INDEX

1.INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………1

2.PRINCIPLE ………………………………………………………..2

3.CONSTRUCTION ………………………………………………....3

4.TYPES OF TRANSFORMER ……………………………………..4-5

5.THEORY AND WORKING ………………………………….........6-8

6.EFFICIENCY ……………………………………………………….9

7.ENERGY LOSS …………………………………………………….10

8.USES ………………………………………………………………...11

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY …………………………………………………..12
 INTRODUCTION

A transformer is one of the most common devices found in electrical system that links the circuits

which are operating at different voltages. These are commonly used in applications where there is a

need of AC voltage conversion from one voltage level to another.It is possible either to decrease or

increase the voltage and currents by the use of transformer in AC circuits based on the requirements

of the electrical equipment or device or load Various applications use wide variety of transformers

including power, instrumentation and pulse transformers.In a broad, transformers are categorized

into two types, namely, electronic transformers and power transformers. Electronic transformers

operating voltages are very low and are rated at low power levels. These are used in consumer

electronic equipment like televisions, personal computers, CD/DVD players, and other devices.The

term power transformer is referred to the transformers with high power and voltage ratings. These

are extensively used in power generation, transmission, distribution and utility systems to increase or

decrease the voltage levels. However, the operation involved in these two types of transformers is

same.

1
 PRINCIPLE OF TRANSFORMER

A transformer is based on the principle of mutual induction,i.e., whenever the amount of magnetic flux

linked with a coil changes, an emf is induced in the neighbouring coil

2
 CONSTRUCTION

A transformer consists of primary and secondary coils insulated from each other, wound on a soft iron

core.To minimize eddy current a laminated iron core is used. The AC input is applied across the

primary coil.The continuously varying current in the primary coil produces a varying magnetic flux in

the primary coil, which in turn produces a varying magnetic flux in the secondary. Hence, an induced

emf is produced across the secondary coil .Let EP and ES be the induced emf in the primary and

secondary coils and NP and NS be the number of turns in the primary and secondary coils

respectively. Since same flux links with the primary and secondary, the emf induced per turn of the

two coils must be the same.

3
 TYPES OF TRANSFORMER

It is defined as the ratio of no. of turns in the primary coil to that of the secondary coil.

Turn ratio = NI/N2

If N2>Nl the transformer is called step up transformer. If N2<N1 the transformer is called step down

transformer.

4
5
 THEORY AND WORKING

The working of the transformer is explained below.The transformer consists of two separate windings

placed over the laminated silicon steel core.The winding to which AC supply is connected is called

primary winding and to which load is connected is called secondary winding.It works on the alternating

current only because an alternating flux is required for mutual induction between the two

windings.When the AC supply is given to the primary winding with a voltage of VI, an alternating flux

(t) sets up in the core of the transformer, which links with the secondary winding and as a result of it, an

emf is induced in it called Mutually induced emf. The direction of this induced emf is opposite to the

applied voltage VI, this is because of Lenz's law.

6
Physically, there is no electrical connection between the two windings, but they are magnetically

connected. Therefore, the electrical power is transferred from the primary circuit to the secondary

circuit through mutual inductance. The induced emf in the primary and secondary coil depends upon the

rate of change of flux linkage i.e. where is the change of flux and is same for both the primary

and secondary coils. The induced emf in the primary winding is directly proportional to the number of

turns of primary coil. Similarly, induced emf in the secondary coil directly proportional to the number

of turns in the secondary coil.

7
TRANSFORMER ON DC SUPPLY: -

As discussed above, the transformer works on AC supply, and it can not work on DC supply, If the

rated dc voltage is applied across the primary coil, a constant magnitude flux will set up in the core of

the transformer and hence there will be no self-induced emf generation, and as for the linkage of flux

with the secondary coil there must be alternating flux not a constant flux.

According to OHM's Law: -

The resistance of the primary coil is very low, and the primary current is high. So, this current is

much higher than the rated full loaded primary coil current. Hence, as a result, the amount of heat

produced will be greater and therefore eddy current loss will be more. Because of this, the insulations

of the primary coil will get burnt, and the transformer will be damaged.

8
 TRANSFORMER EFFICIENCY

The Efficiency of the transformer is defined as the ratio of useful output power to the input power.

The input and output power are measured in the same unit. Its unit is either in Watts (W) or

KW. Transformer efficiency is denoted by n

9
 ENERGY LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER
Even though transformers are very efficient machines, they do result in small energy losses due to

four main causes:

1.The resistance of windings — The low resistance copper cable used for the windings remains

resistant and thus leads to heat loss. In order to minimize this loss thick wires with considerably low

resistance are used.

2. Leakage of flux — If the core design is not good then the flux produced by the primary coil may

not all be connected to the secondary coil This can be reduced by considering the core of shell type.

3.Eddy currents loss — The varying magnetic field not only induces secondary coil currents but also

iron core currents themselves. In the iron core, these currents flow in small circles and are termed as

eddy currents, The eddy current loss can be minimized by considering the laminated core.

4.Hysteresis — This is because of the repeated iron core magnetization and demagnetization induced

by the alternating input current. By using alloys such as silicon steel, this can be reduced.

10
 USES OF TRANSFORMER

1.Power Transformers: These kinds of transformers are used for high voltage power transfer

applications (more than 33 KV). They are usually bigger in size and can occupy larger space.

2.Distribution Transformers: These types of transformers are used to distribute the generated power

to distant locations. It is used for distributing electricity at low voltage that is less than 33 KV in

industry or 220-440 V for household purposes.

3.Measurement Transformers: This kind of uses of transformer helps in measuring voltage, current,

and power, etc.

11
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

www.wikjpediq.com

www.vedgntu.com

www.byiuys.com

www.brainly.com

www.meritnation.com

www.quorq.com

www.iagqrqniosh.com

www.sciencehub.com

www.scienceviq.com

www.phyl 2.com

12
 JALANDHAR PUBLIC
SCHOOL

PHYSICS PROJECT FILE(2022-23)

TOPIC:
TRANSFORMER

SUBMITTED TO:
Miss.Monica

SUBMITTED BY:
Komal
XII(PCB)
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Komal student of class XII(PCB) of
JALANDHAR PUBLIC SCHOOL has successfully
completed investigatory project of Physics on topic
TRANSFORMER as prescribed by the CENTRAL BOARD
OF SECONDARY EDUCATION during the academic year
2022-23.

Principal

Teacher Incharge

Examiner
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude to my
Physics teacher Miss Monica as well as our Principal
Mrs.Surinder kaur who gave me the golden opportunity to do
this wonderful project on the topic TRANSFORMER which
also helped me in doing a lot of research and I came to know
about so many new things .
Secondly,I would also like to thank my Parents and Friends
who helped me a lot in finalising this project within the
limited time frame .