Science 10
Unit 3:Physics
Book 1: Kinetic & Potential
Energy
Name: Block:
1
2
The energy of motion of objects that are larger than atoms and molecules. Any
object that is moving has mechanical KE
The energy of electromagnetic waves that travel or "radiate" from an energy source.
light bulbs (radiate UV radiation, visible light and infrared radiation)
the Sun radiates the entire electromagnetic spectrum (solar energy)
Commonly known as "Heat Energy"; Energy of random motion of the particles that
make up a substance. particles of matter are always moving
Energy of electrons moving along a wire or other conductor. A load (any electrical
appliance) changes the electrical KE into another form, such as radiant energy (light
bulb)
Energy of vibrations or disturbances of teh particles that make up matter. Travels
through substances as a pressure wave. As the wave passes, particles vibrate + collide
Energy stored in a stretched or compressed object, not just an elastic band or spring.
eg. soles of your shoes, tennis ball + racquet
energy stored in chemical bonds. much of human society relies on the chem PE
stored in fossil fuels.
eg firefly: CPE--> light
energy due to the position of an object relative to a reference point, such as the
ground.
eg. a roller coaster at the top of a large hill has more GPE than it does at the bottom
Energy stored within the nucleus of an atom. Nuclear processes can release an
enormous amount of energy
eg nuclear power plant, radioactive decay
energy stored by a separation of positive an negative charges
an electrochemical cell, or battery
A compass needle moves beause it's magnetic and is attracted by Earth's magnetic
field. If you prevent the needle from moving, it has magnetic PE, because it now has
the "potential" to move.
3
Summary of KINETIC ENERGY
Kinetic energy (Ek ) is the e
nergy of motion, which may be in any direction ( like vertical or
horizontal), or spinning motion. To calculate the Ek of a m
oving object, use the following
formula:
Ek = ½ mass x velocity2 or Ek = ½ mv2
Steps for solving energy problems:
1.
2.
3.
Where:
Mass (m) is measured in kilograms (kg)
Velocity (v) is measured in meters per second (m/s)
Ek is measured in joules (J)
Note: To earn full marks when solving science word problems,
you must Show your work:
1. State the unknown value. (What are you asked to find?)
2. List the information given in the problem (all the known values)
3. Identify a formula that may help you solve it.
4. Manipulate the formula so that the unknown is on the left side.
5. Substitute in the known values.
6. Calculate the answer. (Yes, now you may pick up your calculator)
7. State your answer with the correct units
Example Problem:
Roger Federer serves a tennis ball with a velocity of 35.0 m/s. If the ball has a mass of
0.150 kg, what is the kinetic energy (Ek ) of the ball?
Known Values:
m = 0.150 kg,
v = 35.0 m/s
Formula: Ek = ½ mv2
= 0.5 x 0.150 x 35.02
= 0.5 x 0.150 x 1225
= 91.875 (not rounded)
= 91.9 J (rounded, with units)
9
Assignment #1: Complete the following
worksheet in the space provided below
Part 1 – Position vs. Time Graphs. Hint: for all questions, moving to the right/east is positive (+) and
moving to the left/west is negative (-).
1. Use the following position-time graph showing the motion of a gymnast on a balance beam to
match each descriptor below with the corresponding part of the graph. Each part of the graph
may be used as often as necessary. Assume the centre of the balance beam is the
reference point (origin). A is the starting spot of the gymnast, and F is the ending spot.
_____ a) She stands still for 3 s.
_____ b) She moves even faster to the right for 1 s.
_____ c) She moves very slowly to the left for 2 s.
_____ d) She moves more quickly to the left for 4 s.
_____ e) She ends up 1 m left of the centre of the balance beam.
_____ f) She starts 2 m to the right of the centre of the balance beam.
2. Use the following position-time graph, showing the motion of
two runners, to answer the questions below.
a) What does the y-intercept represent?
b) Do the runners start at the same place?
c) At about 2 s, which runner is running faster? How can you tell?
d) What occurs at 5 s?
e) At 10 s, which runner is ahead?
