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IJEM
37,2 Teachers’ perceptions of school
principals’ role in tackling the
pandemic crisis
350 Antonios Kafa
Open University of Cyprus, Latsia, Cyprus
Received 1 February 2022
Revised 18 April 2022
6 July 2022 Abstract
3 October 2022
13 December 2022
Purpose – This paper reports the findings of a qualitative study on teachers’ perspective about school
Accepted 13 December 2022 principals’ role during the pandemic in the context of Greece. In particular, information is provided on school
principals’ communication and leadership aspects in tackling the pandemic crisis as well as the obstacles
observed in this particular setting.
Design/methodology/approach – Data were collected through the focus group interview tool and included
19 teachers from primary and secondary education in Greece. Due to the circumstances of the pandemic crisis,
the interview process was held using the Zoom software environment. The data collection tools included a
common semi-structured interview protocol developed specifically for this study based on the current
theoretical sources of school principals’ role in tackling the pandemic crisis.
Findings – The findings of this study indicated the important aspects of trust, collaboration, and positive
climate, together with school principals’ external dimension that included the outreach of the local
community, parents, private organizations, etc. during the pandemic crisis. Finally, obstacles connected
to the students’ lack of technological equipment were also observed and addressed by school principals.
Research limitations/implications – The findings of this study could not be generalized since the study
proceeded with convenience sampling. Furthermore, the data were collected while the world was in lockdown
during the second pandemic wave.
Originality/value – This piece of research adds to the empirical aspect of school principals’ role during the
pandemic crisis from a different perspective and reports that researching school principals’ role in tackling
crises has grown considerably.
Keywords Teachers, School principals, Crisis, Pandemic crisis
Paper type Research paper

Introduction
The crisis of COVID-19 affected education systems around the globe and changed the
traditional teaching and learning process in school organizations. Distance learning and
teaching modes, in particular, were introduced with upheavals and changes in the
educational process. In fact, even if this remote mode was implemented in the teaching and
learning process, when emergency circumstances were presented (US Department of
Education, 1996), it was clearly stated that the introduction of a distance learning mode, in
this particular setting, revealed how unprepared all the education systems were in terms of
infrastructure and staff training. Overall, educational practices were dramatically altered
(Harris, 2020) in more than 200 countries, affecting almost 1.6 billion learners (Pokhler and
Chhetri, 2021). It is generally agreed that during this pandemic crisis, teachers in school
organizations had the most important role to play since they had undertaken the difficult task
of transforming their conventional teaching into a distance or online environment. Recent
research studies indicated that the pandemic crisis placed pressure on teachers and school

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principals (e.g., Walls and Seashore, 2021), whilst other recent research studies revealed the School
teachers’ challenges of adjusting to new circumstances and the complexities of meeting principals’ role
students’ needs remotely while maintaining high academic expectations (e.g., Burgin et al.,
2021). At the other end of the spectrum, school principals had an important role to play
during crisis
concerning the outbreak of the pandemic crisis and emerged as a significant source of
influence on students’ learning outcomes (Harris, 2020; Netolicky, 2020; Kafa and Pashiardis,
2020; Kafa, 2021). In particular, school principals had to maintain their leadership dynamic
and guidance to navigate through this particular crisis. Although in the scientific field of 351
educational leadership current studies are moving forward from the conceptualization of the
pandemic crisis to empirical results, by providing information on how school principals
reacted during this pandemic crisis, limited to no existing research data presented on
teachers’ perspective on how their school principals dealt with this particular crisis and to
what extent a support was provided to them. Therefore, the theoretical lens that guided this
study was based on the conceptual approach to the topic, as mentioned above and as
mentioned in the following sections of this paper. In particular, existing conceptual
information and theories argued about the important role of school principals during crises
and times of uncertainty and supported how school principalship was redefined through the
pandemic crisis. Yet, answers to this particular statement through empirical research studies
are limited. Furthermore, answers about this particular topic must be provided from the
multiple perspectives of the various school stakeholders. Based on the above statements, this
study comes to highlight the role of school principals in tackling the pandemic crisis through
the perspective of teachers in various school organizations in Greece. Yet, is important to
mention that the findings of this study could not be generalized since the study proceeded
with convenience sampling. Therefore, based on what has been presented, this research
study provides answers to the following research questions:
(1) How did school principals communicate with teachers in tackling the pandemic
crisis?
(2) What kind of leadership aspects were promoted in tackling the pandemic crisis from
teachers’ perspective?
(3) What were the main obstacles that school principals had to face during the pandemic
crisis from teachers’ perspective?

