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Humility
Humility is the quality of being humble.[1] Dictionary
definitions accentuate humility as low self-regard and sense of
unworthiness.[2] In a religious context humility can mean a
recognition of self in relation to a deity (i.e. God), and
subsequent submission to that deity as a member of that
religion.[3][4] Outside of a religious context, humility is defined
as being "unselved"—liberated from consciousness of self—a
form of temperance that is neither having pride (or
haughtiness) nor indulging in self-deprecation.[5]

Humility is an outward expression of an appropriate inner, or

self regard, and is contrasted with humiliation which is an
imposition, often external, of shame upon a person. Humility
may be misappropriated as ability to suffer humiliation
through self-denouncements which remains focused on self
rather than being low in self-focus.[6]
Representation of "Humility" in a
Humility, in many religious and philosophical traditions, is stained-glass window designed by
seen as a virtue which centers on low self-preoccupation, or Edward Burne-Jones
unwillingness to put oneself forward. It contrasts with
narcissism, hubris, and other forms of pride and is an
idealistic and rare intrinsic construct that has an extrinsic
side.

Term
The term "humility" comes from the Latin word humilitas,
a noun related to the adjective humilis, which may be
translated as "humble", but also as "grounded", or "from
the earth", since it derives from humus (earth). See the
English humus.[7]

The word "humble" may be related to feudal England

where the least-valuable cuts of meat, or "umbles"[8]
(whatever was left over when the upper classes had taken
their parts), were provided to the lowest class of citizen.
Tadeusz Gorecki, Humility
Mythology

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Aidos, in Greek mythology, was the daimona (goddess) of shyness, shame, and humility.[9] She
was the quality that restrained human beings from wrong.

Religious views of humility

Abrahamic

Judaism

Rabbi Lord Jonathan Sacks states that in Judaism humility is

an appreciation of oneself, one's talents, skills, and virtues. It is
not meekness or self-deprecating thought, but the effacing of
oneself to something higher. Humility is not to think lowly of
oneself, but to appreciate the self one has received.[10] In
recognition of the mysteries and complexities of life, one
becomes humbled to the awesomeness of what one is and what
one can achieve.[11]

Rabbi Pini Dunner discusses that humility is to place others

first; it is to appreciate others' worth as important. In
recognizing our worth as people, Rabbi Dunner shows that Maimonides teaches about the
looking into the zillions of stars in the sky, and in the length "measure of man" (compared to the
and history of time, you and I are insignificant, like dust. Rabbi earth and the universe, man is very
Dunner states that Moses wrote in the Torah, "And Moses was small).
exceedingly humble, more than any man on the face of the
earth"(Numbers 12:3 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Nu
mbers%2012:3&version=nrsv)). How is it possible to be humble and write you are the most
humble? The conclusion is that Moses knew he was humble. It is not in denial of your talents and
gifts but to recognize them and live up to your worth and something greater. It is in the service to
others that is the greatest form of humility.

Amongst the benefits of humility described in the Hebrew Bible, that is shared by many faiths, are
honor, wisdom, prosperity, the protection of the Lord, and peace. In addition, "God opposes the
proud but gives grace to the humble" (Proverbs 3:34 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Proverb
s%203:34&version=nrsv)).

Christianity

New Testament exhortations to humility are found in many Do nothing out of selfish
places, for example "Blessed are the meek" (Matthew 5:5 (https:// ambition or vain conceit.
bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%205:5&version=nrsv)), Rather, in humility value
"He who exalts himself will be humbled and he who humbles others above yourselves,
himself will be exalted" (Matthew 23:12 (https://bible.oremus.or not looking to your own
g/?passage=Matthew%2023:12&version=nrsv)), as well as interests but each of you
(Philippians 2:1–17 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Philippia to the interests of the
ns%202:1–17&version=nrsv)) and throughout the Book of James. others. In your
Also Jesus Christ's behavior in general, and submission to unjust relationships with one
torture and execution in particular, are held up as examples of another, have the same
righteous humility: "Who, when he was reviled, did not revile: mindset as Christ Jesus:
Who, being in very nature
God, did not consider

