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4. Tissues & Histology

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4. Tissues & Histology

TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO TISSUES & HISTOLOGY

● The human body is amazingly complex yet is only built from _____ primary types of tissue.
◼ Recall: Tissues: ______________ of similar cells working together to perform related functions.
◼ “Tissues” can also include Extracellular Matrix (_______): surrounding material outside cells.

PRACTICE: Which of the following statements is true?

a) Human body has trillions of cells operating completely independently of one another.
b) All organisms are composed of a unique combination of just four different tissue types.
c) The ECM is a combination of complex molecules found inside connective tissue cells.
d) “Tissues” can be used to refer not only to coordinating groups of similar cells but also to their ECM.

The Study of Tissues

⚫ _________________: scientific study of tissue structure & function (including shape, size, arrangement, & ECM).
⚫ Tissues appear transparent under a microscope before being stained with _________.

PRACTICE: Which of the following is something that a histologist would NOT be expected to do?
a) Utilize a light microscope to inspect a biopsy of suspected cancerous tissue to detect cellular abnormalities.
b) Prepare a sample of lung tissue using the Gram stain technique to identify presence of bacteria.
c) Conducting a cardiac tissue bypass surgery to replace damaged tissue & restore normal blood flow to heart.
d) Analyze cellular structure & ECM of a bone biopsy to help in diagnosis of osteoporosis.

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TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO TISSUES & HISTOLOGY

Map of the Lesson on Tissues
● Here is a __________ that you can continuously use to help guide you through our lessons on tissues.

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4. Tissues & Histology

TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO EPITHELIAL TISSUE

⚫ Epithelial Tissue: ____________ body surfaces/organs, ________ internal cavities/ducts, & makes _________.
◼ Sheets of tightly packed cells on a ________________ adjacent to _________ _________.

Functions of Epithelial Tissue

⚫ Epithelial tissue can be broadly categorized into _______ major functional groups with the indicated functions:

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TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO EPITHELIAL TISSUE

EXAMPLE: Use an “X” to indicate the primary function(s) associated with the epithelium in each body location.

PRACTICE: Which statement is true about nearly all epithelial tissue?

a) All epithelial tissue produces specialized secretions.
b) All epithelial tissue has one surface that is adjacent to an open space.
c) All epithelial tissue consists of a thick layer of cells in order to provide protection.
d) All epithelial tissue allows for the diffusion of molecules into other adjacent tissues.

PRACTICE: When considering an internal organ like the heart or liver, based on what you know about epithelial tissue,
do you think that most of the tissue that makes up that organ would be epithelial tissue or some other kind of tissue?
a) Mostly epithelial tissue
b) Mostly some other kind of tissue

PRACTICE: A nutrient in the small intestine is absorbed into the bloodstream. In doing so, it moves from being
dissolved in the chyme present in the small intestine to being dissolved in the plasma of the blood. How many times
did the nutrient pass through epithelial tissue when moving from the intestine to the blood?
a) 0 b) 1 c) 2 d) 3

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TOPIC: CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

⚫ There are ______ commonly recognized characteristics of epithelial tissue:

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TOPIC: CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

EXAMPLE: In the following images of epithelial tissue, identify the following features (if present):
a) apical surface b) basal surface c) basement membrane d) connective tissue e) cilia

PRACTICE: Most cancers develop in epithelial tissues. Which epithelial tissue characteristic makes them prone to
cancer?
a) Epithelial cells have polarity. c) Epithelial tissue is supported by connective tissue.
b) Epithelial tissue is avascular but innervated. d) Epithelial cells divide regularly.

PRACTICE: Together the basal lamina and the reticular lamina make up the _____________________. The basal
lamina is produced by the _________________, while the reticular lamina is produced by the
____________________.
a) Basement membrane, epithelial tissue, connective tissue
a) Apical surface, epithelial tissue, connective tissue
b) Basement membrane, connective tissue, epithelial tissue
c) Apical surface, connective tissue, epithelial tissue

PRACTICE: A student scratched herself accidentally. What piece of evidence would suggest the scratch went through
the epithelium (outermost layers of her skin) and reached the underlying connective tissue?
a) She started bleeding. b) She felt pain.

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TOPIC: CHARACTERISTICS OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

PRACTICE: The epithelial tissue in the small intestine is specialized to absorb nutrients. Why would tight junctions be
important in this function?
a) Tight junctions allow the cells to transmit ions between cells, allowing the cells of the epithelium to coordinate.
b) Tight junctions ensure all nutrients are absorbed through epithelial cells, allowing for selective permeability.
c) Tight junctions allow specific molecules such as nutrients to enter the cell more easily.
d) Tight junctions allow the epithelial cells to sense and recognize specific molecules.