School principals’ role in crisis tackling: insights from the literature

The pandemic crisis of this “supernova” force, as characterized by Azor
ın (2020), significantly
altered the education landscape and redefined the role of school principals and teaching staff.
Specifically, teachers took the important role of supporting the teaching and learning process
through unknown paths. Based on that, teachers have experienced significant, negative
impacts on various aspects of their work (Wronowski et al., 2021). Decades ago, Hamblin
(1958) argued in his work that managers and leaders are the most important aspects during a
crisis, and therefore, their followers are more easily influenced by them. Therefore, crisis is a
crucial aspect that enables the organization to be more creative and even, sometimes, to
provide an opportunity to change itself into a better one. Based on that, leaders have an
important duty that includes minimizing the harm to the staff and ensuring the overall
recovery and survival of the organization (Smith and Riley, 2012). What is more important is
the fact that in any particular crisis, a leader has the opportunity to deviate from the status
quo and be innovative in order to address the crisis (Halverson et al., 2004). Yet, a substantial
observation in school organizations in relation to the outbreak of a crisis is the confusion
between actual crises and school problems. Much of the literature on “crisis” is connected to
IJEM well-known, predictable events and challenges in school organizations and does not fit the
37,2 generally accepted definition of a crisis (Smith and Riley, 2012). In other words, crises in
schools mostly refer to problems occurring in the school organizations, rather than actual
urgent situations, such as the global pandemic of COVID-19. Having said that, the need for
supporting school principals in crisis handling or in “crisis management” is important (James
et al., 2011). Based on the aforementioned, current literature (e.g., Bartsch et al., 2021) supports
that there is a research gap concerning effective leadership in crisis situations. School
352 principals during a crisis need to understand the necessity of information, collaboration and
immediate response. In other words, school principals are expected to organize an effective,
timely and legitimate response in times of deep uncertainty (Ansell and Boin, 2019). In fact,
during a crisis, school principals must promote adequate practices to address the crisis rather
than simply repeating previous leadership practices that is considered “good leadership,” as
these practices may result in a failure to respond adequately to the crisis (Probert and
Turnbull James, 2011). These specific practices and competencies include important aspects
such as emotional stability, external collaboration, communication and trust building,
concrete decision-making process, accountability and autonomy. More specifically, during a
crisis, school principals need to move beyond any emotional responses that could include
fear, denial, anxiety and stress and act in extraordinary ways (James et al., 2011). Moreover,
researchers (e.g., Harris and Jones, 2020; Sutherland, 2017) demonstrated the important
aspect of collaboration with external school stakeholders during a crisis. In particular,
referring to the community as a key resource with capacity, knowledge and additional
expertise during this pandemic crisis. In addition, communication and trust issues support
the tackling of any crisis. For Lockwood (2005), effective communication and building trust
determine the success or failure of crisis management efforts, whilst effective internal
communication practices could in fact provide a supportive work environment during a crisis
and can thus increase employees’ intrinsic needs satisfaction (Lee et al., 2020). Also, in another
study in school organization by Twyford and Le Fevre (2019), the researchers indicated that
the concept of trust between teachers and the school principal was necessary for them to
share their vulnerability, and take risks when uncertainty was high. What is more important,
however, is the presence of a concrete decision-making process during a crisis. In fact, Ansell
and Boin (2019) refer to this process as the epitome of all the rest of the actions, since this
particular one covers all the above. A crisis situation influences heavily on the organization’s
functioning, and this kind of situation requires a fast-decision-making process from the leader
(Calogero and Yasin, 2011). In particular, the decision-making process refers to the important
aspect of strategic decisions that are legitimate and effective and could in fact address a crisis
both in the short and the long run, whilst Boin and Lagadec (2000) mentioned that during
crisis handling, the decision-making process is considered a fundamental aspect. Therefore, a
leader’s ability to address the crisis effectively based on his/her decision process and system
is of paramount importance. Finally, during times of crisis, school principals could navigate
the following: accountability and autonomy, equity and excellence, the individual and the
collective, well-being and workload (Netolicky, 2020).

