MAGISTRATES’ COURTS ACT

[Updated to 27 July 2018]

Act 32 of 1944 (G.3346, c.i.o 2 July 1945 [Proc. 106, G. 3497).

As amended by
Act 40 of 1952 (G. 4873, c.i.o 27 June 1952),
Act 14 of 1954 (G. 5254, c.i.o 2 April 1954),
Act 62 of 1955 (G. 5512, c.i.o 6 July 1955),
50 of 1956 (G. 5703, c.i.o 22 June 1956),
Act 68 of 1957 (G. 5894, c.i.o 28 June 1957),
(G. 6195, c.i.o 1 September 1959 [Proc. 173 G. 6274 28 August 1959]),
Act 75 of 1959 (G. 6262, c.i.o 17 July 1959),
Act 93 of 1962 (G. 284, c.i.o 4 July 1962),
Act 19 of 1963 (G. 456, c.i.o 15 March 1963),
Act 37 of 1963 (G. 488, c.i.o 2 May 1963),
Act 93 of 1963 (G. 555, c.i.o 12 July 1963),
Act 80 of 1964 (G. 829, c.i.o 24 June 1964, s 8(2) 30 August 1968 [Proc R161 G. 2102 21 June
1968], s 9(2) 1 November 1970 [Proc. R236 G. 2890 16 October 1970]),
Act 48 of 1965 (G. 1102, c.i.o 5 May 1965),
Act 8 of 1967 (G. 1664, c.i.o 17 February 1967),
Act 70 of 1968 (G. 2106, c.i.o 21 June 1968, ss 26, 28 and 29 30 August 1968 [Proc. R225 G. 2146
16 August 1968]),
Act 15 of 1969 (G. 2315, c.i.o 1 May 1969 [Proc. R92 G. 2356 18 April 1969]),
Act 17 of 1969 (G. 2317, c.i.o 26 March 1969),
Act 101 of 1969 (G. 2464, c.i.o 30 June 1969),
Act 17 of 1970 (G. 2655, c.i.o 6 March 1970),
Act 53 of 1970 (G. 2826, c.i.o 1 December 1970 [Proc. R283 G. 2922 13 November 1970]),
Act 80 of 1971 (G. 3197, c.i.o 14 July 1971),
Act 102 of 1972 (G. 3610, c.i.o 2 July 1945),
Act 29 of 1974 (G. 4220, c.i.o 15 March 1974),
Act 94 of 1974 (G. 4510, c.i.o s 24(2) 1 May 1973, s 5(1) [G. 4591 21 March], 20 November 1974, ss
24(1)(a), 25, 27, 28 and 29 [Proc. R32 G. 4586 14 February 1975]),
Act 63 of 1976 (G. 5120, c.i.o 1 January 1979 [Proc. R286 G. 6208 10 November 1978]),
Act 51 of 1977 (G. 5532, c.i.o 22 July 1977 [Proc. R148 G. 5654 15 July 1977]),
Act 91 of 1977 (G. 5621, c.i.o 22 July 1977 [Proc. R147 G. 5654 15 July 1977]),
Act 28 of 1981 (G. 7474, c.i.o 11 March 1981),
 Act 59 of 1982 (G. 8156, c.i.o 21 April 1982),
Act 105 of 1982 (G. 8295, c.i.o 1 April 1983 [Proc. R36 G. 8617 25 March 1983]),
Act 53 of 1983 (G. 8690, c.i.o 4 May 1983),
Act 56 of 1984 (G. 9204, c.i.o 2 May 1984),
Act 88 of 1984 (G. 9322, c.i.o 1 November 1984 [Proc. R158 G. 9413 7 September 1984]),
Act 109 of 1984 (G. 9359, c.i.o 1 September 1984 [Proc. R151 G. 9401 31 August 1984]),
Act 19 of 1985 (G. 9652, c.i.o 3 April 1985),
Act 107 of 1985 (G. 9866, c.i.o 20 February 1987 [Proc. R27 G. 10626 20 February 1987]),
Act 34 of 1986 (G. 10196, c.i.o 1 August 1986 [Proc. R138 G. 10376 28 July 1986]),
Act 90 of 1986 (G. 10425, c.i.o 1 March 1990 [Proc. R32 G. 12317 1 March 1990]),