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TOPIC: STRUCTURAL NAMING OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

⚫ Structurally, humans have _____ main types of epithelial tissue & most (6 of 8) are named using a 2-word-system:
◼ 1st Word: indicates one or multiple _____________ of cells. ◼ 2nd Word: indicates cell __________.

EXAMPLE: What are the names of the following tissues?

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TOPIC: STRUCTURAL NAMING OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

PRACTICE: You look at a slide under the microscope & the tissue has a single layer of cells next to an open surface.
The indicated cells are roughly as tall as they are wide. How would you identify these cells?
a) Simple cuboidal epithelium. c) Stratified cuboidal epithelium.
b) Simple squamous epithelium. d) Stratified squamous epithelium.

PRACTICE: Of the following tissue types, which is likely to be the thinnest overall?
a) Stratified cuboidal epithelium. c) Stratified columnar epithelium.
b) Simple columnar epithelium. d) Simple cuboidal epithelium.

PRACTICE: True or false: stratified squamous epithelium is thicker than simple squamous epithelium.
a) True b) False

PRACTICE: You look at a slide under the microscope & the tissue has a double layer of cells next to an open surface.
The indicated cells are tall and narrow. How would you identify these cells?
a) Stratified columnar epithelium. c) Simple columnar epithelium.
b) Stratified cuboidal epithelium. d) Stratified squamous epithelium.

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4. Tissues & Histology

TOPIC: SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUES

⚫ ____ tissues are structurally categorized as ____________ epithelial tissues.

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TOPIC: SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE

EXAMPLE: The drawing shows a gas and nutrient exchange in a capillary.

The missing label indicated the cells of the capillary wall. Fill in the missing
label with the correct cell type and explain how you knew the correct label.

PRACTICE: Which features of simple squamous epithelium makes it ideal for rapid diffusion?
a) Tight junctions usually hold the cells together. c) It is attached to a basement membrane.
b) It lines body cavities. d) It is very thin.

PRACTICE: What type of cell is most often found in the ducts of glands?
a) Simple squamous epithelium. c) Stratified columnar epithelium.
b) Simple cuboidal epithelium. d) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

PRACTICE: In the image to the right, what feature is the yellow arrow pointing to?
a) Basement membrane. c) Microvilli.
b) Cilia. d) Apical surface.

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TOPIC: SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUE

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TOPIC: SIMPLE EPITHELIAL TISSUES

EXAMPLE: This tissue is from the lining of the stomach. What type of tissue is it and what makes it unique?

Type of tissue: ____________________

No _____________ cells in the stomach.

PRACTICE: Which characteristic is true of columnar cells, but not other epithelial tissues?
a) Columnar epithelial tissue contains the protein keratin. c) Columnar epithelial tissue may contain goblet cells.
b) Columnar epithelial tissue is found in the lungs. d) Columnar epithelial tissue functions in secretion.

PRACTICE: Both the small intestine & the trachea are lined with columnar cells. Based on their location, what do you
expect would be different about these cells?
a) Cells in the intestine will have cilia to aid in absorption. Cells in the trachea will have microvilli to move mucus.
b) Cells in the intestine will have cilia to move mucus. Cells in the trachea have microvilli to aid in absorption.
c) Cells in the intestine will have microvilli to move mucus. Cells in the trachea have cilia to aid in absorption.
d) Cells in the intestine will have microvilli to aid in absorption. Cells in the trachea will have cilia to move mucus.

PRACTICE: Imagine that you are a histologist looking at a sample of cells from the lining of the human intestine.
What tissue type do you expect to see?
a) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium. c) Simple cuboidal epithelium.
b) Simple columnar epithelium. d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium.

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4. Tissues & Histology

TOPIC: STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUES

⚫ ____ tissues are structurally categorized as _______________ epithelial tissues.

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TOPIC: STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUES

EXAMPLE: To students, stratified squamous epithelium and transitional epithelium tissues often look similar. Identify each tissue
below and highlight the difference(s) between the tissue that helps you tell them apart.

PRACTICE: Before rubber was used in inflatable balls used in sports, people would inflate animal bladders to make
the inner part of a ball. Which tissue type would make this possible?
a) Stratified squamous epithelium. c) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
b) Transitional epithelium. d) Simple squamous epithelium.

PRACTICE: When you look at another person, what do you see?

a) Stratified squamous epithelium. c) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
b) Transitional epithelium. d) Simple squamous epithelium.

PRACTICE: What is different about the epithelium found inside the mouth and the epithelium found on the face?
a) Inside the mouth has simple squamous epithelium while the face has stratified squamous epithelium.
b) The epithelium inside the mouth has goblet cells, while the skin will not.
c) The epithelium of the skin has a basement membrane, while the epithelium inside the mouth will not.
d) The epithelium on the face has keratinized cells, while inside the mouth will not.