The case of Greece during the pandemic crisis

Before proceeding to the main research study, it was considered appropriate to present some
information on how the Greek educational system dealt with the pandemic crisis. This was
deemed appropriate since this research study collected data from school teachers in the public
schools of Greece. The initial closure of educational institutions in Greece was announced in
mid-March, 2020 and affected all levels of public and private institutions. In fact, Greece was
one of the first countries to impose closures on all educational institutions in an effort to
minimize the risk of spreading the virus (Argyropoulou et al., 2021). In particular, in a matter
of days, the COVID-19 crisis changed the way Greek students are educated in school School
organizations. According to Papazoglou and Koutouzis (2020), the Greek Ministry of principals’ role
Education, after the school closures, responded to this crisis by developing and effectively
implementing a distance learning environment, in an effort to provide a continuation of the
during crisis
educational process. In particular, in both primary and secondary schools, e-learning
platforms and tools were offered free to all school organizations. The overall distance learning
program, as it was introduced by the Ministry of Education in Greece, included both
synchronous, such as online classroom lessons, and asynchronous learning, such as online 353
channels without real-time interaction, together with educational TV programs (Papazoglou
and Koutouzis, 2020). In each school organization, this particular learning program was
adapted by the school principals and teachers according to the specific needs of every case
(Papazoglou and Koutouzis, 2020). As in any case, when shifting from the conventional
teaching environment to an online teaching environment, school organizations in Greece
faced a lot of organizational and structural problems (Argyropoulou et al., 2021). School
principals in Greece, were mandated to work in school organizations during the closure of all
educational institutions and be in constant communication and collaboration with the
authorities in order to normalize the situation (Argyropoulou et al., 2021). In general, Greece
has a centralized education system and the role of the central government has been rather
facilitating since the limited time to address this unprecedented crisis has led school
organizations to use their relative autonomy in an effective and innovative way (Papazoglou
and Koutouzis, 2020), together with the regulations and tools that were offered by the
Ministry of Education.

