DISCUSSION

STARTER J U LY 2 0 2 2

The future for urban agriculture

Is it time to rewrite the rules of agriculture?
Authors: Charlie Pye-Smith, Philip Thornton, Eva Wollenberg, Ana Maria Loboguerrero, Bruce M Campbell

Key messages
• Urban agriculture has the potential to improve local • In the Global South, urban agriculture often takes
food security and reduce greenhouse gas emissions. place in informal settlements and receives little in the
However, there is an urgent need for better way of state funding or encouragement. This needs
information about who practices it, where it takes to change.
place and levels of productivity.
• Policies for urban agriculture need to be context
• In the Global North, high-tech Controlled specific. There is a strong argument to be made
Environment Agriculture (CEA) is attracting major for redirecting perverse subsidies which cause
investment and further expansion of the sector environmental damage to activities which can
seems assured. increase food security and help to tackle climate
change. Urban agriculture is a prime candidate.

1 • DISCUSSION STARTER | JULY 2022

 Time for change 70%
The way we produce, process and distribute food of fresh water consumption
will have to change dramatically if we are to provide is linked to agriculture
the human population with adequate nutrition in the
coming decades. It is not just the quantity of food that
matters, but the way it is grown and reared. Agriculture and biodiversity loss. The globalisation of the food
already takes up 40% of the land surface and accounts system and economies of scale have reduced prices
for 70% of the freshwater we consume. It is directly for consumers in the wealthiest parts of the world, but
responsible for up to 8.5% of all greenhouse gas it has made the food system more vulnerable to shocks
emissions, with a further 14.5% coming from land use such as extreme weather events and pandemics.
change, much of which involves the destruction of
forests to make way for crops and livestock.1 There is a compelling case to be made for establishing
local systems of production which provide access
Total global food demand is expected to increase to healthy, affordable, sustainably produced food.
by between 35% and 56% from 2010 and 2050 to Growing more crops and rearing more livestock in and
satisfy the world’s projected population of 9.8 billion.2 around urban centres must be part of the solution, not
That means producing more food in the next 50 least because two-thirds of the world’s population will
years than we have in the past 400, at the same time live in towns and cities by 2050.5
as addressing a whole host of additional constraints,
including limits on available land. If we were to persist During recent years, billions of dollars have been
with current agricultural practices, an estimated 2.1 invested in companies practising high-tech production
billion acres of additional land – an area the size of systems suited to urban areas. But urban agriculture,
Brazil – would be required to cope with the increase defined by FAO as “plant cultivation and animal
in demand.3 This simply cannot happen, hence rearing (including aquaculture) within cities and towns
the need to produce more food on land which is and in their immediate surroundings”, has many
already in production, and develop and promote new manifestations. According to UNDP, by the mid- 1990s
technologies such as indoor vertical farming. some 200 million people were employed in urban
agriculture and related enterprises, contributing to
The concentration and consolidation in the production, the food supply of 800 million people.6 The vast
distribution and retailing of food in the Global North majority of urban farmers are in the Global South;
has led to a relatively small number of companies most use traditional methods of production, often on a
dominating the food system.4 In the US, four modest scale. Helping them to become more efficient
companies are now responsible for 42% of food sales. and productive will be as important as expanding
Much of the food travels huge distances between urban food production using the latest advances in
field and fork, making a significant contribution technology.
to greenhouse gas emissions. The system often
discriminates against small producers and encourages
practices which cause soil erosion, water pollution The diverse world of urban agriculture

"Total global food demand Growing crops and rearing livestock in urban
settlements has an ancient history. For most of the

is expected to increase by past 10,000 years, fields, homes and workshops were
jumbled together, with locally produced food providing
between 35% and 56% from the fuel for increasingly sophisticated societies.
Cities established by the Mayans in South America
2010 and 2050 to satisfy the and the Khmer in Cambodia were fine examples of
agrarian-based, low-density urbanisation.7 The Romans
world’s projected population developed sophisticated food production systems
within their cities; in the Middle Ages, many cities
of 9.8 billion.” grew crops and reared livestock behind their defensive
walls.8 In European cities livestock production had

2 • DISCUSSION STARTER | JULY 2022

 By 2050, at least

2/3 of the world's black market poses a significant health risk to consumers
and proximity to urban livestock may increase the risk of
popuplation urban dwellers catching zoonotic diseases.