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TOPIC: STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUES

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TOPIC: STRATIFIED EPITHELIAL TISSUES

PRACTICE: Which type of epithelial tissue has more than one cell shape in a single layer?
a) Simple cuboidal epithelium. c) Stratified squamous epithelium.
b) Simple columnar epithelium. d) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

PRACTICE: Which of the following functions is stratified squamous epithelial tissue best suited to?
a) Rapid diffusion. c) Protection.
b) Absorption. d) Lining internal organs.

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4. Tissues & Histology

TOPIC: IDENTIFYING TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Epithelium Identification Flow Chart

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TOPIC: IDENTIFYING TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

EXAMPLE: Identify the following epithelial tissues:

PRACTICE: Identify the tissue indicated in the slide:

a) Stratified columnar epithelium.

b) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
c) Simple columnar epithelium.
d) Stratified cuboidal epithelium.

PRACTICE: Identify the tissue indicated in the slide:

a) Simple cuboidal epithelium.

b) Stratified squamous epithelium.
c) Transitional epithelium.
d) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.

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TOPIC: IDENTIFYING TYPES OF EPITHELIAL TISSUE

PRACTICE: Identify the tissue indicated in the slide:

a) Stratified squamous epithelium.

b) Pseudostratified columnar epithelium.
c) Simple columnar epithelium.
d) Simple cuboidal epithelium.

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4. Tissues & Histology

TOPIC: GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE

⚫ Glandular Epithelial Tissue: epithelial tissue that forms _____________.
◼ Recall: Gland: a cell or group of cells that ______________ a product (e.g., sweat, bile, or hormones).
⚫ Glands can be categorized into _______ major groups: 1) Exocrine Glands & 2) Endocrine Glands.

EXAMPLE: The gland at the right releases product. Use evidence from the image
to determine if the structure is an endocrine or exocrine gland.
a) Endocrine.
b) Exocrine.

PRACTICE: A mother breastfeeding her infant is utilizing what type of gland for that process?
a) Paracrine. c) Exocrine.
b) Endocrine. d) Stratified.

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TOPIC: GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Unicellular Exocrine Glands – Goblet Cells
⚫ Unicellular Exocrine Gland: single-celled exocrine gland.
⚫ ____________ Cells: most common unicellular exocrine gland; named because it’s shape resembles a goblet.
◼ Found in ______________________ & intestinal tracts.
◼ Secretes vesicles filled with _________________ (a glycoprotein that forms mucus) via exocytosis.

EXAMPLE: Label the missing words on the diagram of the goblet cell below.

PRACTICE: Which of the following is a primary function of goblet cells?

a) Lubricating and protecting the epithelium.
b) Secreting mucus.
c) Producing hormones.
d) Absorbing wastes.

PRACTICE: If you had many more goblet cells than you’re supposed to, which symptom are you most likely to
experience?
a) A dry throat.
a) Low hormone levels.
b) Difficulty breathing.
c) High blood pressure.

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TOPIC: GLANDULAR EPITHELIAL TISSUE

Multicellular Exocrine Glands: Mode of Secretion
⚫ Multicellular Exocrine Gland: composed of multiple cells; structurally more complex than unicellular glands.
◼ Can be grouped into ______ types based on their modes of secretion:
1. Merocrine (Eccrine): merely uses ____________________ to secrete products (most common).
2. Holocrine: whole cell __________________ & ____________ to secrete products (holo = whole).
3. Apocrine: _______________ portion of the cell sheds off to secrete products, but cell doesn’t die.

PRACTICE: Which type of multicellular gland needs to be completely regenerated each time it secretes product?
a) Merocrine. c) Holocrine.
b) Apocrine. d) None of these.

PRACTICE: Which type of gland doesn’t need to be repaired at all after secretion?
a) Merocrine. c) Holocrine.
b) Apocrine. d) None of these.

PRACTICE: Which type of secretion is most consistent with how goblet cells secrete?
a) Merocrine. c) Holocrine.
b) Apocrine. d) None of these.

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TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO CONNECTIVE TISSUE

⚫ Connective Tissue: the most abundant, widely distributed, & _______________ tissue class.

● However, despite the diversity, all connective tissues have the following in common:
1) derived from embryonic ______________ & 2) cells occupy far ________ space than their ECM.