Methods
In order to provide answers to the three main research questions that guided this research
study, the qualitative research example was followed. Specifically, since this study wanted to
highlight the role of the school principal in tackling the pandemic crisis through the
perspective of teachers, the qualitative approach was deemed appropriate. Scholars around
the world have found mechanisms to study crisis topics (James et al., 2011). In fact, James et al.
(2011) argued that the most suitable research method for studying crises is the qualitative
research approach. The qualitative research aspect can provide researchers with the
opportunity to capture significant details and insight into a crisis phenomenon, either as it is
unfolding or even retrospectively. Also, a narrative methodological design was selected since
the intention was to “interpret the stories people tell” (Feldman et al., 2004, p. 148). Therefore, in
this particular study, two different focus group interviews were conducted with experienced
educators who worked during the pandemic crisis in school organizations in Greece, under
the supervision of school principals. The convenient sampling technique was selected in this
study, since the participants consisted of students who participate in the postgraduate
master’s program “MA in Educational Leadership and Administration” in a private
university. The selection and participation of the sample (19 school teachers) was formed
after an invitation to take part in these focus groups on a voluntary basis. Specifically, the
invitation was addressed to all 34 active school teachers who were studying in the
postgraduate master’s program and worked in a school organization during the pandemic
crisis. The first focus group included nine teachers from the primary education sector, and the
second focus group included 10 teachers from the secondary education sector. A total sample
of 19 school teachers participated in the focus groups. Specifically, in the 1st focus group, nine
female teachers from primary education participated (N 5 9), whilst in the 2nd focus group,
eight female and two male teachers from secondary education participated (N 5 10).
Therefore, all the participants are actively school teachers, both in primary and secondary
education, and volunteer to take part in this study. Also, this study was performed during the
IJEM lockdown of the 2nd wave and it is connected to the teachers’ views on school leadership
37,2 during the pandemic crisis and is not directly related to school principals, hence the absence
of data from the school principals. According to Gundumogula (2020), focus groups are
considered an extended form or a more specific in-depth group interview of the traditional
interview process of the qualitative paradigm. Furthermore, the participants of the focus
group are chosen individuals, in this case, school teachers, who are knowledgeable and
experienced about the subject under consideration and who can contribute to the indented
354 topic in order to elicit the necessary data (Gundumogula, 2020). The data collection tools
included a common semi-structured interview protocol developed specifically for this study
based on the current theoretical sources of school principals’ role in tackling the pandemic
crisis. In particular, the interview protocols consisted of 21 open questions about the way in
which school principals communicated with teachers during the crisis, the leadership aspects
that were communicated with teachers in order to tackle the crisis as well as the main
obstacles that school principals faced during the crisis from the teachers’ perspective. In
particular, for the 1st research question, seven questions were formed (e.g. Q: Did your school
principal foster the framework of trust and cooperation during this crisis? Give us some
examples; Q: Was there a continuous and an ongoing communication? Give us some examples).
For the 2nd research question, another seven questions were formed (e.g. Q: What kind of
support did it offer you for your professional training and development in this new context of
distance education? Q: In the case of insufficient technological equipment for students, did the
school principal take any steps to obtain resources? (e.g. cooperation with competent bodies,
cooperation with other organizations; Q: Did you feel that your school principal made clear
decisions about issues related to this crisis? Q: Was there a division of responsibilities and
participatory decision-making on school topics related to the pandemic?). Finally, for the 3rd
research question another seven questions were formed (Q: What were the general difficulties
and obstacles your school principal faced in this crisis?; Q: What kind of difficulties/obstacles
arose between the director and the Ministry of Education during information/communication
about pandemic issues?). In March 2021, data were collected during a two-day online meeting
using the Zoom platform. In the next phase of the study, both focus groups were fully
transcribed and coded into themes and patterns based on the three presented research
questions. The collected data were specifically analyzed using an open coding analysis
followed by a detailed coding analysis. In particular, tables were created by presenting
information based on each research question. After the transcription of the two focus groups,
themes emerged from the text, by analyzing the meaning of words and sentence structure
were presented into each created table representing the three research questions.
In particular, an inductive coding process was followed in which the coding was created
from scratch based on the collected information from the focus groups. A three-fold coding
frame (CF), concerning the response to the pandemic crisis, was created based on the
aforementioned three research questions (CF1: School principals’ communication aspects with
teachers, CF2: School principals’ leadership practices and CF3: School principals’ main
obstacles). For each coding frame, codes were added based on the responses of the
participants, and the main findings are presented.

Main findings
Following are the main findings as formed by the three research questions of this study.

