COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

COURSE TITLE: MACHINE DESIGN PROJECT

PROJECT TITLE: DESIGN OF VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

GROUP MEMBERS ID NO

1. HUNDUMA CHALA RU0773/12

2. BIKILA SHUMATA RU2090/12
3. GELETA BULCHA RU1702/12
4. FIROMSA WORKU RU1099/12
5. OLANA FIKADU RU2423/12
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

TABLE CONTENTS
Acknowlegdement………………………………………………………
Abstract……………………………………………………………
List of table……………………………………………………………………..
List of figure……………………………………………………………………..

i
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………I

ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………II
1 CHAPTER ONE................................................................................................1
1.2 DEFINITION OF PRESSURE VESSEL………………………………………………………………………………………………..1

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT1………………………………………………....2

1.3 CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSEL……………………………………………………………………………………………….4

1.4 USES OF PRESSUREVESSEL…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………5

1.5 MAIN CONPONENT OF PRESSURE VESSEL………………………………………………………………………………………….5

CHAPTER TWO..............................................................................................7
2 VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL........................................................................................................7
2.1 SELECTION OF PRESSURE VESSEL ARRENGEMENT…………………………………………………………………………….7

2.2 SELECTION OF SUPPORT…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..8

2.3 MATERIAL SELECTION………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………8

2.4 RELIEF VALVE……………………………………………………………………………9

3 CHAPTER THREE........................................................................................10
3.1 DETAIL DESIGN ANALYSIS...................................................................................................10

ii
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

3.1.1 SPECIFICATION FOR DESIGN...........................................................................10

3.1.2 SELECTION OF OBJECTIVE...............................................................................10

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all we would have great thank for our GOD, who gives us a power and strength to do
this project from start to end.

Secondly we would like to thank mechanical engineering department in Bule Hora University
and our instructor Mr. Tesfaye. That assists a lot of things starting from introducing the course to
detail design procedures. And also we would like to thank all mechanical engineering department
instructors who help us during our design time.

Finally we would like to thank our class meet students, senior mechanical engineering students
who are above us in their academic year. They helped us to design this project by giving some
reference books and information.

iii
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

ABSTRACT
This project deals with a detail study and design producere of vertical pressure .
A detail study of varies parts of pressure vessels like shel,head,support ,nozzle, the detail study
of pressure vessel with properly selected material from varies material used in pressurevessel
construction is discussed. It also deals with the study varies parts like head with appropriate
shape and others are clearly shown.

iv
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

CHAPTER ONE
1.1 INTRODUCTION
Pressure vessel is a container designed to hold gasses or liquid at a pressure substantially
different from the ambient pressure, and also defined as a container with a pressure difference
between inside and outside of a vessel. The inside pressure is usually higher than outside except
from some isolated situation.
Pressure vessels are designed to operate safely at specific pressure and temperature, technically
refer to as the design pressure and design temperature. A vessel that is in adequately designed to
handle a pressure constitutes a very significant safety hazard. Because of that, the design and
certification of pressure vessel is governed by design codes, such as ASME boiler and pressure
vessel code.
The ultimate objective of mechanical design is to produce a useful product that satisfies the
needs of customer and that is safe, function, efficient, reliable, economical and practical to
manufacture. The pressure vessels are leak proof containers that are capable of storing high
pressure fluid.
In the later, high pressure extremes of temperature and severity of functional performance
requirements pose exacting design problems.
In order to improve the durability and safety of pressure vessel it is mandatory to mention
the following points.
 The reasoning that established the most likely mode of damage or failure.
 The methods of stress analysis is employed and significance of results.
 The selection of material type and its environmental behavior.
Generally the knowledge of material behavior is required not only to avoid failures, but equally
to permit maximum economy of choice and amount used.

1
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

1.2 BACKGROUND OF THE PROJECT

Large vessels were invented during the industrial revolution, particularly in Great Britain, to
be used as boilers for making steam, to drive steam engines. Design and testing standards and a
system of certification came about as a result of fatal boiler explosion. In an early effort to design
a tank capable of withstanding pressure up to 69Mpa, a 150mm diameter tank was developed in
1919 that was spirally wound with two layers of high tensile strength steel wire to prevent side
way rupture, and the end caps longitudinally reinforced with length wise high tensile rods.
A fired pressure vessel is a type of pressure vessel used to hold liquid or gases at a pressure
different from the ambient pressure, usually at a high pressure. A fired pressure vessel uses an
external heat source (direct or indirect) to maintain the liquid or gas at high pressure. These
vessels are designed and manufactured per the ASME standard specification. Fired pressure
vessels are commonly seen in the following industrial settings; machinery (pressurized
equipment) automation, electricity, fire protection, oil and gas, petrochemicals and fertilizer.
An unfired pressure vessel is defined as a vessel or pipe line for carrying, storing or receiving
steam gases or liquid at pressure above the atmospheric pressure, such pressure vessels are
designed according to international codes (ASME), Pressure vessels are used in a number of
industries; for example, the power generation industry for fossil and nuclear power,
petrochemical industry for storing and processing crude petroleum oil in tank farms as well as
storing gasoline in service stations, and the chemical industry (in chemical reactors) to name but
a few. Their use has expanded throughout the world. Pressure vessels and tanks are, in fact,
essential to the chemical, petroleum, petrochemical and nuclear industries. It is in this class of
equipment that their actions, separations, and storage of raw materials occur. The pressure
vessels i.e. cylinders or tanks are used to store fluids under pressure. The fluid being stored may
undergo a change of state inside the pressure vessel as in case of steam boilers or it may combine
with other reagents as in a chemical plant. The design for pressure vessel means design for its
components to be assembled; like shell, head, spring, gasket, supports and bolts. The pressure
vessels are designed with great care because rupture of a pressure vessel means an explosion
which may cause loss of life and property. The material of pressure vessels may be brittle such as
cast iron, or ductile such as mild steel.