Structure of Connective Tissue

● Connective tissues have the most prominent ________.
1 Extracellular Matrix (ECM): material ____________ cells made of ground substance & protein fibers.
□ Ground Substance: unstructured material between cells & fibers, ranges in viscosity (solid → liquid).
□ Protein Fibers: different fibers contribute to tissue’s physical properties: strength, flexibility, recoil.
2 Cells: cells secrete and maintain the ECM and support specialized functions of the connective tissue.
□ “-blast” cells: immature cells that actively __________ & secrete ECM (E.g., Fibroblasts).
□ “-cyte” cells: mature cells that maintain ECM (E.g., Fibrocytes).

EXAMPLE: How is connective tissue like ice-cream with different toppings mixed in?

PRACTICE: What part of connective tissue takes up most of the volume?

a) Extracellular Matrix b) Cells c) Epithelium d) Glands

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TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Functions of Connective Tissue
● Connective tissue functions are very ________________ but can be grouped into 5 main functions:

Functions: Epithelial vs. Connective Tissue

● Epithelial & connective tissue are both __________ in function & may seem to overlap a bit: let’s compare them!

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TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO CONNECTIVE TISSUE

EXAMPLE: What type of tissue is responsible for support of the body?

a) Epithelial Tissue
b) Connective Tissue
c) Muscle Tissue
d) Nervous Tissue

PRACTICE: During a dissection, a student comes across a tissue they don’t recognize. They note it makes the internal
structure of the spleen (an organ of the immune system that filters blood) and when they examine a section under
the microscope, they see long dark branched structures, small circular cells, and a significant amount of ECM. What
type of tissue could this be?
a) Nervous Tissue
b) Muscle Tissue
c) Epithelial Tissue
d) Connective Tissue

PRACTICE: Both epithelial and connective tissue are involved in transport of materials in the body. How do their
functions differ?
a) Epithelial tissue provides a mechanism of transport while connective tissue regulates transport.
b) Epithelial tissue facilitates diffusion while connective tissue uses active transport.
c) Epithelial tissue regulates transport while connective tissue provides a mechanism for transport.
d) Epithelial tissue transports nutrients while connective tissue transports hormones.

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TOPIC: CLASSES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

● Because connective tissues are so diverse, they can be grouped in different ways.
● This lesson groups connective tissue into ______ major classes:
1. Connective Tissue Proper (General Connective Tissue): generalized functions, gelatinous ground substance.
□ Includes _____________ & Dense Connective Tissues.
2. Specialized Connective Tissue: specific functions unique to the tissue with solid or liquid ground substance.
□ Includes ________________, Bones, Blood & Lymph.

PRACTICE: Marco and Yara are discussing connective tissue and Marco states that blood can’t be a connective tissue
because it’s a liquid. Yara claims that blood is a specialized connective tissue with a fluid ECM. Who is right and why?
a) Marco because blood doesn’t have a ground substance so it can’t be connective tissue.
b) Yara because the viscosity of the ground substance can vary from low to extremely high.
c) Marco because connective tissue only includes connective tissue proper.
d) Yara because all liquids found in the body are connective tissue.

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TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

● Connective Tissue Proper: collective term to refer to both loose and dense connective tissues.
◼ Found _______ throughout body in various locations — rich in fibers — ___________ functions.
◼ Loose & Dense Connective Tissues are made from same cells & fibers but differ in amounts & arrangement.

PRACTICE: True or False: Connective Tissue Proper is categorized into two types based on their cell types.
a) True—the presence of -blast and -cyte cells determines if it is loose or dense connective tissue proper.
b) False—the arrangement of fibers determines if it is loose or dense connective tissue proper.

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TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

Protein Fibers
● Protein Fibers: large, thread/rope-like structures in the ECM made up of _____________ proteins.
◼ 2 main smaller proteins make up the protein fibers:
- ________________: non-elastic. - ______________: elastic.

3 Types of Protein Fibers

● ______ types of protein fibers can be found in the ground substance:
1. Collagen Fibers: made of collagen proteins. Rope
◼ Long, thick, _____-branched, straight: _____________ but flexible.
2. Reticular Fibers: also made of collagen proteins (Reticular = “Netlike”).
Net
◼ Thin & ______________: resists force in _____________ directions.
3. Elastic Fibers: made of elastin proteins:
◼ Branched and wavy: _______________. Bungee
Cord

EXAMPLE: Fill out the interactive blanks in the flow chart.

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TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

PRACTICE: A student knows a particular structure is made of connective tissue and they want to know what type of
fiber exists in its ground substance. The structure must withstand force from muscles pulling in different directions.
What type of fiber is likely used in this connective tissue?
a) Collagen b) Reticular Fibers c) Elastic

PRACTICE: Both collagen fibers & reticular fibers are made of the same protein collagen. How are the two different?
a) Collagen fibers are wavy while reticular fibers are straight.
b) Collagen fibers are branched while reticular fibers are long and straight.
c) Collagen fibers are thin while reticular fibers are thick.
d) Collagen fibers are long and straight while reticular fibers are branched.

