[Unit-6 Solid Modeling]
Computer Graphics (CSC-209)
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3D Modeling
3-D models include X, Y, and Z dimensions .it allows better definition of three dimensional
objects. There are three general types of 3-D models:
Wire Frame Models
Surface Models
Solid Model
Wireframe Model
Oldest form of 3D modeling
Old technology - not used today
Model Contains edges and vertices
Cannot represent complex surfaces
No details regarding interior of part
Ambiguous
Wireframe models are Ambiguous. What does this object really look like?
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Solid Modeling
A mathematical technique for representing solid objects is called solid modeling. Solid modeling is a type
of 3D CAD process that represents the volume of an object, not just its lines and surfaces.
Model Contains edges and vertices,
Exterior surfaces, and interior details
Part is unambiguously defined
May be used for engineering analysis
Why Solid Modeling?
Recall weakness of wireframe and surface
modeling
Ambiguous geometric description
incomplete geometric description
lack topological information
Tedious modeling process
Awkward user interface
Solid Object Definition
Boundary points Points where distance to the object and the object’s complement is
zero
Interior points All the other points in the object
Closure Union of interior points and boundary point
Solid model representation scheme
Sweep representations.
Boundary representations (B-reps)
Spatial-partitioning representations
Binary Space Partitioning Trees (BSP)
Octree representation
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Sweep Representation
Sweep representation are useful for constructing 3D objects that possess translation, rotation, or
other symmetries. We can represent such objects by specifying a 2D shape and a sweep that
moves the shape through a region of space. A set of 2D primitives such as circles and rectangles,
can be provided for sweep representation as menu options.
Sweep Volume
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Rotational Sweep
Boundary representations (B-reps)
B-rep model describes a solid in terms of its surface boundaries; vertices, edges and faces.
Curved faces can be approximated by polygon or represented by parametric surfaces. A closed
2D surface defines a 3D object and at each point on the boundary there is an “in” and an “out”
side. Boundary representation can be defines in 2 ways:
1. Primitive based: A collection of primitives forming the boundary ( e.g. Polygon)
2. Freedom based (Splines, Parametric surfaces )
1. Primitive based:
A polyhedron is solid bounded by a set of polygon. It is constructed from:
Vertices V
Edges E
Faces F
Each edge must connect two vertices and be shared by exactly two faces. At least 3
edges meet at each vertex. A simple polyhedron is one that can be deformed into
sphere (Contains no holes) and it must be satisfy Euler’s formula: V-E+F = 2
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Euler’s formula can be generalized to a polyhedron with holes and multiple components
V- E + F - H = 2(C – G)
H = no. of holes in the faces
C = no. of separate components
G = no. of pass-through holes
V, E and F are Vertices, Edges and Faces
respectively
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Spatial-partitioning representations
In spatial partitioning representations, a solid is decomposed into a collection of adjoining non
intersecting solids that are more primitive than the original solid. Primitive may vary in type,
size, position, parameterization and orientation.
Quad tree and Octree Representation
Hierarchical tree structures, called Octrees, are used to represent solid objects in some graphics
systems. The fundamental idea behind both the quad tree and octrees is the divide and conquer
power of binary sub division. For a heterogeneous region of space, the successive sub-division
into quadrants continues until all quadrants are homogenous color. It also provides a convenient
representation for storing information about object interiors. Quad tree is used to speed up 3-D
picking in graphics package.
The figure below visualize the 2D quad tree representation of an image or view.
The Figure below shows the octree representation. It is simply a 3D generalization of a quad tree.
Each node in an octree has eight children. Example: CT scan.
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Binary Space Partitioning Trees (BSP)
The representation scheme is similar to octree encoding except, we now divide space into two
partition instead of eight at each step. The space division is done by plane at any position and
orientation. BSP is useful for identifying visible surfaces.
A BSP is a sequence of binary partitions of space
Can be built recursively or incrementally
Choice of plane used to split is critical
BSP trees are hard to maintain for dynamic scenes
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