Act 25 of 1987 (G. 10796, c.i.o 24 June 1987, ss 3,4,5,7,8 and 9 1 January 1988 [Proc. R176
G. 11063 11 December 1987], ss 1 and 2 1 July 1989 [Proc. R50 G. 11833 21 April 1989]),
Act 45 of 1988 (G. 11274, c.i.o 3 October 1988 [Proc. 171 G. 11519 30 September 1988]),
Act 87 of 1989 (G. 11939, c.i.o 29 September 1989 [Proc. R176 G. 12126 29 September 1989]),
Act 107 of 1990 (G, 12644, c.i.o 1 August 1990 [Proc. R128 G. 12678 31 July 1990]),
Act 4 of 1991 (G. 13109, c.i.o 28 March 1991),
Act 118 of 1991 (G. 13363, c.i.o 1 March 1992 [Proc. R14 G. 13802 28 February 1992]),
Act 90 of 1993 (G. 14922, c.i.o 11 March 1994 [Proc. R37 G. 15565 11 March 1994]),
Act 115 of 1993 (G. 14981, c.i.o 1 August 1993 [Proc. R65 G. 15025 1 August 1993]),
Act 120 of 1993 (G. 14986, c.i.o ss 47, 48, 49, 50 and 53 7 January 2000 [Proc. R133 G. 20781 30
December 1999]),
Act 129 of 1993 (G. 14995, c.i.o 1 September 1993 [Proc. R81 G. 15102 1 September 1993]),
Act 132 of 1993 (G. 15160, c.i.o 1 December 1993 [Proc. R123 G. 15308 1 December 1993]),
Act 157 of 1993 (G. 15178, c.i.o 1 December 1993 [Proc. R125 G. 15308 1 December 1993]),
Act 204 of 1993 (G. 15445, c.i.o 1 March 1994 [Proc. R34 G. 15527 1 March 1994]),
Act 18 of 1996 (G. 17129, c.i.o 1 April 1997 [Proc. R23 G. 17849 12 March 1997]),
Act 88 of 1996 (G. 17599, c.i.o 22 November 1996),
Act 104 of 1996 (G. 17613, c.i.o 14 February 1997 [Proc. R18 G. 17794 14 February 1997]),
Act 33 of 1997 (G. 18256, c.i.o 5 September 1997),
Act 80 of 1997 (G. 18496, c.i.o 10 December 1997),
Act 81 of 1997 (G. 18497, c.i.o 10 December 1997),
Act 66 of 1998 (G. 19322, c.i.o 7 October 1998),
Act 67 of 1998 (G. 19323, c.i.o 96ter (5), 93ter (10) and 93ter (11) 20 April 2000 [Proc. R24 G. 21124
20 April 2000]),
Act 74 of 1998 (G. 19329, c.i.o 1 March 1999 [Proc. R24 G. 19802 1 March 1999]),
Act 114 of 1998 (G. 19525, c.i.o 7 February 2003 [Proc. R6 G. 24351 7 February 2003]),
 Act 62 of 2000 (G. 21883, c.i.o 23 March 2001 [Proc. R21 G. 22159 23 March 2001]),
Act 55 of 2002 (G. 24277, c.i.o 17 January 2003),
Act 28 of 2003 (G. 25650, c.i.o 1 November 2003),
Act 22 of 2005 (G. 28391, c.i.o 2 November 2007 [Proc. R31 G. 30435 2 November 2007]),
Act 34 of 2005 (G. 28619, c.i.o 1 June 2006 [Proc. 22 G. 28824 11 May 2006]),
Act 32 of 2007 (G. 30599, c.i.o 16 December 2007]),
Act 31 of 2008 (G. 31579, c.i.o 9 August 2010 [Proc. R41 G. 33448 of 6 August 2010]),
Act 19 of 2010 (G. 33852, c.i.o 7 December 2010),
Act 42 of 2013 (G. 37254, c.i.o 22 January 2014),
Act 24 of 2015 (G. 39587, c.i.o 8 January 2016),
Act 7 of 2017 (G. 41017, c.i.o 1 August 2018 [Proc. R22 G. 41801 27 July 2018]),
Act 8 of 2017 (G. 41018, c.i.o 2 August 2017).