School principals’ communication aspects with teachers in tackling the pandemic crisis
Concerning the first research question, all school teachers (N 5 19) indicated the
uncertainty and anxiety faced by their school principals, as there were no guidelines to
support this sudden change of school closure. According to these school teachers, there School
was uncertainty with regard to the number of days for school closures. For instance, school principals’ role
principals indicated that the schools would remain closed for 10 days, but they were
uncertain since the Ministry of Education did not inform the school principals. In
during crisis
particular, 15 participants supported the notion that this particular aspect provided a
disorganized environment in their school organization and the school principals. For
instance, school principals were informed about the school closures with an official e-mail
and, in some cases, through a phone call from the Ministry of Education. In some other 355
cases, the information was coming from media sources rather than from the school
internally, since a lack of information toward school principals led to a lack of information
for school teachers. In addition, school teachers supported that school principals did not
have a clear plan or guidelines on how to transform the conventional teaching and learning
process into a remote one. A particular school principal did not take the initiative to
address the challenges that occurred in his/her school but rather was waiting for the
official guidelines and updates on how to proceed. Yet, all other school principals, as
indicated by the participants of the study, took initiatives such as sending informative e-
mails to students’ parents. In addition, school principals communicated with school
teachers at the very start of the pandemic using social media as well as phone applications
such as Facebook, Viber and WhatsApp. Most school principals, in particular nine school
principals, utilize this aspect in order to communicate with their school teachers and find
solutions to various problems. Also, to a lesser extent, school principals used the Skype
software for initial communication with the teachers. Finally, as derived from the results,
some of the school principals with limited digital capacity were using e-mail and the phone
for communication with their teachers.

School principals’ leadership aspects in tackling the pandemic crisis from teachers’
perspective
With regard to the second research question, most of the teachers, in particular 16
teachers that took part in the study indicated that school principals maintained their
leadership under the legislation of the Ministry of Education. Specifically, teachers
mentioned that school principals informed them to “work and keep everything by the law”.
In other words, school principals were cautious about taking decisions in the students’
interests based on the framework to address the crisis, as it was provided by the Ministry
of Education. Furthermore, an important leadership aspect that emerged had to do with
the aspects of trust and collaboration between the school principal and the teaching staff
during this particular crisis. According to teachers, in particular 13 teachers, the concept
of trust and closed collaboration, even by distance, as it was promoted by school
principals, supported the emotional aspect and provided teachers the opportunity to work
effectively. This climate of collaboration and strong organization by school principals
during this crisis was reflected on students. In some cases, as mentioned by school
teachers, the school principals created smaller groups with the participation of teachers,
and each group was assigned, for example, to address the ongoing problems in school
organizations or to address the pedagogical aspect of the new distance learning
environment, etc. Finally, the findings indicated that school principals promoted an
external leadership dimension that supported the crisis that occurred in their school
organizations. Specifically, the majority of teachers, in particular 17 teachers, supported
the school principals’ external dimension by including the following: 1) contact local
stores and businesses to assist students in their lack of technological equipment
(i.e., tablets, internet access) and 2) close collaboration with local communities to assist
students in their lack of technological equipment.
IJEM School principals’ main obstacles in tackling the pandemic crisis from teachers’ perspective
37,2 Finally, concerning the third research question, all school teachers (N 5 19) indicated that the
main obstacle that school principals had to face was related to students’ access to
technological equipment in order to follow the online teaching environment. In particular,
teachers from primary education mentioned that students faced more problems since most of
them were lacking computers and tablets for their distance lessons. On the contrary, students
from secondary education used their mobile phones to take part in the online lessons. Having
356 said that, primary school principals had to deal with the technological infrastructure barrier
and find solutions. An additional obstacle was the students’ connectivity and technological
issues. Furthermore, all teachers mentioned the lack of training on using the WebEx software
for the online lessons and how school principals, in some cases, designed in-house training for
the teaching staff with teachers or other colleagues with knowledge of educational
technology. Finally, an obstacle that arose was students in specific groups (students with
special needs, etc.) and whether school principals could deal with or handle these particular
students.