PRACTICE: Ehlers-Danlos syndromes are a group of genetic conditions that affect the production of collagen. One
symptom of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome can be hyper-elasticity of the skin (skin that stretches much more than normal).
This symptom is due to changes in the connective tissue supporting the skin. Relate this symptom to the roles of
different fibers in connective tissue:
a) Collagen is not elastic; the condition likely results in less collagen, allowing skin to stretch more than usual.
b) Both elastic and reticular fibers are elastic; the condition likely results in higher concentrations of these.
c) Collagen has highly elastic properties; the condition must result in an overproduction of collagen.
d) Both A and B are correct.

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TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

Cells in Connective Tissue Proper
● Cells in Connective Tissue Proper can be broken into two groups:
● Fixed/Resident Cells: permanently _____________ in the tissue in a fixed/stable fashion.
◼ ___________________: cells that build/secrete ECM.
◼ ___________________: cells that maintain ECM.
◼ Adipocytes: ________ cells found in some types of connective tissue proper.
● Migratory Cells: immune cells that __________ in & out of the tissue to protect against infection.
◼ Macrophages: large phagocytotic cells.
◼ Mast Cells: release histamines.

EXAMPLE: How does the structure of connective tissue proper benefit the function of macrophages & mast cells?
a) Gelatinous matrix allows movement of migratory cells.
b) Gelatinous matrix restricts movement of fixed cells.
c) Protein fibers allow movement of migratory cells.
d) Protein fibers restrict movement of fixed cells.

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TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

PRACTICE: What is the difference in function between fixed and migratory cells in connective tissue proper?
a) Migratory cells maintain the matrix while fixed cells defend against infection.
b) Migratory cells defend against infection while fixed cells maintain the matrix.

PRACTICE: Fibrocytes are mature fibroblasts. But in some cases, fibrocytes can revert to fibroblasts. Based on their
function, when would you expect a fibrocyte may revert to a fibroblast?
a) A fibrocyte may revert to a fibroblast as a normal aging process as the cells become less active over time.
b) A fibrocyte may revert to a fibroblast in the case of significant tissue injury/damage to produce new ECM.
c) A fibrocyte may revert to a fibroblast in order to store energy in the form of lipids.
d) A fibrocyte may revert to a fibroblast during an acute infection as fibroblasts provide direct immune protection
against pathogens.

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TOPIC: CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER: LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

● Loose Connective Tissue: connective tissue named for “___________” arrangement of fibers; often vascular.
◼ _________________ material of the body.
◼ ______ types of loose connective tissue (areolar, reticular, & adipose) differ in fiber arrangement & cell types.

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TOPIC: CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER: LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

EXAMPLE: How does the structure of areolar tissue help it act as packing material?
a) The ground substance holds fluid.
b) A combination of branched and straight fibers create strength.
c) Presence of adipocytes act as cushions.
d) All of the above.

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TOPIC: CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER: LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

EXAMPLE: If liposuction procedures remove adipose tissue, why do patients report gaining weight back?
a) Because adipocytes undergo cell division. c) Because adipocytes can increase in size.
b) Because adipose tissue is avascular. d) Because adipose tissue holds more water.

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TOPIC: CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER: LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Review: Loose Connective Tissue

PRACTICE: What part of areolar tissue allows it to protect against infection?

a) Fibroblasts
b) Fibrocytes
c) Adipocytes
d) Macrophages

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TOPIC: CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER: LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

PRACTICE: During a dissection, you are asked to identify a connective tissue with a gel like matrix that forms the
inside structure of the spleen. What is the type of connective tissue?
a) Areolar Connective Tissue
b) Reticular Connective Tissue
c) Adipose Connective Tissue
d) Cartilage

PRACTICE: How does areolar tissue and epithelial tissue work together to prevent infection?
a) Both areolar tissue and epithelial tissue are richly supplied with blood, mast cells, and macrophages, providing
defense against microbes.
b) Areolar tissue provides both the collagen that creates a barrier in epithelial tissue and the macrophage that
travel through epithelial tissue defending against microbes.
c) Epithelial tissue provides a tight barrier that microbes cannot pass. Areolar tissue contains immune cells for
when that barrier is compromised.
d) Areolar tissue provides a tight barrier that microbes cannot pass and epithelial tissue sends signals directing
the immune system where white blood cells are needed.