[Commencement: 2 July 1945]

(Signed by the Officer Administering the Government in Afrikaans)

(Assented to 16 May 1944)

ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS

1. Definitions
PART I
COURTS
CHAPTER I: ESTABLISHMENT AND NATURE OF COURTS

2. Minister's powers relative to districts, regional divisions and courts

3. Existing courts and districts to continue
4. Nature of the courts and force of process
5. Courts to be open to the public, with exceptions
6. Medium to be employed in proceedings
7. Public access to records and custody thereof
7A. Custody of civil summonses and returns thereto

CHAPTER II: JUDICIAL OFFICERS

8. Before whom courts to be held

9. Appointment of judicial officers
9bis. …
10. Qualifications for appointment of judicial officers
11. Existing judicial officers to continue in office
12. Powers of judicial officers

CHAPTER III: OFFICERS OF THE COURT

13. Clerk of the court

13A. Registrar of regional division
14. Messengers of the court
15. Service of process by the police
16. Messengers' duties respecting detention of persons by order of court
17. Messengers' return to be evidence
18. …
18A. …
19. Officers appointed previously to remain in office

CHAPTER IV: PRACTITIONERS

20. Advocates and attorneys

21. Candidate attorneys
22. Agents
23. Misconduct of practitioners

CHAPTER V: RULES OF THE COURT

24. …
25. …

PART II
CIVIL MATTERS
CHAPTER VI: CIVIL JURISDICTION

26. Area of jurisdiction

27. Jurisdiction in periodical courts
28. Jurisdiction in respect of persons
29. Jurisdiction in respect of causes of action
29A. Jurisdiction in respect of appeals against decisions of Black chiefs, headmen and chiefs'
deputies
30. Arrests and interdicts
30bis. Attachment to found or confirm jurisdiction
31. Automatic rent interdict
32. Attachment of property in security of rent
33. Curator ad litem
34. Assessors
35. Transfer from one court to another
36. What judgments may be rescinded
37. Incidental jurisdiction
38. Abandonment of part claim
39. Deduction of admitted debt
40. Splitting of claims disallowed
41. Joinder of plaintiffs
42. Joinder of defendants
43. Jurisdiction cumulative
44. Application of sections 34, 35 and 37 to 43 inclusive to claims in reconvention
45. Jurisdiction by consent of parties
46. Matters beyond the jurisdiction
47. Counterclaim exceeding jurisdiction
48. Judgment
49. Cession of costs
50. Removal of actions from court to provincial or local division

CHAPTER VII: WITNESSES AND EVIDENCE

51. Modes of procuring attendance of witnesses and penalty for non-attendance

51bis. Witness fees
52. Interrogatories
53. Commissions de bene esse
54. Pre-trial procedure for formulating issues
54A. …

CHAPTER VIII: RECOVERY OF DEBTS

55. Definition
55A. Factors to be taken into account when considering an order which is just and equitable
56. Recovery of costs of letter of demand
57. Admission of liability and undertaking to pay debt in instalments or otherwise
58. Consent to judgment or to judgment and an order for payment of judgment debt in instalments
58A. Judgment by default shall be deemed to be judgment of court
59. Written request constitutes first document in an action
60. Prohibition of recovery of fees or remuneration by certain persons in connection with the
collection of debts

CHAPTER IX: EXECUTION

61. Definition
62. Power to grant or set aside a warrant
63. Execution to be issued within three years
64. Execution in case of judgment debt ceded
65. Offer by judgment debtor after judgment
65A. Notice to judgment debtor if judgment remains unsatisfied
65B. …
65C. Joinder of proceedings
65D. Determination of judgment debtor's financial position
65E. Postponement of proceedings pending execution
65F. …
65G. …
65H. …
65I. Application for administration order has preference
65J. Emoluments attachment orders
65K. Order as to costs relating to certain proceedings
65L. …
65M. Enforcement of certain judgments of division of High Court or court for regional division
66. Manner of execution
67. Property exempt from execution
68. Property executable
69. Interpleader claims
70. Sale in execution gives good title
71. Surplus after execution
71A. Movable property which messenger cannot dispose of in terms of this Act, shall be sold by
public auction
72. Attachment of debts
73. Suspension of execution of debt
74. Granting of administration orders
74A. Documents to be submitted with application for administration order
74B. Hearing of application for administration order
74C. Contents of administration order
74D. Authorising the issue of emoluments attachment order or garnishee order
74E. Appointment of administrator
74F. Notice of and objections to administration orders
74G. List of creditors and debts and additions thereto
74H. Inclusion of creditors in list after granting of administration order
74I. Payments by debtor in terms of administration order
74J. Duties of administrator
74K. Realisation of assets by administrator
74L. Remuneration and expenses of administrator
74M. Furnishing of information by administrator
74N. Failure by administrator to perform his duties
74O. Costs of application for administration order
74P. Remedies restricted by administration order
74Q. Suspension, amendment or rescission of administration order
74R. Administration order no bar to sequestration
74S. Incurring of debts by persons subject to administration order
74T. Change of address by debtor subject to administration order
74U. Lapsing of administration order
74V. Interruption of prescription
74W. Failure of administrators to carry out certain duty
75. Jurisdiction to decide disputes arising out of garnishee orders
75bis. Review of conditions of sale of immovable property to be sold in execution of a Supreme Court
judgment
76. Execution or payment is discharged pro tanto
77. Saving of existing laws prohibiting attachment
78. Execution or suspension in case of appeal, etc.
79. Person who has made a nulla bona return not to incur debts