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when he suffered, he threatened not: but delivered himself to him equality with God
that judged him justly" (1 Peter 2:23 (https://bible.oremus.org/?p something to be used to
assage=1%20Peter%202:23&version=nrsv)).[4] his own advantage;
rather, he made himself
C.S. Lewis writes, in Mere Christianity, that pride is the "anti- nothing by taking the very
God" state, the position in which the ego and the self are directly nature of a servant, being
opposed to God: "Unchastity, anger, greed, drunkenness, and all made in human likeness.
that, are mere fleabites in comparison: it was through Pride that And being found in
the devil became the devil: Pride leads to every other vice: it is the appearance as a man, he
complete anti-God state of mind."[12] In contrast, Lewis contends humbled himself by
that in Christian moral teaching the opposite of pride is humility. becoming obedient to
This is popularly illustrated by a phrase wrongly attributed to death— even death on a
Lewis, "Humility is not thinking less of yourself, but thinking of cross!
yourself less." This is an apparent paraphrase, by Rick Warren in
The Purpose Driven Life, of a passage found in Mere Christianity:
Lewis writes, regarding the truly humble man, Philippians 2:3–8 (http
s://www.biblica.com/bibl
e/?osis=niv:Philippians%
Do not imagine that if you meet a really humble man 202:3–8)
he will be what most people call "humble" nowadays:
he will not be a sort of greasy, smarmy person, who is
always telling you that, of course, he is nobody.
Probably all you will think about him is that he seemed
a cheerful, intelligent chap who took a real interest in
what you said to him. If you do dislike him it will be
because you feel a little envious of anyone who seems
to enjoy life so easily. He will not be thinking about
humility: he will not be thinking about himself at all.

St. Augustine stresses the importance of humility in the study of the Bible, with the exemplars of a
barbarian Christian slave, the apostle Paul, and the Ethiopian eunuch in Acts 8.[13]: prooem. 4–7
Both learner and teacher need to be humble, because they learn and teach what ultimately belongs
to God.[13]: prooem. 7–8 [14] Humility is a basic disposition of the interpreter of the Bible. The
confidence of the exegete and preacher arises from the conviction that his or her mind depends on
God absolutely.[13]: I.1.1 Augustine argues that the interpreter of the Bible should proceed with
humility, because only a humble person can grasp the truth of Scripture.[13]: II.41.62 [15]

One with humility is said to be a fit recipient of grace; according to the words of St. James, "God
opposes the proud but gives grace to the humble" (Proverbs 3:34 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passa
ge=Proverbs%203:34&version=nrsv), 1 Peter 5:5 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Pete
r%205:5&version=nrsv), James 4:6 (https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=James%204:6&version=
nrsv)).

"True humility" differs from "false humility" which consists of deprecating one's own sanctity,
gifts, talents, and accomplishments for the sake of receiving praise or adulation from others. That
sort is personified by the fictional character Uriah Heep created by Charles Dickens. In this context
legitimate humility comprises the following behaviors and attitudes:

submitting to God and legitimate authority

recognizing virtues and talents that others possess, particularly those that surpass one's own,
and giving due honor and, when required, obedience
recognizing the limits of one's talents, ability, or authority

The vices opposed to humility are:

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Pride
Too great obsequiousness or abjection of oneself; this would be considered an excess of
humility, and could easily be derogatory to one's office or holy character; or it might serve only
to pamper pride in others, by unworthy flattery, which would occasion their sins of tyranny,
arbitrariness, and arrogance. The virtue of humility may not be practiced in any external way
that would occasion vices in others.[16]

Catholicism

Catholic texts view humility as annexed to the cardinal

virtue of temperance.[3][16] It is viewed as a potential part of
temperance because temperance includes all those virtues
that restrain or express the inordinate movements of our
desires or appetites.[16]