will live in towns and cities

The potential of high-tech urban agriculture

a significant presence until relatively recently. In 1864,
for example, there were over 18,000 dairy cows in 1,361 A recent review of urban agriculture in the Global North
herds in London.9 identified five main types: allotments; extensive peri-
urban farms; urban community gardens; rooftop farms
The rearing of livestock remains a significant activity in where crops are grown in greenhouses; and vertical
the Global South.10 About 40% of urban households in farms. While local governments and communities
Africa are thought to engage in some kind of farming focus on encouraging, or producing, food from green
practice, although there is a serious lack of reliable data spaces, financial institutions are pouring money into new
about its scale and importance in developing countries.11 technologies associated with controlled environment
Nevertheless, it is clearly a significant activity in many agriculture (CEA).16
cities. For example, livestock numbers in Nairobi
increased rapidly between 2008 and 2011, with the According to a recent study based on a nationwide
population of broiler chickens doubling, the population of analysis of 26 cities and towns in the UK, there is a
laying hens increasing by 34% and that of pigs by 56%.12 massive untapped potential to increase the production
In 2017, there were an estimated 1.3 million livestock in of fruit and vegetables on urban green spaces.17 The fact
Nairobi, whose farmers supplied an estimated 25% of the that UK food self-sufficiency is steadily declining makes
milk and 20% of eggs consumed in the city. A study of this all the more important. Between 1996 and 2015,
2,687 households in urban areas with populations of less the UK’s fruit and vegetable imports doubled and the
than 200,000 people in Zambia and Kenya found that country is now just 75% self-sufficient in foods that can be
33% were engaged in urban agriculture.13 grown in a temperate climate. The study calculated that
if developed to the upper limit, urban green spaces have
Urban agriculture also makes a significant contribution the capacity to grow a quantity of fruit and vegetables
to food security in many parts of Asia. Approximately a equivalent to 38% of current domestic production and
third of the sewage produced by the citizens of Kolkata, imports combined.
India, seeps into the East Kolkata Marshes and provides
nutrition for both fish and vegetables.14 Every year, 10,000
tons of fish are harvested in the marshland ponds and
the vegetables grown on organic waste supply 40-50%
of the city’s needs. That is why Kolkata has the cheapest
food in the country. Backyard poultry keeping is another
significant urban farming activity, benefiting an estimated
30 million farmers in India alone.15 Backyard poultry
keepers currently provide 30-35% of India’s national
egg supply. In China, too, urban food production is
of paramount importance. In some cities 85% of the
vegetables consumed are grown within municipal
boundaries and up to a million migrants from rural areas
are involved in food production in the area immediately
surrounding Beijing.

Urban agriculture in developing countries poses some

significant challenges for policy makers. Controlling
livestock keepers is difficult for a number of reasons: the
inaccessibility of informal settlements, lack of trust in
government authorities and the belief among livestock
keepers that they are treated as outlaws. Backyard A herd of sheep in an urban area in Ethiopia. Photo credit: Charlie Pye-Smith,
slaughtering and the sale of dead or sick animals on the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI)