10
3. Use the following data table, showing a car’s recorded positions over 7 seconds, to answer the
questions below. Assume 0m is the reference point.
a) Label the x-axis with Time (s) and the y-axis with Position (m). Use the grid to plot the data points
from the data table. Draw a best-fit line through the points.
b) When was the car 50 m east of the reference point?
c) What was the car’s position at 1 s?
d) Where was the car at 5.5 s?
e) Describe the motion of the car during the time interval 2 s – 4 s.
4. Draw a position vs. time graph to represent the following scenarios. Title and scale the axes!
a) A stationary object b) An object moving with constant velocity
11
Part 2 – Use the data table below to create a graph of velocity vs. time for a car with a mass of 852 kg.
Use the graph to answer the questions below. Don’t forget to show your work in the space provided.
16
Time Velocity
(s) (m/s) 14
0 0 12
Velocity (m/s)
2 6 10
3 14 8
5 14 6
4
8 2
2
10 0
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
Time (s)
5. What is the kinetic energy of the car at time 2 s?
6. What is the kinetic energy of the car between 3 s and 5 s?
7. What is the kinetic energy of the car at time 10 s?
12
Part 3 –Word Problems
8. A girl is riding her bike at a velocity of 12 m/s. She weighs 55 kg and her bike weighs 22 kg.
What is the kinetic energy of the girl and her bike?
9. Two objects were lifted by a machine. One object had a mass of 4 kg, and was lifted at a velocity
of 2 m/s. The other had a mass of 2 kg and was lifted at a velocity of 3 m/s. Calculate which
object had more kinetic energy while it was being lifted.
10. A moving dog with a mass of 34 kg has a kinetic energy of 25 J. How fast is the dog running?
11. A falling elephant with a velocity of 35 m/s has a kinetic energy of 1500 J. What is the mass of
the elephant?
13
of the droplet?
13. A box hits the ground with 32,000 J of kinetic energy. If the box was traveling at 40.0 m/s when
it hit, what must the mass of the box be?
14. Schwab is shot out of a cannon. If his mass is 68 kg and he has a kinetic energy of 706 J, how far
does he travel in the first second after leaving the cannon?
14
Part b– Potential Energy
What is Potential Energy?
15
16
17
18
SUMMARY of POTENTIAL ENERGY PROBLEMS
Gravitational potential energy (Ep ) is the energy o f a mass due t o its position in a gravitational
force field. For example: when you hike up a hill, you are moving your mass away from the
center of the Earth. You are lifting your mass u p inside Earth’s gravitational force field, a nd that
means that you could fall back down in the future. Because your mass now has the ability to
ove (you falling) , you have more potential energy. You gain Ep as you climb.
make things m
To calculate the Ep of an object (relative to a place where h = 0
), u
se the following formula:
Ep = mgh
Where:
Mass (m) is measured in kilograms (kg)
Gravitational field strength (g) is measured in newtons per kilogram (N/kg)
Height (h) in measured in metres (m) [note: height is measured from some place where
we have decided the height is zero]
Ep is measured in joules (J)
Note: To earn full marks when solving science word problems, you must Show your
work. Please refer to the problem solving steps given in class. Don’t forget to convert
units into the proper base units before calculating.
Example Problem:
A ball of mass 1.30 kg is thrown upward and reaches a height of 24.0 m above the
ground. What is the potential energy (Ep ) of the ball relative to the ground?
Known Values:
m = 1.30 kg
h = 24.0 m
g = 9.80 N/kg (on Earth)
[we can assume we are on Earth unless otherwise mentioned]
Formula: Ep = mgh
= (1.30)(9.80)(24.0)
= 305.76 (not rounded)
= 306 J (rounded, with units)
19
Assignment #2: Complete the following
worksheet in the space provided below
20
21
Part c– Scientific Notation
22
23
Assignment #3: Complete the following
worksheet in the space provided below
24