CHAPTER X: COSTS

80. Costs to be in accordance with scale and to be taxed

81. Review of taxation

CHAPTER XI: APPEAL AND REVIEW

82. By consent, decision of magistrate's court may be final

83. Appeal from magistrate's court
84. Time, manner and conditions of appeal
85. No peremption of appeal by satisfaction of judgment
86. Respondent may abandon judgment
87. Procedure of court of appeal
88. Execution of judgment of court of appeal
 PART III
CRIMINAL MATTERS
CHAPTER XII: CRIMINAL JURISDICTION

89. Jurisdiction in respect of offences

90. Local limits of jurisdiction
91. Criminal jurisdiction of periodical court
92. Limits of jurisdiction in the matter of punishments
93. …
93bis. …
93ter. Magistrate may be assisted by assessors

CHAPTER XIII: REMITTAL

94. …
95. …

CHAPTER XIV: REVIEW

96. …
97. …
98. …
98bis. …
99. …

CHAPTER XV: EXECUTION OF SENTENCES

100. …
101. …
102. …

CHAPTER XVI: CRIMINAL APPEALS

103. …
104. …
105. …

PART IV
CHAPTER XVII: OFFENCES
106. Penalty for disobedience of judgment or order of court
106A. Offence by garnishee
106B. Offence by employer
106C. Offences relating to judgments, emoluments attachment orders and instalment orders
107. Offences relating to execution
108. Custody and punishment for contempt of court
109. Judgment debtor to inform court of his address

PART V
CHAPTER XVIII: GENERAL AND SUPPLEMENTARY

110. Pronouncements on validity of law or conduct of President

111. Amendment of proceedings
112. Administration of oath or affirmation
113. …
114. Savings and non-application of Act
115. Saving of pending proceedings
115A. Application of Act to the territory of South-West Africa
116. Laws repealed
117. Short title

Schedule: Laws repealed

1. Definitions

In this Act, except where the context otherwise indicates—

“administrative region” means an administrative region created by the Minister under

section 2(2);
[“administrative region” ins by s 1(a) of Act 66 of 1998 wef 7 October 1998.]

“court” means a magistrate’s court for any district or for any regional division;
[“court” subs by s 1 of Act 31 of 2008 wef 9 August 2010.]

“court day” means any day other than a Saturday, Sunday or public holiday, and only court
days shall be included in the computation of any time expressed in days prescribed by this
Act or fixed by any order of court;
[“court day” ins by s 1(a) of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]
 “court of appeal” means the High Court to which an appeal lies from the magistrate’s court;
[“court of appeal” subs by s 1 of Act 105 of 1982 wef 1 April 1983, s 1(b) of Act 66 of 1998 wef 7
October 1998.]

“head of the administrative region” means the magistrate designated as such by the
Minister, after consultation with the Magistrates Commission;
[“head of the administrative region” ins by s 1(c) of Act 66 of 1998 wef 7 October 1998.]

“judgment”, in civil cases, includes a decree, a rule and an order;

“judicial officer” means a magistrate, an additional magistrate or an assistant magistrate;

“magistrate” does not include an assistant magistrate;

“Magistrates Commission” means the Magistrates Commission established by section 2 of

the Magistrates Act, 1993 (Act No. 90 of 1993);
[“Magistrates Commission” ins by s 1(d) of Act 66 of 1998 wef 7 October 1998.]