3 • DISCUSSION STARTER | JULY 2022

Of course, this assumes that homeowners will be happy producing fish and vegetables using aquaponics, and 6%
to replace roses with rhubarb and peonies with parsnips. were using aeroponics.19 By far the most economically
But leaving private gardens aside, there is a considerable important growing system was hydroponics, yielding
area of urban green space that could be developed revenues of US$848 million in 2017. The lion’s share
for food production. This is already happening in many was generated by a small number of companies – two
towns and cities, encouraged by a range of programmes. major players in the south-west were responsible for over
Networks like C40 Good Food Cities are committed to 50% – operating large-scale greenhouses. Nevertheless,
developing sustainable, equitable and low-emission food hydroponics is also important for many indoor farming
systems. They explicitly recognise the social and health ventures in urban areas.
benefits, as well as the environmental and economic
advantages, of local communities growing their own Hydroponics involves growing plants without soil in
food. water enriched with nutrients. The plant roots may be
entirely exposed to the liquid solution or they can be
There are many old, infant and new technologies – physically supported by an inert medium such as perlite
most notably those around CEA – which have the or coir. Aeroponics requires no substrate and involves
potential to increase food production in urban areas. saturating the air around the crop roots with a mist of
One of the leading proponents of vertical farming, nutrient solution. Many of the enterprises which practice
Dickson Despommier, argued that by growing food hydroponics in urban areas use artificial light provided
in city skyscrapers, using drip irrigation, hydroponics by light-emitting diodes (LEDs). Yields for hydroponic
and aeroponics, we could dramatically increase global lettuces grown in greenhouses were about 12.6 times
food supplies. His futuristic vision no longer seems as greater than those of conventionally grown lettuces,
far-fetched as it did when he wrote The Vertical Farm in according to the Agrilyst survey of 2017. Yields per unit
2009.18 Over the last 10 years there has been a rapid area can be even greater in vertical farming systems
increase in food production systems using hydroponics although the productivity figures provided by companies
and other cutting-edge technologies in greenhouses, old – some are quite staggering – have frequently not been
shipping containers, underground bunkers, abandoned corroborated by independent sources.
industrial sites and purpose-built vertical farms.
Aquaculture and aquaponics are both well suited
According to a 2017 survey by the AgTech company to small spaces in urban areas. The former is solely
Agrilyst, 49% of indoor farms in North America were concerned with fish production; the latter combines fish
using hydroponics, 24% were soil-based, 15% were with vegetable production. Recirculating aquaculture

A combined aquaponics and aquaculture system

4 • DISCUSSION STARTER | JULY 2022

systems are said to use 90% less water than conventional the same amount of crops by conventional methods.
aquaculture techniques such as flow-through raceways Decades of research and development led to a sudden
and ponds.20 Aquaponics involves using the water which surge in yields, which increased by a factor of seven in
has been fertilised by waste products from the fish as a just two years in its leafy green growing rooms. Plants
nutrient solution which is delivered hydroponically to are grown on tall towers with a modular setup, providing
vegetables. Tilapia, catfish, trout and bass are particularly a yield 150–350 times greater than conventional farms.
well suited to these systems, and the vegetables grown Robots are used to plant, feed and harvest crops. “Plenty,”
are much the same as those which are popular with claims the company, “is rewriting the rules of agriculture.”
indoor vertical farms, such as basil, salads, herbs, lettuce
and kale. Bowery is not averse to marketing hype either with
its talk about growing “post-organic” produce. Like
It says much about the nature of indoor food production most vertical farms it doesn’t use any agrochemicals. It
that many companies talk about their facilities, rather claims to have yields 100 times greater than those of
than their farms. In recent years, the sector has expanded conventional farms and to use 95% less water. By 2021,
rapidly, and will continue to do so. The 2020 State the company’s produce was available in 850 stores.
of Indoor Farming report for North America found In the same year, it raised US$300 million of finance
that 73% of companies which responded had plans to – bringing the total raised to US$472 million – and
expand within the next five years. Mid-tech, glass/poly announced that it was establishing two more large indoor
greenhouses were expected to double their acreage facilities, one in Georgia and the other in Texas. The
compared to high-tech glass greenhouses and indoor company has attracted investment not just from financial
vertical farms. But the latter, which are particularly well institutions, but celebrities like the singer Justin Timberlake
suited to small spaces in urban areas, are also on a rapid and Formula One driver Lewis Hamilton. The two new
upward trajectory. facilities in the southern states will both employ 100
workers and rely on 100% renewable sources of energy.