St. Bernard defines it as, "A virtue by which a man knowing

himself as he truly is, abases himself. Jesus Christ is the
ultimate definition of Humility."[16]

Humility was a virtue extolled by Saint Francis of Assisi, and

this form of Franciscan piety led to the artistic development
of the Madonna of humility first used by them for
contemplation.[18] The Virgin of humility sits on the ground,
or upon a low cushion, unlike the Enthroned Madonna
representations.[19] This style of painting spread quickly
through Italy and by 1375 examples began to appear in
Spain, France, and Germany and it became the most popular
among the styles of the early Trecento artistic period.[20]

St. Thomas Aquinas, a 13th-century philosopher and This Madonna of humility by Domenico
di Bartolo expresses the symbolic
theologian in the Scholastic tradition, says "the virtue of
duality of an earthly woman with
humility... consists in keeping oneself within one's own
humility, as well as a heavenly
bounds, not reaching out to things above one, but
queen.[17]
submitting to one's superior".[21]

Islam

In the Qur'an, various Arabic words conveying the meaning of "humility" are used. The very term
"Islam" can be interpreted as "surrender (to God), humility", from the triconsonantal root S-L-M;
other words used are tawadu and khoshou:

And the servants of (Allah) Most Gracious are those who walk on the earth in humility,
and when the ignorant address them, they say, "Peace!"

— Quran 25:63 (https://quran.com/25?startingVerse=63&translations=22) -Yusuf

Ali

"The loftiest in status are those who do not know their own status, and the most
virtuous of them are those who do not know their own virtue."

— Imam ash-Shafi'i [22]

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"Your humbleness humbles others and your modesty brings out the modesty of others."

— Abdulbary Yahya

Successful indeed are the believers: those who humble themselves in prayer;

— Quran 23:1-2 (https://quran.com/23?startingVerse=1)

Eastern

Buddhism

Buddhism is a religion of "self"-examination.[23] The natural aim of the Buddhist life is the state of
enlightenment, gradually cultivated through meditation and other spiritual practices. Humility, in
this context, is a characteristic that is both an essential part of the spiritual practice, and a result of
it.[23]: 180, 183 As a quality to be developed, it is deeply connected with the practice of Four Abodes
(Brahmavihara): love-kindness, compassion, empathetic joy, and equanimity. As a result of the
practice, this cultivated humility is expanded by the wisdom acquired by the experience of ultimate
emptiness (śūnyatā) and non-self (anatta).[23]: 181 Humility, compassion, and wisdom are
intrinsic parts of the state of enlightenment. On the other hand, not being humble is an obstacle on
the path of enlightenment which needs to be overcome.[23]: 180 In the Tipitaka (the Buddhist
scriptures), criticizing others and praising oneself is considered a vice; but criticizing oneself and
praising others is considered a virtue.[23]: 178 Attachment to the self, apart from being a vice in
itself, also leads to other evil states that create suffering.[23]: 182

In the Tipitaka, in the widely known Mangala Sutta, humility (nivato, literally: "without air") is
mentioned as one of the thirty-eight blessings in life.[24] In the Pāli Canon, examples of humility
include the monk Sariputta Thera, a leading disciple of the Buddha, and Hatthaka, a leading lay
disciple. In later Pali texts and Commentaries, Sariputta Thera is depicted as a forgiving person,
who is quick to apologize and accepting of criticism. In the suttas (discourses of the Buddha)
Hatthaka was praised by the Buddha when he was unwilling to let other people know his good
qualities.[25]

In Buddhist practice, humility is practiced in a variety of ways.