“Minister” means the Minister of Justice;

[“Minister” subs by s 23 of Act 94 of 1974 wef 20 November 1974, s 2 of Act 34 of 1986 wef 1 August
1986, s 1(e) of Act 66 of 1998 wef 7 October 1998.]

“National Credit Act” means the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of 2005);
[“National Credit Act” ins by s 1(b) of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]

“offence” means an act or omission punishable by law;

“practitioner” means an advocate, an attorney, an articled clerk such as is referred to in

section 21 or an agent such as is referred to in section 22;

“province” includes the territory;

“Republic” includes the territory;

“territory” means the territory of South-West Africa;

“to record” means to take down in writing or in shorthand or to record by mechanical means,
and “recorded” has a corresponding meaning;

“the district”, if used in relation to any court, means the district, sub-district, or area for which
 such court is established;

“the rules” means the rules referred to in section 6 of the Rules Board for Courts of Law Act,
1985 (Act No. 107 of 1985);
[“the rules” subs by s 1 of Act 4 of 1991 wef 28 March 1991.]

“this Act” includes the rules.

[S 1 am by s 2 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952, s 15 of Act 15 of 1969 wef 1 May 1969; subs by s
1 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970.]

PART I
COURTS
CHAPTER I: ESTABLISHMENT AND NATURE OF COURTS

2. Minister’s powers relative to districts, regional divisions and courts

(1) The Minister may, by notice in the Gazette—

(a) create districts, define the local limits of each district, which may consist of various
non-contiguous areas, and declare the name by which any district shall be known;

(b) create regional divisions consisting of a number of districts, or of a district together

with one or more sub-districts, and declare the name by which any regional division
shall be known;

(c) increase or decrease the local limits of any district;

(d) increase or decrease the limits of any regional division;

(e) for all purposes or for such purposes as he or she may declare, annex any district or
any portion thereof to another district;

(eA) for all purposes or for such purposes as he or she may declare, annex any regional
division or any portion thereof to another regional division;

(f) establish a court for any district for the purposes of—

(i) the trial of persons accused of committing any offence which shall have
jurisdiction contemplated in sections 89 and 92; and
 (ii) adjudicating civil disputes contemplated in section 29(1);

(g) establish a court for any regional division for the purposes of—

(i) the trial of persons accused of committing any offence, which shall have
increased jurisdiction contemplated in sections 89 and 92; and

(ii) adjudicating civil disputes contemplated in sections 29(1) and 29(1B);

(h) appoint one or more places within each district for the holding of a court for such
district, and may by like notice prescribe the local limits of an area in a district, which
area may include any portion of an adjoining district, and declare the name by which
such area shall be known, and appoint one or more places in such area for the
holding of a court for such district; of which places, if more than one is appointed, one
shall be specified as the seat of the magistracy;

(i) appoint one or more places in each regional division for the holding of a court for the
adjudication of offences contemplated in section 89(2);

(iA) appoint one or more places within each regional division for the holding of a court for
the adjudication of civil disputes contemplated in—

(i) section 29(1); or

(ii) section 29(1B); or

(iii) section 29(1) and (1B),

and prescribe the local limits within which such courts shall have jurisdiction, and may
include within those limits any portion of an adjoining regional division;

(j) within any district appoint places other than the seat of magistracy for the holding of
periodical courts, and prescribe the local limits within which such courts shall have
jurisdiction, and include within those limits any portion of an adjoining district;

(k) detach a portion of a district or portions of two or more adjoining districts as a sub-
district to form the area of jurisdiction of a detached court, and declare the name by
which such sub-district shall be known, and appoint the places where such detached
court is to be held;
 (l) withdraw or vary any notice under this section and abolish any regional division,
district, sub-district or other area of jurisdiction and the court thereof.

(2) The Minister may, by notice in the Gazette and after consultation with the Magistrates
Commission, join any group of districts together to create an administrative region for
administrative purposes.
[S 2 am by s 3 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952, s 37 of Act 68 of 1957 wef 28 June 1957, s 5 of
Act 17 of 1970 wef 6 March 1970; subs by s 2 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970; am by s 7(1)
of Act 102 of 1972 wef 2 July 1945, s 2 of Act 34 of 1986 wef 1 August 1986, s 2 of Act 66 of 1998
wef 7 October 1998; subs by s 2 of Act 31 of 2008 wef 9 August 2010.]