Vertical farms Japan has taken a keen interest in setting up and

supporting vertical farming enterprises. According
One of the largest enterprises practising vertical farming to an article in the Financial Times, many companies
in the US is Aerofarms. Its vertical 70,000 square-foot have attempted to set up vertical farms using empty
facility in New Jersey was supplying over 200 grocery or abandoned factory space, often without success.21
stores with 2 million lbs of food per month – bok choy, Indeed, one estimate suggests that over 60% of the
spinach, micro broccoli, micro kale – by 2021. Crops vertical farming operations in Japan are only profitable
are grown aeroponically – nutrients for the crops are because of government subsidies. Several enterprises,
supplied in the mist – and Aerofarms uses no artificial however, buck this trend, one being the Keihanna Facility
fertilisers or pesticides. It claims that it has cut water use near Nara, which produces robotically planted and
by 95% compared to conventional growing methods and harvested lettuce. Established in 2007 by the company
that its yields, per unit area, are over 300 times greater Spread, the Keihanna facility first began making a profit
than those of conventional farms. It is in the process of in 2013, automation being a major factor as it reduced
establishing a new facility at Danville, Virginia, which will labour costs.
provide 100 jobs in an economically depressed area. It
has recently launched a new company to develop the A major constraint on indoor vertical farming, apart from
world’s largest indoor vertical facility in Abu Dhabi, UAE, the high capital/start-up costs, is the cost of energy,
and has plans to establish 16 more vertical facilities in the most of which goes on providing artificial light with LEDs.
US. Some companies have opted to make use of sunlight
in their vertical farms as an alternative. In England, for
Two other leading names in US vertical agriculture are example, Shockingly Fresh established its hydroponic
Plenty, whose flagship farm is in California, and Bowery, vertical farming system in 3 acres of greenhouse in 2021.
whose first vertical farming enterprise was established Unlike facilities using LEDs, production is influenced
in industrial warehouses in Kearney, New Jersey. The by the seasons and the availability of natural light.
fact that Walmart has bought a significant stake in However, yields are still four times greater than those of
Plenty suggests that its impressive production claims are conventional farms. The company now plans to build 40
credible. According to the company, it uses 5% of the more farms, including one which will cover some 30 acres
water and a tiny fraction of the land required to produce in southern Scotland.

5 • DISCUSSION STARTER | JULY 2022

Singapore has a population of 5 million people in an area One of the best-known rooftop greenhouse companies in
of 710 km², which includes just 250 acres of farmland. the US is Gotham Greens, which was established in 2009
As a result, 90% of food is currently imported, making with the mission of producing food and revitalising urban
the country vulnerable to vagaries in food supply from areas. Its first commercial rooftop greenhouse covered
other parts of the world. The government’s “30 by 30” 15,000 ft² in Brooklyn, New York City. Since then it has
strategy, whose aim is to increase food self-efficiency established greenhouses – all based on the hydroponic
to 30% by 2030, means more space will be devoted to system – in Brooklyn, Chicago, Maryland, Rhode Island
urban agriculture and increasing productivity through the and Colorado. It claims that its greenhouses are 30 times
adoption of vertical farming and other technologies.22 more productive than conventional farming systems.
One company, Sky Greens, has developed a soil-based
vertical farming system which takes advantage of sunlight LUFA Farms was established in the Canadian city
to produce one tonne of leafy greens every two days. of Montréal in 2009 with the aim of growing food
Crops are sown in growing troughs stacked vertically on 9 sustainably close to where people live. Three rooftop
m A-shaped aluminium towers which slowly rotate to give greenhouses covering 138,000 ft² provide local
the plants equal access to sunlight. A hydraulic system consumers with 20,000 baskets of vegetables per week.
– just 0.5 L of water will rotate a 1.7 t structure – also In 2020, the company built the world’s largest rooftop
provides irrigation for the plants. The facility is not only greenhouse – 164,000 ft² – where it grows tomatoes and
highly productive, but very efficient in terms of its low use eggplants hydroponically in a coconut fibre substrate.
of energy. It uses biological systems of pest control rather than
pesticides. Eventually, its greenhouses should be capable
of feeding 10,000 families year round.
From rooftops to bomb shelters
Rooftops can be used to produce fish as well as leafy
It is estimated that half of all the lettuces consumed in the greens and vegetables. Brussels Aquaponic Farm was
US will be grown in greenhouses by 2030. While some established in 2018 above a food hall in the city centre.
greenhouses will be close to major urban centres, many The nutrient-rich water from the fish farm, which is
will be situated far from consumers, in the countryside situated in a greenhouse, is recycled in a hydroponic
or near small towns. This means their produce will often system to grow herbs, vegetables and tomatoes in 2000
carry a heavy burden of food miles and carbon emissions. m² of greenhouse and a similar area of outdoor gardens.
One way of establishing greenhouses which produce Supplementary LED is used in the greenhouse.
food for local consumption is by making use of rooftops.
In places like Singapore, where land is at a premium, Equally impressive in terms of productivity is Growing
rooftop greenhouse farms have a promising future. Underground’s farm in London. This occupies a World
Abyfarm’s 3,200 square-foot rooftop greenhouse on a War II air raid shelter 100 feet below Clapham High
city car park is using all the latest technology, including Street. The company specialises in micro-greens which
solar-powered sensors which track temperature, rainfall, take just two weeks to grow, including pea shoots, basil,
humidity and sunlight, to produce leafy greens. coriander, parsley and rocket. These, they claim, contain