2
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

a tank capable of withstanding pressure up to 69Mpa, a 150mm diameter tank was developed in
1919 that was spirally wound with two layers of high tensile strength steel wire to prevent side
way rupture, and the end caps longitudinally reinforced with length wise high tensile rods.
A fired pressure vessel is a type of pressure vessel used to hold liquid or gases at a pressure
different from the ambient pressure, usually at a high pressure. A fired pressure vessel uses an
external heat source (direct or indirect) to maintain the liquid or gas at high pressure. These
vessels are designed and manufactured per the ASME standard specification. Fired pressure
vessels are commonly seen in the following industrial settings; machinery (pressurized
equipment) automation, electricity, fire protection, oil and gas, petrochemicals and fertilizer.
An unfired pressure vessel is defined as a vessel or pipe line for carrying, storing or receiving
steam gases or liquid at pressure above the atmospheric pressure, such pressure vessels are
designed according to international codes (ASME), Pressure vessels are used in a number of
industries; for example, the power generation industry for fossil and nuclear power,
petrochemical industry for storing and processing crude petroleum oil in tank farms as well as
storing gasoline in service stations, and the chemical industry (in chemical reactors) to name but
a few. Their use has expanded throughout the world. Pressure vessels and tanks are, in fact,
essential to the chemical, petroleum, petrochemical and nuclear industries. It is in this class of
equipment that their actions, separations, and storage of raw materials occur. The pressure
vessels i.e. cylinders or tanks are used to store fluids under pressure. The fluid being stored may
undergo a change of state inside the pressure vessel as in case of steam boilers or it may combine
with other reagents as in a chemical plant. The design for pressure vessel means design for its
components to be assembled; like shell, head, spring, gasket, supports and bolts. The pressure
vessels are designed with great care because rupture of a pressure vessel means an explosion
which may cause loss of life and property. The material of pressure vessels may be brittle such as
cast iron, or ductile such as mild steel.

3
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

1.3. CLASSIFICATION OF PRESSURE VESSELS

The pressure vessels can be classified depending on some factors as follows:-
[Link] TO DIMENSION
THIN SHELL
If the wall thickness of the shell (t) is less than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell (d) then it is
called thin shell pressure vessel. Or
If the internal fluid pressure (P) is less than 1/6 of the allowable stress, then it is called thin shell.
 Thin shells are used in boilers, tanks and pipes. [1]
THICK SHELL
If the wall thickness of the shell is greater than 1/10 of the diameter of the shell then it is called
thick shell pressure vessel. Or if the internal fluid pressure is greater than 1/6 of allowable
stress, then it is said to be thick shell.
 Thick shells are used in high pressure cylinder, tanks and gun barrels. [1]

2 ACCORDING TO THE END CONSTRUCTION

The pressure vessels, according to the end construction, may be classified as;
OPEN END
In this type of vessels the circumferential or hoop stresses are induced by the fluid pressure.
Example: - a simple cylinder with a piston.
CLOSE END
In this type of vessels, longitudinal stresses in addition to circumferential stresses are induced.
Example: - tank. [1]

3. ACCORDING TO THEIR GEOMETRICAL SHAPE

1. CYLINDERICAL PRESSURE VESSEL
This type of vessel is used in boilers drams, chemical vessels and also used for heat exchanger
and chemical vessel.
The advantage of cylindrical vessel is:-
 It is easier to fabricate.
 They are probably chipper to construct.
 They pack more efficiently in to rectangular structures such as boxes and buildings.