Japanese Soto Zen monks bow and chant in honor of their robes Once, the Buddha
before they don them. This serves to remind them of the mentioned to some
connection of the monk's robes with enlightenment. Buddhist monks that his lay
monks in all traditions are dependent on the generosity of disciple Hatthaka had
laypeople, through whom they receive their necessities. This in seven wonderful and
itself is a practice of humility.[23]: 178 [27] marvellous qualities;
these being faith, virtue,
propriety, self-respect,
Hindu Dharma / Sanathana Dharma learning, generosity and
wisdom. Later, when
In Sanskrit literature, the virtue of humility is explained with Hatthaka learned how the
many terms, some of which use the root word, नति (neti).[28] Buddha had praised him
Sanskrit: नति comes from Sanskrit: न ति, lit. 'No "Me" / I am not'. he commented: 'I hope
Related words include विनति (viniti), संनति (samniti, humility there were no laypeople
towards), and the concept amanitvam, listed as the first virtue in around at the time'. When
the Bhagwad Gita.[29] Amanitvam is a fusion word for this comment was
reported back to the
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"pridelessness" and the virtue of "humility".[30] Another related Buddha, he remarked:

concept is namrata (नम्रता), which means modest and humble "Good! Very good! He is
behavior. genuinely modest and
does not want his good
Different scholars have varying interpretations of amanitvam, qualities to be known to
humility, as a virtue in the Bhagwad Gita.[31] For example, others. So you can truly
Prabhupada explains humility to mean one should not be anxious say that Hatthaka is
to have the satisfaction of being honored by others.[32] The adorned with this eighth
material conception of life makes us very eager to receive honor wonderful and marvellous
from others, but from the point of view of a man in perfect quality 'modesty'."
knowledge—who knows that he is not this body—anything—honor (A.IV,218) [26]
or dishonor—pertaining to this body is useless.

Tanya Jopson explains amanitvam, humility, as lack of arrogance and pride, and one of twenty-six
virtues in a human being that if perfected, leads one to a divine state of living and the ultimate
truth.[33]

Eknath Easwaran writes that the Gita's subject is "the war within, the struggle for self-mastery that
every human being must wage if he or she is to emerge from life victorious",[34] and "The language
of battle is often found in the scriptures, for it conveys the strenuous, long, drawn-out campaign
we must wage to free ourselves from the tyranny of the ego, the cause of all our suffering and
sorrow".[35] To get in touch with your true self, whether you call that God, Brahman, etc., you have
to let go of the ego. The Sanskrit word Ahamkara literally translates into The-sound-of-I, or quite
simply the sense of the self or ego.

Mahatma Gandhi interprets the concept of humility in Hindu Dharma much more broadly, where
humility is an essential virtue that must exist in a person for other virtues to emerge. To Mahatma
Gandhi, Truth can be cultivated, as well as Love, but Humility cannot be cultivated. Humility has
to be one of the starting points. He states, "Humility cannot be an observance by itself. For it does
not lend itself to being practiced. It is however an indispensable test of ahimsa (non-violence)."
Humility must not be confused with mere manners; a man may prostrate himself before another,
but if his heart is full of bitterness for the other, it is not humility. Sincere humility is how one feels
inside, it's a state of mind. A humble person is not himself conscious of his humility, says
Gandhi.[36]

Swami Vivekananda, a 19th century scholar of Hindu Dharma, argues that the concept of humility
does not mean "crawling on all fours and calling oneself a sinner". In Vivekananda's Hindu
Dharma, each human being the Universal, recognizing and feeling oneness with everyone and
everything else in the universe, without inferiority or superiority or any other bias, is the mark of
humility.[37] To Dr. S Radhakrishnan, humility in Hindu Dharma is the non-judgmental state of
mind when we are best able to learn, contemplate and understand everyone and everything
else.[38]