Discussion
This particular piece of research adds to the empirical aspect of school principals’ role during
the pandemic crisis from a different perspective. Based on the literature, limited to
nonexisting information is presented for this particular research topic. For instance,
Karakose et al. (2021) studied the school principals’ role, from the teachers’ perspectives, only
concerning the digital/technological aspect. Also, Wronowski et al. (2021) examined the
impact of teacher influence in the decision-making process during the crisis of COVID-19 and
their perspectives on school principals’ support on their self-efficacy and autonomy during
the crisis. Overall, the presented findings support the notion of Papazoglou and Koutouzis
(2020), who mention that this particular change in the educational landscape in Greek schools
has brought much-needed innovation. In particular, the findings revealed that school
principals in the Greek context faced a number of challenges, mostly concerning
communication and informative guidance between the Ministry of Education and school
principals, something that was observed in a similar centralized education system, that of
Cyprus (Kafa and Pashiardis, 2020). A centralized education system provides structure and
guidance. Yet, in this particular context, this did not work very well. This particular finding is
also connected to the centralized education system of Cyprus, in which the large number of
circulars on a daily basis led to confusion (Kafa and Pashiardis, 2020). Overall, school
principals, as supported by the teachers, utilized a number of communication tools, in
particular using social media and other phone applications, in order to keep in touch and
organize their following steps concerning the crisis. This particular finding is contradicted by
a study by Argyropoulou et al. (2021), who stressed that school principals’ communication
between teachers, parents and students was realized through telephone, email and
teleconferences instead of social media and phone applications. Yet, the communication
aspect during a crisis is one important leadership aspect (e.g. Lee et al., 2020; Ansell and Boin,
2019) and it was revealed, as well, in this particular study. In addition, the findings indicated
that school principals promoted the aspects of trust, collaboration, emotional support and
overall positive climate within their school organizations. According to literature, the
aforementioned competencies support the leader’s effort to address a crisis, including the
COVID-19 crisis (e.g. Fener and Cevik, 2015; Wooten and James, 2008; Harris and Jones, 2020;
Ahlstr€om et al., 2020). This particular finding is also demonstrated in a study performed in
Greece, in which school principals emphasized the support, trust, and collaboration among
the school organization’s members (Argyropoulou et al., 2021). Also, this particular finding is
connected to current research studies concerning school principals’ roles during the crisis, in
 €
various contexts such as that of Sweden, Cyprus, England, etc. (Arlestig et al., 2021). Another School
important finding that emerged from this study was the school principals’ external leadership principals’ role
dimension in order to tackle various aspects of this crisis. This external dimension includes
the outreach of the local community, parents, private organizations, etc. This particular
during crisis
external leadership dimension in order to address the COVID-19 crisis was supported in
literature, both theoretically and empirically in various contexts (e.g., Harris and Jones, 2020;
Angelico, 2020; Ho and Yong Tray, 2020; Azor
ın, 2020; Kafa, 2021). In addition, beyond the
pandemic crisis, the literature supports the significant dynamic of school principals’ 357
relationships with local communities (Sutherland, 2017) and it is connected to the
entrepreneurial leadership skills (Brauckmann – Sajkiewicz and Pashiardis, 2020;
Brauckmann and Pashiardis, 2011; Pashiardis, 2014) of a school principal who achieves
collaboration with a range of potential school stakeholders and acquires different resources
so that the school organization operates and runs smoothly (Brauckmann – Sajkiewicz and
Pashiardis, 2020). In addition, concerning the main obstacles that school principals faced
during the crisis, the most important finding was connected to the students’ lack of
technological equipment. Based on that, school principals, as mentioned above, promoted the
external dimension to support this obstacle. In a previous study in Greece by Argyropoulou
et al. (2021), technological obstacles, which included students’ lack of equipment, were faced
by the Ministry of Education rather than the promotion of an external leadership dimension,
as revealed in this study. Finally, teachers, from their own perspective, argued about the lack
of training on using the Webex software (online software for teaching in Greece) and reported
that, in some cases, the school principals designed in-house training for the teaching staff
with teachers or other colleagues with knowledge of educational technology and promoted
the professional development leadership style as presented in the literature (Brauckmann and
Pashiardis, 2011; Pashiardis, 2014).