A vertical hydroponic vegetable farm

6 • DISCUSSION STARTER | JULY 2022

90% more nutrients than their fully grown counterparts. followed by greenhouse hydroponic lettuce. The vertical
The company’s partnership with scientists at Cambridge systems fared worse, especially in terms of their energy
University has helped it to significantly improve its crop demand and impact on climate change.
yields. The underground farm produces 12 times more
per unit area than traditional greenhouses, although it The authors of the report suggested that three things
consumes four times more energy. An estimated 95% were needed to improve the environmental impact
of the electricity used in the underground farm goes on of vertical facilities. Ideally, they should make use of
powering extraction fans and LEDs. renewable energy sources such as solar if they are not
using natural sunlight. If renewable energy sources are not
The success of this and other similar ventures encouraged available, vertical facilities should consider co-locating
the president of the World Society of Sustainable Energy next to enterprises which can provide a free or cheap
Technology, Prof Saffa Riffat, to suggest that abandoned source of waste heat and power. Finally, improvements in
coal mine shafts and tunnels could be the perfect the efficiency of LEDs would make a big difference to the
environment in which to grow vegetables and herbs, and calculation. Over the last five years their efficiency has
a cheap alternative to vertical farming in greenhouses. He improved by 40%. If that continues it could significantly
estimates that one 7 m² reconditioned mine shaft could reduce vertical facilities’ carbon footprint.
produce 80 tonnes of food per year.
The relative costs of production of different farming
systems is just as important as their yields. At present,
Key challenges crops in vertical farms are far more expensive to
produce than crops in open field systems. By analysing
Although vertical farming operations are rapidly the figures provided by various enterprises in North
increasing in number, particularly in the Global North America, agricultural consultant Peter Tasgal was able to
– one estimate suggests they will generate US$3 billion calculate the cost to grow and deliver greens in different
of revenue by 2024 – their environmental impact is a systems. On conventional outdoor farms the cost was
curate’s egg: good in parts, not so good elsewhere. A around $0.65/lb, compared to $2.33/lb in a hydroponic
life cycle analysis conducted by the Markets Institute of greenhouse, $3.07/lb in a vertical farm and $7.14/lb in a
WWF and published in 2021 compared lettuce grown container farm.24 In other words, it is 3 to 5 times more
conventionally in fields in California and shipped to St expensive to produce crops in greenhouses and vertical
Louis with lettuce grown in a range of CEA facilities in farms then on conventional outdoor farms. However,
St Louis. As far as climate change was concerned, the Tasgal is optimistic about the future of greenhouse and
Californian lettuce had a much lower impact than the St vertical farming, asserting that with today’s technology
Louis lettuce, despite making a journey of almost 2000 it is possible to deliver locally grown greens to the mass
miles.23 market at a price that is competitive with other similar
offerings throughout the year. Furthermore, advances in
The study modelled lettuce from five systems – technology should bring costs down in future.
conventional, greenhouse hydroponic, greenhouse
aquaculture, vertical hydroponic and vertical aquaculture A somewhat gloomier analysis was provided by scientists
– evaluating their impact on human health, ecosystems, at Cornell University. They looked at the environmental
resources, energy demand, climate change and water and social impact of 10 urban farms in New York City,
use. In terms of impact, conventional lettuce scored best, six on roofs which use sunlight and supplementary light
and four in buildings or shipping containers. In total, the
facilities covered just over 3 acres.25, 26 They found that
farms using sunlight – one example was Gotham Greens
“The environmental impact of – performed well from an environmental point of view,
but those reliant on LEDs had a negative climate change
vertical farming is a curate’s impact. The authors also criticised the fact that most of
the food produced was of low nutritional value and was
egg: good in parts, not so sold at a premium to relatively wealthy members of the
public, rather than at an affordable price to the poor.
good elsewhere.”
While conceding that CEA farms use less water,
pesticides and fertiliser than conventional farms, they