Sikhism

Neecha Andar Neech Jaat Nanak is the companion of Make contentment

Neechi Hu At Neech Nanak the lowest of the low and of your ear-rings, humility
Tin Kai Sang Saath Vadian the condemned lot. He has your begging bowl,
Sio Kia Rees. nothing in common with the and meditation the
high born ashes you apply to
your body.
—Sri Guru Granth Sahib Listening and believing
with love and humility
in your mind.
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Baba Nand Singh Ji Maharaj said about Guru Nanak that Garibi, In the realm of humility,
Nimrata, Humility is the Divine Flavour, the most wonderful the Word is Beauty.
fragrance of the Lotus Feet of Lord Guru Nanak.[39] There is no Modesty, humility and
place for Ego (referred to in Sikhism as Haumain) in the sphere of intuitive understanding
Divine Love, in the sphere of true Prema Bhagti. That is why in are my mother-in-law
the House of Guru Nanak one finds Garibi, Nimrata, Humility and father-in-law.
reigning supreme. Guru Nanak was an Incarnation of Divine Love
and a Prophet of True Humility. Sayings of Guru Granth
Sahib, Guru Nanak, First
According to Sikhism all people, equally, have to bow before God Guru Of Sikhism
so there ought to be no hierarchies among or between people.
According to Nanak the supreme purpose of human life is to
reconnect with Akal (The Timeless One), however, egotism is the biggest barrier in doing this.
Using the guru's teaching remembrance of nām (the divine Word)[40] leads to the end of egotism.
The immediate fruit of humility is intuitive peace and pleasure. With humility they continue to
meditate on the Lord, the treasure of excellence. The God-conscious being is steeped in humility.
One whose heart is mercifully blessed with abiding humility. Sikhism treats humility as a begging
bowl before the god.

Sikhs extend this belief in equality, and thus humility, towards all faith: "all religious traditions are
equally valid and capable of enlightening their followers".[41] In addition to sharing with others
Guru Nanak inspired people to earn an honest living without exploitation and also to remember
the divine name (God). Guru Nanak described living an "active, creative, and practical life" of
"truthfulness, fidelity, self-control, and purity" as being higher than a purely contemplative life.[42]

Baba Nand Singh Sahib is renowned as the most humble Sikh Saint in the history of Sikhism. One
time the disciples of Baba Harnam Singh Ji, the spiritual preceptor of Baba Nand Singh Ji Maharaj
asked him how much power He had transmitted to Baba Nand Singh Ji Maharaj to which he
replied:[43]

"Rikhi Nand Singh holds in His hand Infinite Divine Powers. By just opening His fist
He can create as many such-like universes as He likes and by closing the same fist can
withdraw all those universes unto Himself.

"But the whole beauty is that being the supreme Repository of all the Infinite Divine
Powers, He claims to be nothing and is so humble."

— Baba Harnam Singh Ji Maharaj

He who is the Highest is the Lowest. Highest in the Lowest is the Real Highest.

— Baba Narinder Singh Ji

Meher Baba

The spiritual teacher Meher Baba held that humility is one of the foundations of devotional life:
"Upon the altar of humility we must offer our prayers to God."[44] Baba also described the power
of humility to overcome hostility: "True humility is strength, not weakness. It disarms antagonism
and ultimately conquers it."[45] Finally, Baba emphasized the importance of being humble when

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serving others: "One of the most difficult things to learn is to render service without bossing,
without making a fuss about it and without any consciousness of high and low. In the world of
spirituality, humility counts at least as much as utility."[46]

Taoism

Humility, in Taoism, is defined as a refusal to assert authority or a Here are my three

refusal to be first in anything. The act of daring, in itself, is a refusal of treasures.
wisdom and a rush to enjoin circumstances before you are ready. Along Guard and keep
with compassion and frugality, humility is one of the three treasures them!
(virtues) in the possession of those who follow the Tao.[48] The first is pity; the
second, frugality; the
The treasure of humility, in Chinese is a six-character phrase instead of third, refusal to be
a single word: Chinese: 不敢為天下先; pinyin: Bugan wei tianxia xian "foremost of all
"not dare to be first/ahead in the world".[48] Ellen Chen notes[49] that: things under
heaven".
For only he that
The third treasure, daring not be at the world's front, is the
pities is truly able to
Taoist way to avoid premature death. To be at the world's
be brave;
front is to expose oneself, to render oneself vulnerable to
Only he that is frugal
the world's destructive forces, while to remain behind and
is able to be profuse.
to be humble is to allow oneself time to fully ripen and bear
Only he that refuses
fruit. This is a treasure whose secret spring is the fear of
to be foremost of all
losing one's life before one's time. This fear of death, out of
things
a love for life, is indeed the key to Taoist wisdom.[49] Is truly able to
become chief of all
Furthermore, also according to the Tao Te Ching a wise person acts Ministers.
without claiming the results as his. He achieves his merit and does not At present your
rest (arrogantly) in it. He does not wish to display his bravery is not based
superiority.[48]: 77.4 on pity, nor your
profusion on
frugality, nor your
Wicca vanguard on your
rear; and this is
In the numerous traditions of initiatory Wicca, called in the U.S.A. death.
"British Traditional Wicca", four paired & balanced qualities are
recommended in liturgical texts as having come from the Wiccan
Goddess: Tao Te Ching[47]