Conclusion and implications

Currently, there is an increasing degree of reference about the school principals’ role during
the pandemic crisis. School principals had an important role to play concerning the outbreak
of the pandemic crisis and emerged as a significant source of influence (Harris, 2020;
Netolicky, 2020; Kafa, 2021) in order to maintain their leadership dynamic and guidance to
navigate through this particular crisis. Even if the world is still dealing with this particular
invisible enemy, future steps in school principals’ skills and capacity building in the post
pandemic era must be taken into consideration. In fact, the discussion of this capacity
building could be derived both from the literature through a theoretical and an empirical
perspective of the educational leadership field in the last three years (2020–2022). Based on
the aforementioned, this particular paper presented findings concerning the empirical aspect
of school principals’ role in tackling the pandemic crisis from teachers’ perspectives. Based on
the findings presented in this particular study, the following pillars could act as school
principals’ developmental skills in the post-pandemic era in crisis handling and overall
concerning the effective school leadership aspect within school organizations. The 1st pillar
refers to school principals’ digital and technological skills by promoting them both as “digital
coordinators” (fostering strong digital communication with the various internal and external
school stakeholders) and “digital pedagogical school leaders” (providing support to teachers
in integrating digital technologies into their teaching and promoting the implementation of
digital learning communities among teaching staff). Additionally, the 2nd pillar refers to the
entrepreneurial leadership skills that could assist school principals during crises and times of
uncertainty by acquiring various external recourses that support the effects of the crisis on
their school organizations. Finally, the 3rd pillar refers to the school principals’ development
of holistic leadership skills (e.g., trust, communication system, etc.) that could lead to the
IJEM success of addressing a crisis. At the same time, this holistic leadership skills’ pillar could
37,2 include school principals’ support to assist students in specific groups during crises. These
particular pillars could act as an important training aspect for all the practitioners and
education policy across the contexts in order to support school principals’ developmental
skills in the post-pandemic era in crisis handling. To sum up, in order to enhance school
principals’ capabilities, governments and educational policymakers across the world should
rethink the role of school principals in this post-COVID-19 era. In general, these particular
358 skills could support school leadership in the following years. This could be implemented by
increasing training, seminars and professional development series with the participation of
governmental and other private bodies (e.g., private companies, government agencies and
universities) specializing in various aspects of supporting the development of school
principals’ skills. For example, in the Italian context, higher education institutes supported
the other educational settings (primary and secondary education) through their own
expertise and provided the necessary professional development to ensure the basics of this
new online learning environment (Girelli et al., 2021). Also, another example derived from
Cyprus, is the Cyprus Pedagogical Institute (whose main activities focus on teachers’ and
school principals’ pre-service and in-service training), which collaborated with the Ministry of
Education, together with the Ministry of Research, Innovation and Digital Policy to
implement the e-learning process across Cyprus (Kafa and Pashiardis, 2020). Moreover, in the
event of a crisis, societies governments and educational policymakers need to adjust their
budget allocation to all school organizations in order to support school principals in assisting
the school organization’s needs. Also, further research based on this study is being proposed,
both in centralized and decentralized education systems, in order to proceed with the
generalization of the findings, and then further support the implications sector both for
educational policy and school principals. In addition, future research could incorporate the
pillars derived from this study in order to identify common grounds with other centralized
and decentralized education systems in order to support school principals’ role in tackling a
crisis. Finally, based on the collective findings from different contexts concerning school
principals’ role in addressing the pandemic crisis, we can infuse through technology various
simulation activities for future school principals. This particular aspect includes school
principals’ professional training programs that has already been introduced in the literature
by research studies contributing to school principals’ ethical dilemmas in school
organizations (Iftach and Shapira-Lishchinsky, 2021; Shapira-Lishchinsky, 2015).

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Corresponding author
Antonios Kafa can be contacted at: [Link]@[Link]

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