“ARCHITECTURE IN JAPAN THROUGHOUT

THE HISTORY”

Japanese Architecture  The Five Story Pagoda

 Five stories represent the five elements:
 Climate
Earth, water, fire, wind, sky
 China
 Main Worship Hall (Kondo)
 Buddhism
 Found at the center of temple grounds
Features of Japanese Architecture  Interior are Buddha, other Buddhist images,
altars with various objects and spaces for
 Roof – made with heavy timbers monks and worshippers.
 Made of wood  Shinto Shrines
 Post-and-lintel structure  Places for worship/dwelling of the kami, the
 Interior-multitude of partially-screened, Shinto “Gods”
geometrically- arranged rooms with Main features:
sliding doors o Komainu – stone dogs
 With nails or none
facing each other at the
Features of Traditional Japanese Home entrance of the shrine.
-One has open
 Made of wood mouth (A) and the other
 Has tatami mats one is closed (Un)
 Sliding shoji doors o Torii/gate- symbol of the
 Coffered ceiling shrine
 Lath and plaster walls -represents the
 Tokonoma (display alcoves) division of the everyday
 Genkan (entrance) world and the divine world.
HISTORY OF ARCHITECTURE (by period) o Chozuya- the small pavilion
near the main hall.
o The Main Sanctuary.
PREHISTORIC PERIOD HEIAN PERIOD
 Reconstructed Storehouse  Shinden – Zukuri / The Phoenix Hall
 Small buildings  symmetrical buildings placed as arms that
 Thatched roofs defined an inner garden
 Dirt floors
 Wood floors if the area is humid KAMAKURA PERIOD

ASUKA PERIOD  Political power run by Samuri

 Plain, symmetrical and contained houses
 used to describe a period in the but sturdy.
history of Japanese fine-arts and
architecture.
 Influenced by Buddhism from China  Tea House
via Korean Peninsula  For tea ceremonies
 Calm and meditation atmosphere
 Hanging scroll with calligraphy or flower
arrangement as adornment.
  The Thousand-Armed Kannon ARCHITECTUAL CHARACTER
 hall w/ 33 spaces between columns
 Generally obscured
 has 1000 life-sized statues
 Rhythmical multiplication of pilasters,
AZUCHI-MOMOYAMA PERIOD comics, mouldings, roofs, finials and an
overgrowth of sculptural decorations.
a defensive structure built to keep out
intruders or attackers Indian Architecture is the outcome of:
 HIMEJI CASTLE/ WHITE HERON CASTLE
 diverse religious belief
 the best Japanese castle
 pattern of worship
 few of the original interior and exterior
 prevailing climatic conditions
intact
 available building materials
 built by Ikeda Terumasa
 available building technologies
 has neither been destroyed by fire or
 prevailing social structure
natural disaster nor attacked.
 topography
Defense Features:  climate
 culture
 mazes of halls, corridors and tunnels
 historical and linguistic patterns
 walls with triangular and circular holes for
 symbolism
firing arrows, guns, pouring boiling oil and
 sculptures
rocks.
 paintings
EDO PERIOD  shape of superstructure
 defense against invaders/wild animals
 classic Japanese architecture
INFLUENCES (Religion):
 TYPICAL MACHIYA (townhouses)
 HINDUISM
 Simplified architecture for easy rebuilding
 main religion in Asia along with Judaism as
 Often struck by fires
the oldest surviving religion.
MEIJI PERIOD  From indigenous Dravidians and Aryan
invaders
 NARA NATIONAL MUSEUM  Chief Gods: Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
 Emperor Meiji was in charge
 Believes in reincarnation
 New and different forms of culture moved
 Caste System: priests, warriors and nobles,
into Japan
farmers and traders, laborers and servants,
 Influenced by European architecture
untouchables

 BUDDHISM
 People disliked the Hindu Society dividing
the people into castes
 Gautama Siddhartha 563-483BC gave up his
princely life for wisdom
“INDIAN ARCHITECTURE”  Found enlightenment after 6 years through
 Indian Subcontinent meditation. Overcome human weakness,
 Hindu and Buddhist Monuments greed and anger.
 Structures share the same site, rhythmic  Salvation or Nirvana
stratified motif, profuse carved
ornamentation combining religious and the
sensuous.
Styles of Different Periods: - Cultural influence of Persia and the first use of
dressed stone. (smooth stone with desired
1. Buddhist Architecture
shape)
 Stambah or Lath – columns carved with
 the Site of Sanchi
inscriptions crowned by emblems such
o a group of Buddhist
as elephant or lion from Persipolitan
monuments: monolithic pillars,
Architecture.
palaces, temples and
 Stupa or tope – mounds containing
monasteries
sacred relic called “Dagoba”
o oldest Buddha sanctuary and
- dome-shaped mound
the major Buddhist center in
on platform, crowned by a chattri,
India
surrounded by ambulatory stone Vedika
 The Great Stupa, Sanchi
with four toranas.
o oldest Stupa in India
Parts of a Buddhist Stupa:
- Torana – carved GUPTA DYNASTY
ceremonial gateway
in Indian Buddhist - Court – center of classical Indian Art and
and Hindu Literature.
Architecdture. - Pallava – Hindu state in Southern India,
- Vedika – railings contributed to the expansion of Indian Culture
enclosing the stupa into Southeast Asia
- Chattri – umbrella- - Dravidian – Indian architecture in the Pallava
shaped finial Period
symbolizes dignity,  Kiva
composed of stone o Large underground chamber
disc in a vertical used for religious ceremonies or
pole. councils by men.
- Medhi – shallow
berm ringing the
base of the “BUDDHISM”
hemispherical
mound.  Believing that if a person releases their
 Chaitya – assembly halls excavated out attachment to desire and the self, they
of solid rocks resulting a presentation of can attain Nirvana. This is a state of
one external façade. liberation and freedom from suffering.
 Vihara – monastery designed with court
or shrine with central square
surrounded by priest’s chambers. MAHABODHI TEMPLE
2. Jain architecture  Great Awakening Temple located at
 temples patterned from Buddhist Bodh Gaya
temples.  Unesco World Heritage Site
3. Hindu/Brahman Architecture  The temple where Buddha attained
 Combination of Verdict Cult, Buddhism enlightenment
and Brahmanism  Built directly to the east of the Bodhi
Tree which is the direct descendant of
the original Bodhi Tree.
MAURYAN DYNASTY

