Notes 1
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Text Book:
“The AVR Microcontroller and Embedded
Systems” – By Muhammad Ali Mazidi, Sarmad
Naimi and Sepehr Naimi, Pearson Publication
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What is “Microprocessor” ?
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A programmable machine
Input Micro-
Output
processor
Memory
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The Microprocessor is a programmable integrated
device that has computing and decision -
making capabilities similar to that of the
central processing unit (CPU).
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Organization of a uP based system
Microprocessor
Input /Output
Register
ALU Array
System Bus
Control Memory
ROM R/WM
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• Microcontroller : A device that includes
microprocessor, memory, and I/O signal lines
on a single ship, fabricated using VLSI
technology.
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Microprocessors : Microcontrollers
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Two categories of products..
System
performance is Issues of space,
critical. power and rapid
development are
critical.
Microprocessors : Microcontrollers
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What is “Embedded System” ? ..
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What is a system ?
A way of working, organizing or performing one
or many tasks according to a fixed set of rules,
program or plan.
Eg. : Democratic Government
Human Nervous System
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What is a system ?
Also an arrangement in which all units
assemble and work together according to a
program or plan.
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Examples of Systems
• Time display system –A watch
• Automatic cloth washing system –A washing
machine
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What is an Embedded System ?
“An embedded system is a system that has
• software embedded into computer-hardware
• which makes a system dedicated for an
application(s) or specific part of an application or
product or part of a larger system.”
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What is an Embedded System ?
“An embedded system is one that has a
dedicated purpose software embedded in a
computer hardware.”
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EXAMPLES
Digital cameras MPEG decoders
ATM Machines Network switches/routers
Camcorders On-board navigation
Smart Phones Satellite Systems
Cruise control bikes Photocopiers
Electronic Point-of-sale systems
toys/games
Portable video games
Fax machines
Printers
Fingerprint identifiers
Stereo systems
Home security
systems Teleconferencing systems
Life-support systems Televisions
Broadband Internet Temperature controllers
Modems TV set-top boxes
Embedded System (ES)
Classification
N/W or
Stand Real Time Remote
Mobile ES
Alone ES ES Controlled
ES
Stand-alone Embedded System
• It is designed to perform a very specific task repetitively
• Simplest form of system,
(e.g. Biometric attendance system)
Real-time Embedded System
• A real-time embedded system usually monitors the
environment where the embedded system is installed.
• This kind of system is required to respond in time to a
request (e.g. Temperature Controller)
• Examples of such systems are aircraft engine control
systems
Remote Controlled Embedded System
• It is built using a specialized communication processor,
memory and a number of network access interfaces
(known as network ports), and special software that
implements logic for sending information from and to
this system remotely
Mobile Embedded System
• It is designed to be continuously on the move
• Mobile Embedded Systems usually are simple, battery
powered systems with resource limitations.
General Architecture of ES
Embedded Systems
Hardware
Software
Firmware
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Embedded Systems
Hardware
Software
Firmware
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Embedded Systems
Hardware
Software
Firmware
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Hardware, Software and “Firmware”..
What is “Firmware” ?
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“The generally fixed, usually small, programs and
data structures that internally control various
electronic devices.”
Examples of devices containing firmware:
Remote Controls, digital camera, even mobiles..
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Software vs. Firmware
Software: Higher level programs that can be
changed without replacing hardware..
Firmware: very basic low-level operations without
which a device would not function at all !
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Embedded Systems
Hardware
Software
Firmware
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Hardware in Embedded System ?
Here, computer hardware refers to a
microcontroller or a microprocessor
based system.
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Fundamentals..
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Embedded Systems
Hardware
Software
Firmware
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Harvard Architecture Vs. Princeton Architecture
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Concepts of CISC and RISC Processors
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CISC : Complex Instruction Set Computing
RISC : Reduced Instruction Set Computing
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Which Microcontroller to use?
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What can be the criteria for selecting a
microcontroller ?
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Criteria for choosing a microcontroller..
1.Computational
need (efficiency,
cost etc)
2. Availability
3. Reliable
of s/w
sources of
development
uC
Tools
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1. Effectively meeting computing needs
• 8-bit vs 16-bit vs 32 bit controller
• Speed
• Power consumption
• Packaging
• Space
• Assembling
• Prototyping end product
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1. Effectively meeting computing needs
• Amount of RAM and ROM on chip
• No. of I/O pins
• No. of timers
• Upgradability to new versions
• Cost per unit
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2. Availability of s/w developmental tools
How easy it is to develop product around it ?
Key considerations: availability of
• Assemblers
• Debugger
• Code-efficient C-language compiler
• Technical support
• In-house and outside expertise
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3. Availability and Reliable sources of uC
• How many companies supply this controller ?
• Are these companies reliable ?
• Will this controller be supported in future ?
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