4
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

[Link] PRESSURE VESSEL

This type of vessel has a conical shape and used in chemical vessels, and dialyses.
[Link] PRESSURE VESSEL
Are vessels used for large gas or liquid containers, gas cooled nuclear reactors, containment
buildings for nuclear plant and so on. For the same internal design pressure, spherical vessel will
require only half of the wall thickness as a cylindrical vessel.
Spherical vessels have the advantage of holding the largest volume per unit surface area of the
container.
[Link] TO ARRANGMENT
[Link] VESSELS
When the orientation of a vessel is vertical, then it is vertical pressure vessel.
[Link] VESSELS
When the orientation of a vessel is horizontal, then it is horizontal pressure vessel.
1.4 USES OF PRESSURE VESSEL
The pressure vessels are used to store fluid such as; liquid, vapors and gases under pressure.
Major uses of pressure vessels are as follow.
 Pressure vessels are used in steam boiler.
 Pressure vessels are used in storage of chemical in chemical plants.
 Pressure vessels are used in storage of petroleum products.
Pressure vessels are also used in engine cylinders.
1.5 MAIN COMPONENTS OF PRESSURE VESSEL
Following are the main components of pressure Vessels in general.
 Shell
 Head
 Nozzle
 Support

5
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

FIG.

6
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

2 CHAPTER THREE

VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL

2.1.1 SELECTION OF PRESSURE VESSEL ARRANGEMENT

There are two main arrangement of pressure vessel.
 Horizontal pressure vessel.
 Vertical pressure vessel.
From those above, we choose vertical pressure vessel for the following purpose;
 Reduction in footprint (space).
The space used by vertical storage tanks creates a much smaller footprint, or it will save space to
set up more equipment and maximize your space.
 Increased efficiency.
The height of vertical tank has more potential energy which helps reduce pumping cost through
the use of gravity. In other words it generates more hydrostatic head than a horizontal tank.
 Stability.

7
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

The vertical storage tank has the ability to place the base of the cylinder directly on a solid, flat
surface. This provides much better stress distribution than a horizontal tank, which would need
special type of support at the bottom this stability is an excellent benefit of vertical storage tanks.
 Stress distribution.
The cylindrical vertical storage tank design provides even pressure distribution due to the
elimination of stress point found in horizontal and square tanks. This pressure distribution
provides greater strength than a horizontal tank, and contributes to its stability to hold a large
amount of product.
 Cost saving for material and construction.
The greater the diameter of the stainless steel tank, the thicker its walls needs to be in order to
withstand the pressure. The fact that vertical storage tanks are generally designed to be greater in
height than diameter requires the tank walls to be less thick. Less material needed to design and
produce the stainless steel tank means that it costs less to manufacture.
All the pressure vessels must be closed at the ends by heads.
Heads are typically curved rather than flat. The reason is curved configuration are stronger
and allow the heads to be thinner, lighter and less expensive than flat heads.
Hemispherical, ellipsoidal and torispherical heads are collectively referred to as domed heads.
In our case we select hemispherical head for the following purpose.
 Strongest shape.
 Capable of resisting about twice the pressure of a torispherical head of the same
thickness.
 Used for high pressure.

2.1.2 SELECTION OF SUPPORT

Support is used to bear all the load of the pressure vessel.
There are different types of supports which are used depending up on the size and orientation of
the pressure vessel. In our case we select leg support, because small vertical drums are typically
supported on legs that are welded to the lower portion of the shell. The number of legs needed
depends on the drum size and the loads to be carried.

2.1.3 MATERIAL SELECTION

8
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

The properties and behaviors of material depend up on the several factors.

i.e. composition, crystal structure, condition during service and the interaction among them. The
performance of material may be found satisfactory within certain limitations or conditions,
however, beyond these conditions, the performance of materials may not be found satisfactory.
We can list the major factors affecting the selection of material as; availability of material,
component shape, cost of material, dimensional tolerance, mechanical properties and service
requirements.

2.1.4 RELIEF VALVE

 Is a pressure relief valve actuated by inlet static pressure which opens in proportion to
the increase in pressure over the opining pressure
 Proper sizing, selection, manufacture, assembly, testing, installation and maintenance
of a pressure vessel relief of valve are critical for optimal protection of the vessel
(systems).
 A pressure vessel relief valve characterized by rapid opening or closing and normally
used to relief compressible fluids.

9
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

10
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

CHAPTER THREE
2.1 DETAIL DESIGN ANALYSIS

3.1.1 SPECIFICATION FOR DESIGN

 Medium: acidic solution
 Inner service pressure: 4MPa
 service temperature: 3500C
 nominal Volume: 4m3
 Position : vertical

3.1.2SPECIFIC OBJECTIVE
The specific objective of our design is;
 To design shell.
 To design head.
 To design nozzle.
 To design manhole.
 To design gasket.
 To design Support.

11
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

REFERENCE
1. A TEXT BOOK OF MACHIN DESIGN, [Link], J.K. GUPTA, 2005

2. SHIGLEY’S MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DESIN, 8th EDITION, Budynas-Nisbett

3. PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN MANUAL 3rd EDITION, DENNIS [Link]

4. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DESIGN, VOLUME 6, Coulson and Richardson’s

5. FLUID MECHANICS, YUNUS A. CENGEL AND JHON [Link]

6. STRENGTH OF MATERIAL BY R.K BANSAL

12
VERTICAL PRESSURE VESSEL DESIGN

13