomes troublesome over Implementors ‘ie. Repetition is the root of inconsistency. Keeping track of all repeats is Gait ifa0t impossible; thus, repeated information becomes inconsistent ‘ort, and attempts to avoid these inconsistencies are costly. (ti) Avoid Ambiguity -This principle might better be stated as “avoid (iv) | Testers and integrators siaknded ambiguity” because software architecture, by its nature, isture Documentation 159 scone fag is shown i fg 5.1. Fig. 5.1 Context Diagram 0.6. Write short note on variability. is successful only ones who dete ‘complementary. ihumanly observable {) Resouree Usage Res Q.8. Write short note on documenting behaviour. initialization require! ent structural information about it on number of actors using resource (it Data Type Definitions ~\fused if any sear ‘other than oné provided by the under ‘needs to communicate the definition of that type. 1 by nother element, then reference to the definition in th documentation is sufficient. (iv) Exception Definitions — These d raised by the resources on the interface. Si raised by more than one resout resource’s exceptions but define them in a cribe exceptions os Discuss the documenting behaviour of software element. ins. Documenting an architecture requires bebaviour éocume structural views by deseribing how architecture eleme‘onditional branching and concurren ts, Arrows between actions rer (10. Diseuss about the documentation a cross-views. -view documentation consists ofustthree majoras smatize as how-what-why. Fig. 5.4 shows the summa -v documentation, 9 Fig. 5.3 A Simple Example of a UML Sei CO164 Software Architectures the Documentation is Organized 10 Serve I documentation needs an inne” Provides information tual documentation simpy architecture works as a unified conceptual whole. Being relationship by providing mappings between views is the k understanding and decreased confusion, ny of the views, along with a pointer to w! ‘one is defined. This will help stakeholders look up items of (@) Project Glossary - The glossary lists and defines tems ‘unique to the system that have special meaning. A list of acronyms, andthe ‘Software Arci (1) The implications of syst ee requirements or satisfying const (2) The effect on the archit requirement or changing an existing one ef (3) The constraints on th tives that were rej in general, the rationale explains why a decision implications are in changing it Q.11. Explain documéntation package using a seven-part template, ‘Ans. View and beyond using seven part template for buil documentation package. A view divided five sections and beyond views di into two sections. ‘A template for documenting a view is shown in fig. 5.5 ‘Template for a Viewa seo Software Architecture Documentation 167 an find the information he or she needs ef led two subsection as follows — 6.1 Documentation Road Map — the documentation and where to viour — Thi son 24 Element Behavio os fom the prima jde— This shows how to exercise any variation168 Software Architectures Section 7.1 System Overview ~ This section is 4 he description of the system's function, its users and any important f, or constraints. Tt Droge ack Broun Section 7.2 Mapping between Views — Because all the view, architecture describe the same system, it stands to reason that any two yj will have much in common. Helping a reader understand the aét0ciatig’ between views will help that reader gain a powerful insight into hoy c architecture works as a unified conceptual whole. af 8 Of an Section 7.3 Rationale — This section documents the architecturay decisions that apply to more than one view. . Section 7.4 Directory — The directory is a set of reference material that helps readers find more information quickly. 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href="https://www.scribd.com/presentation/880887747/SE-Module-1" target="_blank"><span style="position:absolute;border:0;width:1px;height:1px;padding:0;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;clip:rect(0, 0, 0, 0);white-space:nowrap;word-wrap:normal">SE Module-1</span></a><div class="DocumentThumbnail-module_wrapper_ljLM72"><img class="DocumentThumbnail-module_image_0tTQ0O _2Jhoqp" data-testid="thumbnail" alt="" loading="eager" src="https://imgv2-1-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/880887747/149x198/3b7e2f52c8/1750921723?v=1" srcSet="https://imgv2-2-f.scribdassets.com/img/document/880887747/298x396/bebb6391af/1750921723?v=1 2x" style="width:80px;height:106.66666666666667px"/><svg class="DocumentThumbnail-module_tagOverlay_hN0eTR" viewBox="0 0 108 145" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M0 0H35V15C35 17.2091 33.2091 19 31 19H0V0Z" fill="var(--color-charcoal-400)"></path><text x="8" y="13" fill="var(--spl-color-text-white)" aria-hidden="true">PDF</text></svg><div class="DocumentThumbnail-module_stack_66zCPf"></div><div class="DocumentThumbnail-module_stack_66zCPf"></div></div><div class="_1wdVHx"><div class="_1zgq1v"><div class="_2Uoa2G">No ratings yet</div></div><div class="_33xQ8e _2kfau2" data-e2e="doc-info-title">SE Module-1</div><div class="_3UuYwh zs8qzW">41 pages</div></div></div></div></li><li class="_2ariaX" data-e2e="document-list-item"><div class=""><div data-e2e="list-item-info" class="_1x3wi9"><a class="jKsa3q" data-e2e="list-item-link" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/908989428/What-is-Software" 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