...let there be beauty and strength, power and compassion,

honor and humility, mirth and reverence within you.

— Doreen Valiente, The Charge of the Goddess, prose

version

In the matter of humility, this deific instruction appropriately pairs being honorable with being
humble. Characteristically, this Wiccan "virtue" is balanced by its partner virtue.

Philosophical views of humility

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Kant's view of humility has been defined as "that meta-attitude

that constitutes the moral agent's proper perspective on
himself as a dependent and corrupt but capable and dignified
rational agent".[50] Kant's notion of humility relies on the
centrality of truth and rational thought leading to proper
perspective and can therefore be seen as emergent.

Mahatma Gandhi said that an attempt to sustain truth without

humility is doomed to become an "arrogant caricature" of
truth.[51]

While many religions and philosophers view humility as a

virtue, some have been critical of it, seeing it as opposed to
individualism.

"No doubt, when modesty was made a virtue, it was a very

advantageous thing for the fools," wrote Arthur Schopenhauer,
"for everybody is expected to speak of himself as if he were
Immanuel Kant
one".[52]

Nietzsche viewed humility as a strategy used by the weak to

avoid being destroyed by the strong. In Twilight of the Idols he wrote: "When stepped on, a worm
doubles up. That is clever. In that way he lessens the probability of being stepped on again. In the
language of morality: humility."[53] He believed that his idealized Übermensch would be more apt
to roam unfettered by pretensions of humility, proud of his stature and power, but not reveling
idly in it, and certainly not displaying hubris. But, if so, this would mean the pretension aspect of
this kind of humility is more akin to obsequiousness and to other kinds of pretentious humility.

Humility and leadership

Research suggests that humility is a quality of certain types of leaders. For example, Jim Collins
and his colleagues found that a certain type of leader, whom they term "level 5", possesses humility
and fierce resolve.[54] Humility is studied as a trait that can enhance leadership effectiveness. The
research suggests that humility is multi-dimensional and includes self-understanding and
awareness, openness, and perspective taking.[55]

See also
Aidos – Theme in Ancient Greek literature
Cultural humility
Epistemic humility – Philosophical view of scientific observation
Humiliation – Abasement of pride
Humility theology – American philanthropic organization
Intellectual humility – a virtue; the characteristic of valuing one's own beliefs as one ought
Madonna of humility – Artistic theme
Moral character – Steady moral qualities in people
Pharisee and the Publican – Parable taught by Jesus of Nazareth according to the Christian
Gospel of Luke

References
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Further reading
Murray, Andrew (2014). Humility: The Beauty of Holiness. CreateSpace Independent
Publishing Platform. ISBN 978-1502559562.

External links
"Islam's quotes regarding humility" (http://islamicartdb.com/search/humility). IslamicArtDB.com.
"Judaism's take on humility" (https://www.chabad.org/search/keyword_cdo/kid/229/scope/619
8/jewish/Humility.htm). Chabad.org.
"World scripture: Quotes from religious texts about humility" (https://www.unification.net/ws/the
me128.htm). unification.net.

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann,
Charles, ed. (1913). "Humility". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

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