7 • DISCUSSION STARTER | JULY 2022

were of the opinion that there was “little evidence that and take pressure off natural habitats. Other activities
citing CEA farms in New York City is necessary, especially which could play an important role in the future include
as rural and peri-urban ones can accomplish the same cellular agriculture, still in its early stages but providing
more efficiently.” The authors concluded that CEA promising evidence that meat grown from cells in vitro,
makes most sense in regions with favourable climates or from vegetable matter, will soon provide a significant
where less supplementary heat and light is needed. alternative to livestock raised on grasslands.
They also suggested that it would be better if they grew
more nutritious crops like spinach and kale that the poor It is currently estimated that subsidies amounting to
could afford. In the end, they suggested CEA is most some US$750 billion a year will be needed to reduce
beneficial when carried out by institutions and community deforestation and the conversion of peatlands. This
farms that have demonstrated efficacy with soil-based sounds like an astronomical figure, but it should
production and focus on nutrient-rich produce. be seen in the context of the amount currently
allocated to environmentally destructive subsidies.
The Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on
Policies for urban agriculture Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) calculates
that subsidies to the fossil fuel industry amount to
Urban agriculture encompasses a vast range of activities, around US$345 billion a year.27 If externalities that are
from keeping a few chickens in the backyard to intensive not included in the price of fuel are factored in, such as
pig and poultry units and high-tech vertical farms. This pollution and environmental destruction, the cost comes
means that there can be no one-size-fits-all policies to over US$5 trillion. Reorienting perverse subsidies to
for urban agriculture. At present, few countries – one promote activities which have the potential not only to
exception is Singapore – have developed comprehensive improve food security but mitigate climate change should
policies for urban agriculture. Some cities in the Global be a priority. Urban agriculture is a prime candidate for
North are beginning to do so. As far as the Global South targeted support.
is concerned, urban agriculture seldom features in policy-
making. At the local level, whether in the North or the South, the
authorities could introduce policies which encourage and
There is enough evidence to suggest that urban promote urban agriculture. These could include providing
agriculture could make a significant contribution to secure tenure, especially in informal settlements, making
improving food security and nutrition. However, there vacant lots and brownfield sites available for food
is a serious lack of data about urban agriculture. How production, providing grants and low-interest loans to
significant is it in terms of food production? Who are encourage urban farming, and ensuring that organic
the people who are practising urban agriculture? Can it waste is made into fertiliser rather than sent to landfill
improve food security and reduce our carbon footprint? sites. National and local authorities could also provide
Where tradition survey methods are impractical or too training programmes for people who wish to grow food in
expensive, national and local authorities should make the urban environment.
use of big data – derived from satellite surveys and the
like – to gain a better picture about the prevalence and
importance of urban agriculture.

It has sometimes been claimed that urban agriculture “Urban agriculture could be
could dramatically increase food production – particularly
through controlled environment agriculture (CEA) such one of a suite of activities
as vertical farming – and as a result reduce pressures
which are leading to deforestation and the conversion of which help to increase food
peatlands, especially in the tropics. This seems a dubious
proposition, not least because forests are generally production and take pressure
cleared to make way for livestock and cash crops such as
soya and cocoa, not the sort of crops which are grown in off natural habitats."
high-tech greenhouses and vertical farms.

However, urban agriculture could be one of a suite

of activities which help to increase food production

8 • DISCUSSION STARTER | JULY 2022

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 [Link]
J U LY 2 0 2 2

About the authors Suggested citation

Charlie Pye-Smith is a freelance science writer Pye-Smith C, Thornton P, Wollenberg E, Loboguerrero

AM, Campbell BM (2022). The future for urban
Philip Thornton is Research and Innovation Strategist agriculture. Wageningen, the Netherlands: Clim-Eat.
at Clim-Eat

Eva (Lini) Wollenberg is Climate and Food Specialist Acknowledgements

at the University of Vermont and Futures Pathmaker
at Clim-Eat This work was carried out with support from the
CGIAR research project Building Systemic Resilience
Ana Maria Loboguerrero is Research Director for against Climate Variability (ClimBeR). We would like
Climate Action at the Alliance Bioversity and CIAT, to thank all funders who supported this research
Leader of Building Systemic Resilience Against Climate through their contributions to the CGIAR Trust Fund
Variability and Extremes (ClimBeR), and Interim ([Link]
Director of Accelerating Impacts of CGIAR Climate
Research for Africa
 "Urban agriculture could
Bruce M Campbell is Chief Innovation Strategist
at Clim-Eat make a significant
contribution to improving
food security and nutrition."

10 • DISCUSSION STARTER | JULY 2022