PRACTICE: Max hears that wrinkles are formed because the dense irregular connective tissue under the skin
produces less collagen as we age. To counteract this, they go out and buy a skin cream that claims to contain
collagen fibers. Based on what you know about connective tissue and epithelial tissue, do you expect the collagen
fibers in this hypothetical skin cream to affect the underlying connective tissue?
a) Yes, because the collagen allows connective tissue to stretch, so supplementing with collagen fibers will allow
the skin to stretch & tighten to remove wrinkles.
b) Yes, because epithelial tissue is specialized for absorption, so biological molecules like collagen fibers will be
quickly integrated into areolar tissue.
c) No, because areolar tissue mostly produces elastin, so the difference in collagen production is unlikely to
affect wrinkles.
d) No, because stratified squamous epithelial tissue prevents the passage of most molecules, so the large
collagen fibers will not reach the underlying areolar and dense irregular connective tissues.

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TOPIC: CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER: DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

● Dense Connective Tissue: named for the _____________ arrangement of fibers.
◼ Often ______________ vascularized (few blood vessels) in comparison to loose connective tissue.
◼ High & dense fiber content increases ________________.
◼ _____ types of dense connective tissue: (regular, irregular, & elastic) differ in fiber arrangement.

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TOPIC: CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER: DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

EXAMPLE: What type of connective tissue is shown in the image below?

a) Areolar Connective Tissue.
b) Dense Irregular Connective Tissue.
c) Dense Regular Connective Tissue.
d) Dense Elastic Connective Tissue.

PRACTICE: What feature about dense regular connective tissue makes them well suited for tendons?
a) The uniform direction of fibers make it extremely strong.
b) The multidirectional fibers withstand forces from different directions.
c) The elastic fibers optimize for recoil.
d) The high adipocyte content cushions joints.

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TOPIC: CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER: DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Putting It Together: What’s Under Your Skin?
● Many layers of connective tissue and epithelial tissue come together to create the skin.

EXAMPLE: What property of dense irregular connective tissue makes it well suited to withstand the wear and tear
experienced by the skin?
a) The uniform direction of fibers increases strength.
b) The multidirectional collagen fibers resist force from different directions.
c) The elastic fibers optimize for recoil.
d) The high adipocyte content cushions the skin.

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TOPIC: CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER: DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

EXAMPLE: True or False: Elastic connective tissue is high in adipocytes.

a) True, elastic connective tissue has high quantities of adipocytes to assist in recoil.
b) False, elastic connective tissue has high quantities of elastic fibers to assist in recoil.

PRACTICE: Marfan syndrome is a genetic condition that affects production and maintenance of elastic fibers in the
ECM. Based on this information, what may be a regular serious complication of Marfan Syndrome?
a) An inability to store nutrients as production of adipose tissue is inhibited significantly.
b) Regular rupture of ligaments as the fibers in dense regular connective tissue would not be produced properly.
c) Hyper elasticity of skin as dense irregular connective tissue of the dermis would stretch more.
d) Rupture of the aorta, as elastic connective tissue in large blood vessels allows for stretching and recoil.

PRACTICE: During a dissection, you are asked to identify a tough connective tissue that connects 2 of the bones of
the arm. What type of connective tissue makes up that structure?
a) Dense Regular Connective Tissue.
b) Dense Irregular Connective Tissue.
c) Dense Elastic Connective Tissue.
d) Cartilage.

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TOPIC: CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER: DENSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Review: Dense Connective Tissue

PRACTICE: An anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) tear is a common knee injury among athletes. The function of
ligaments is to attach bones to each other and keep them stable. Given what you know about connective tissue, what
type of tissue do you expect would be involved?
a) Loose Connective Tissue Proper.
b) Dense Regular Connective Tissue.
c) Areolar Connective Tissue.
d) Dense Irregular Connective Tissue.

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TOPIC: SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE

● Specialized Connective Tissue: optimized for _______________ roles with solid or liquid ground substance.
● There are _____ types: 1. Cartilage 2. Bone 3. Blood & Lymph

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TOPIC: SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE

EXAMPLE: The primary cells of cartilage reside in ___________________.

a) Lacunae b) Gap Junctions c) Osteons d) A-C are correct

EXAMPLE: How does the appearance of hyaline cartilage help you remember its function?
a) Smooth appearance—transports nutrients c) Smooth appearance— reduces friction
b) Webbed appearance—insulates body d) Webbed appearance—resists compression

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TOPIC: SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE

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TOPIC: SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE

EXAMPLE: How does the structure of fibrocartilage benefit its function in intervertebral disks?
a) Large amounts of collagen bundles resist compression but allow flexibility.
b) Large amounts of elastic fiber resist compression but allow flexibility.
c) Adipocytes provide shock absorption.
d) Chondrocytes provide shock absorption.

Review of Types of Cartilage

Characteristics

Most abundant & weakest.

fibers.