- Ancient Indian people established an empire, NALANDA

320 BC
  Renowned Buuddhist Monastic SHIVA vs VISHNU TEMPLES
University in Magadha, India
SHAIVITE TEMPLES
 World’s very first residential university
- for Shiva
”HINDUISM”
- faces east
 Belief in a Supreme Being and adherence to
certain concepts such as Truth, Dharma, Karma,
Reincarnation and Belief in the authority of the • VAISHNAVITE
Vedas (sacred scriptures)
 The Caste System: Brahmin, Kshatriyas, Vaisyas, - for Vishnu
Shudras, Untouchables - faces west

HINDU TEMPLE Sri Ranganathaswamy Temple

 “Mandir” in India o World’s largest functioning Hindu Temple;

 A symbolic house, seat of body of divinity for Largest temple in India
Hindus o Vishnu
 Designed to bring human beings and Gods o Houses the tallest gopuram (temple tower)
together to express ideas and beliefs of across Southern India
Hinduism o Dedicated to Lord Ranganatha
o Lingnam- phallus, symbol of the
god Shiva
o Garbha Griha- womb chamber, Shore Temple, Tamil Nadu, India
dark innermost sanctuary
o One of the oldest freestanding Hindu
where the statue of deity is
Temple; built with granite
placed
o Amalaka- bulbous stone finial
of a sikhara
o Sikhara- tower tapered
convexly and capped by an
amalaka
o Gopuram- ornate gate tower
o Mandapa- porch-like hall used ” ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE”
for religious dancing and music
- Also muslim, muhammadan or Saracenic
RATH – monolithic; free standing Hindu temple out of architecture.
solid rock. - Mosque as a building type
- Triratha: Parasurameswara Temple, - Domes, tunnel vaults, round and horse shoe
Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India arches and rich surface decorations.
- Panharatha: Jagannath Temple, Baripada; - Squinches, supports under the dome
Lingaraja, Bhubaneswar - Muqarnas” stalactite” icicle like elements
- Saptaratha: Chaturbhuj Temple, Khajuharo hanging in the ceiling

Vimana – A sanctuary of a Hindu Temple in which a MOSQUE

diety is enshrined - masjid/musjid, a place of public worship.
 - Four levels of prayer: the individual(masjid), the - Center is a rock known for Muhammad’s
congregation(jami), the total population of the ascension to heaven
town(igdah), entire muslim world
THE GREAT MOSQUE
MASJID
- Masjid Al-Haram
- General term for mosque, used for daily prayers - Largest mosque in the world and is the site of
ny individuals or small group Haj Pilgrimage
- Has mihrab but no minbar

JAMI

- Congregational or Friday Mosque, used for main

KA’BA
weekly service
- Larger then a masjid and provided with minbar - Ka’aba/ ka’abah (house of god)
- Small cubicle stone building in the great mosque
IGDAH
at mecca
- An open place for community prayer with a - Contains a sacred black stone and is the
Quibla wall and a Mihrab objective of pilgrimage

MADRASA MOORISH ARCHITECTURE

- A teaching mosque - Islamic architecture of north Africa

- Building and elaborate fortress palaces
Parts of a Mosque
- Structural system adapted from classical
o Minaret – tower attached to the mosque antiquity combined with Islamic architecture
o Iwan/Ivan/Liwan – opening onto the
e.g. Palace fortress of Alhambra in Granada Spain
central courtyard of a mosque
o Minbar/mimbar – pulpit which the imam MUGHAL ARCHITECTURE
delivers sermons
- Indo-Islamic
o Mihrab – decorative panel
- Blended tradition from India and Islam
o Qibla/qiblah – wall in the mosque where
- Golden age of Islamic architecture in northern
the mihrab is set India
o Sahn – atrium
o Fawwara or meda – fountain for washing e.g. Humayun’s tomb, New Delhi, India
before prayer Fatehpur Sikri
o Liwanat – colonnade
o Dikka – reading desk Jama Masjid, Delhi, India
o Maqsura – protective barrier of minbar

DECORATIONS DIWAN-I-KAS and DIWAN-I-AM

- Domes; pointed/ogee arches, walls covered in - Hall of private(diwan-i-kas) and public (diwan-
stone carving, inlays and mosaics io-am) audience
- Ornaments based on flora, geometric shapes - Divided by overhanging mouldings called Chajja
and Arabic script

DOME OF THE ROCK

TAJ MAHAL
- Influenced by Byzantine Architecture
- Used as shrine for pilgrims an is Octagonal in - Crown palace built by Shah Jahan for his dead
Plan wife Mumtaz Mahal
- Chahar bagh a platform at the end of walled
garden
- The marble façade decorated with floral motifs
and a type of inlay called pietra dura