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TOPIC: SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE: CARTILAGE

PRACTICE: True or False: The nose and the ear are made of the same type of cartilage.
a) True: they are both hyaline cartilage. c) False: the nose is elastic cartilage and the ear is hyaline cartilage.
b) True: they are both elastic cartilage. d) False: the nose is hyaline cartilage and the ear is elastic cartilage.

PRACTICE: Janine fell off her bike, cutting her knee and tearing the hyaline cartilage of her knee joint. At the doctor’s
office, she is told the cuts will heal in a few weeks, but the cartilage will take months. Using what you know about
tissues, why does the cartilage take longer to heal?
a) Cartilage is unable to regenerate because it lacks -blasts cells but epithelial tissue can regenerate.
b) Cartilage has limited blood supply while areolar tissue below the skin is vascular.
c) Cartilage has a more complex structure than epithelial or connective tissue proper, so it takes longer to heal.
d) The lacunae in cartilage make the healing process slower because the chondroblasts can’t move.

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TOPIC: SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE: BONE

EXAMPLE: Osteoporosis is a condition where bone mass decreases making bones brittle and susceptible to
fracture. Based on the structure of bone tissue, is osteoporosis caused by an issue with the osteoblasts or the
osteocytes and why?
_______________________________________________________________________________________

PRACTICE: How does the ECM of bone differ from the ECM of cartilage?
a) ECM of cartilage is flexible: ECM of bone is rigid.
b) ECM of cartilage is rigid: ECM of bone is flexible.
c) Bone and cartilage have the same ECM.
d) The difference between the ECM can’t be determined.

PRACTICE: Osteonecrosis is a condition where blood flow to bones is cut off resulting in tissue death. Which of the
following would you expect to be most directly affected by the loss of blood flow?
a) The inorganic matrix. c) Osteocytes.
b) Collagen fibers. d) A-C are correct.

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TOPIC: SPECIALIZED CONNECTIVE TISSUE: BLOOD

EXAMPLE: The fluid matrix of blood helps it perform what function?

a) Fluid matrix aids in transporting gases and nutrients.
b) Fluid matrix is primarily responsible for providing immunity by washing away microbes.
c) Fluid matrix aids in storing energy.
d) Fluid matrix aids in insulating the body.

PRACTICE: Hemoglobinopathies are a set of conditions where red blood cells have an abnormal shape that can cause
them to stick together. Given the structure of normal blood tissue, what could be an issue with having sticky red
blood cells?
a) Blood’s primary function is support, so sticky red blood cells aren’t a problem.
b) Sticky red blood cells could change the viscosity of blood, impacting its ability for transport.
c) Sticky red blood cells wouldn’t change the viscosity of blood, so transport wouldn’t be impacted.

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TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO MUSCLE TISSUE

● Muscle Tissue: specialized for contraction & primary function is to produce ___________________.
◼ Myocytes (Muscle __________): muscle cells using ATP to generate contraction force (“Myo” = muscle).

PRACTICE: Why is it important for muscle tissue to be well-vascularized?

a) Muscles require nutrients.
a) Muscles requires a lot of oxygen.
b) Muscles produce a lot of waste product.
c) All of these.

PRACTICE: Which of the following biological molecules provides energy for muscles to carry out their function?
a) Phospholipids.
b) DNA.
c) ATP.
d) RNA.

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TOPIC: TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

● There are _______ different types of muscle tissue: 1) Skeletal 2) Cardiac 3) Smooth

1) Skeletal Muscle Tissue

⚫ Skeletal Muscle (______________ Muscle): attaches to skeleton & allows for consciously controlled movements.
◼ Skeletal muscle tissue has several key features including:
- Striations: _________________ appearance due to the alignment of protein myofilaments.
- Long cylindrical cells: also known as Muscle ______________; can be over 1 foot in length
- Multinucleated cells: cells with ______________ nuclei; required to meet high protein demands.

PRACTICE: Which of the following would NOT require the use of skeletal muscle?
a) Kicking a soccer ball.
b) Your heart rate increasing after exercise.
c) Chewing and swallowing food.
d) Raising your eyebrows.

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TOPIC: TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

2) Cardiac Muscle Tissue
⚫ Cardiac Muscle: made of cells called ___________-myocytes, located in walls of ____________ (“cardi” = heart).
◼ Cardiac muscle is _________________ (its contractions are NOT consciously controlled).
◼ Cardiac muscle tissue has several other key features including:
- Striations: like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle also has a banded, or ____________ appearance.
- Branching Cells: cells have a branched structure.
- Uninucleate: cardiac muscle cells often have ________ nucleus.
- Intercalated Discs: structures that join ends of cardiomyocytes together & enable coordination.

PRACTICE: Which of the following statements about cardiac muscle and skeletal muscle is true?
a) They are both striated.
b) They are both voluntary.
c) They are both composed of long muscle fibers.
d) They both have intercalated discs.

PRACTICE: Intercalated discs allow cardiac muscle cells to coordinate. Why is this important?
a) It increases the strength of the heart.
b) It increases the endurance of the heart.
c) It allows the heart to communicate with other organs.
d) It allows the heart to contract as a unit and function as a pump.

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TOPIC: TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

3) Smooth Muscle Tissue
● Smooth Muscle: named for its “smooth” appearance due to the _________ of striations.
● Location: walls of several hollow internal structures (blood vessels, digestive system, bladder, etc.).
● Function: controls _____________ & propels material through organs (eg. moves food through digestive system).
◼ Smooth muscle is _________________ (its contractions are NOT consciously controlled). Spindle &
◼ Short _____________ - Shaped: cells are thin on the ends & thick in the middle. Thread

◼ Uninucleate: smooth muscle cells each have ________ nucleus.

PRACTICE: Which of the following movements requires smooth muscle contraction?

a) Eyeballs rotating to look to the left. c) Arm moving to lift a weight.
b) Heart pumping blood through blood vessels. d) Blood vessels constricting to restrict blood flow.

PRACTICE: Arrector pilli are small muscles located in the connective tissue beneath the skin and are connected to the
base of each hair. They are responsible for creating goosebumps when you get cold, an involuntary response to
temperature. Based on this information, what type of muscle would you expect the arrector pili to be?
a) Skeletal muscle, as one function of skeletal muscle is to generate heat.
b) Smooth muscle, as getting goosebumps is an involuntary reaction.
c) Cardiac muscle, as blood flow helps control temperature.

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TOPIC: TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE

Review: Types of Muscle Tissue

PRACTICE: During an intense running session, you pull a leg muscle. Which type of muscle did you injure?
a) Skeletal.
b) Cardiac.
c) Smooth.

PRACTICE: Striations are a feature shared by skeletal and cardiac muscle, but they are not present in smooth muscle.
Based on what you know about the functions of these three types of muscle, what do you think the presence of
striations indicates about the muscle it is found in?
a) It’s a flexible muscle.
b) It’s a voluntary muscle.
c) It can generate significant force when it contracts.
d) It has a branched structure.

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TOPIC: INTRODUCTION TO NERVOUS TISSUE

● Nervous Tissue: specialized to generate & carry __________________ impulses throughout the body.
● Located in the _____________, spinal cord, & nerves.
● Composed of ______ main types of cells:
1. Neurons: conduct electrical impulses.
2. Neuroglia (glial cells): Nonconducting cells that support, insulate, & _______________ delicate neurons.
◼ The term “neuroglia (glial cells)” encompasses multiple cell types; not one unique type of cell.

PRACTICE: If a sensory nerve running from the hand to the spinal cord is severed, you will lose feeling in your hand.
What statement best describes the reason for this?
a) The electrical impulse can no longer be conducted from the hand to the spinal cord.
b) The neurotransmitter molecules can no longer travel from the hand to the spinal cord.
c) The neuron can no longer transmit the signal from neuron in the hand to the neuroglial cells in the spinal cord.
d) The neuroglia cells can no longer transmit the signal from the hand to the spinal cord.

PRACTICE: Which of the following is NOT a function of neuroglia?

a) Protecting neurons. c) Regulating the composition of interstitial fluid.
b) Supplying nutrients to neurons. d) Conducting electrical impulses.

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TOPIC: NERVOUS TISSUE: THE NEURON

● A neuron has _______ basic parts:
1. Dendrites: extensions that lead into the cell body; receive ________________ signals.
2. Cell Body (Soma): contains the __________________ and most organelles.
3. Axon: long, thin portion of the neuron that conducts ________________ signals.
Memory tool: signals enter via the dendrites. The Axon takes the signal Away.

EXAMPLE: Label the three parts of the neuron and indicate the direction of an electrical impulse travelling through
the cell.

PRACTICE: Which of the following is the most likely path of an electrical signal travelling through a neuron and
arriving at a muscle?
a) Neuroglia → dendrites → a cell body → axon → muscle.
a) Dendrites → cell body → axon → muscle.
b) Dendrites → axon → cell body → muscle.
c) Axon → cell body → dendrites → muscle.

PRACTICE: How does the axon’s structure reflect its function?

a) It can be long so that it can carry electrical signals long distances.
b) It is tough in order to protect itself from damage.
c) It is thick in order to self-insulate.
d) It is always short so that electrical impulses can travel through it quickly.

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