3. Existing courts and districts to continue

(1) The courts and districts existing immediately before the commencement of this Act shall be
deemed to have been established under this Act.

(2) All references in any other law to magistrates’ courts or courts of resident magistrates shall be
read as referring to courts established under this Act.

(3) After the commencement of this Act no new district or sub-district and no regional division
shall be created until a report upon the proposal to create such district or sub-district or
division has been obtained from the Public Service Commission.
[S 3(3) am by s 4 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952.]

4. Nature of the courts and force of process

(1) Every court shall be a court of record.

(2) …
[S 4(2) rep by s 5(a) of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952.]

(3) Every process issued out of any court shall be of force throughout the Republic.
[S 4(3) am by s 5(b) of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952, s 3 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December
1970.]

(4) Any process issued out of any court may be served or executed by the messenger of the
court appointed for the area within which such process is to be served or executed.
[S 4(4) subs by s 26 of Act 70 of 1968 wef 30 August 1968.]
5. Courts to be open to the public, with exceptions

(1) Except where otherwise provided by law, the proceedings in every court in all criminal cases
and the trial of all defended civil actions shall be carried on in open court, and recorded by the
presiding officer or other officer appointed to record such proceedings.

(2) The court may in any case, in the interests of good order or public morals, direct that a civil
trial shall be held with closed doors, or that (with such exceptions as the court may direct)
minors or the public generally shall not be permitted to be present thereat.
[S 5(2) subs by s 1(a) of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977, s 3 of Act 132 of 1993 wef 1 December
1993.]

(3) If any person present at any civil proceedings in any court disturbs the peace or order of the
court, the court may order that person to be removed and detained in custody until the rising
of the court, or, if in the opinion of the court peace cannot be otherwise secured, may order
the court room to be cleared and the doors thereof to be closed to the public.
[S 5(3) subs by s 1(a) of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

(4) …
[S 5(4) am by s 6 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952; rep by s 1(b) of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July
1977.]

6. Medium to be employed in proceedings

(1) Either of the official languages may be used at any stage of the proceedings in any court and
the evidence shall be recorded in the language so used.
[S 6(1) am by s 7 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952.]

(2) If, in a criminal case, evidence is given in a language with which the accused is not in the
opinion of the court sufficiently conversant, a competent interpreter shall be called by the
court in order to translate such evidence into a language with which the accused professes or
appears to the court to be sufficiently conversant, irrespective of whether the language in
which the evidence is given, is one of the official languages or of whether the representative
of the accused is conversant with the language used in the evidence or not.

7. Public access to records and custody thereof

(1) Subject to the provisions of section 7A and the rules the records of the court, other than a
record with reference to which a direction has been issued under section 153(2) or 154(1) of
the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977, or with reference to which the provisions of section
 154(2)(a) or 154(3) of that Act apply, shall be accessible to the public under supervision of the
clerk of the court at convenient times and upon payment of the fees prescribed from time to
time by the Minister in consultation with the Minister of Finance, and for this purpose and for
all other purposes the records of any magistrate’s court which has at any time existed within
the Republic, shall be deemed to be the records of the court of the district in which the place
where such court was held is situated, and such records shall be preserved at the seat of
magistracy of that district for such periods as the Director-General: Justice may from time to
time determine: Provided that the said Director-General may order that the records of a court
for any regional division shall be so preserved at such a place or places within that division as
he may from time to time determine: Provided further that payment of such fees shall not be
required from any person who satisfies the magistrate of the district where the records of the
court are preserved, or any judicial officer designated by the said magistrate from among the
members of his staff, that he desires access to the records of the court in connection with
research for academic purposes.

(2) The Director-General: Justice may order that after expiry of the periods referred to in
subsection (1) the records so preserved be removed to a central place of custody or be
destroyed or otherwise disposed of.
[S 7 am by s 23 of Act 93 of 1962 wef 4 July 1962, s 7 of Act 80 of 1964 wef 24 June 1964; subs by s
1 of Act 8 of 1967 wef 17 February 1967; am by s 27 of Act 70 of 1968 wef 21 June 1968, s 14 of Act
80 of 1971 wef 14 July 1971, s 2 of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977; subs by s 1 of Act 25 of 1987
wef 1 July 1989.]

7A. Custody of civil summonses and returns thereto

(1) Notwithstanding the provisions of section 7, but subject to the provisions of the rules, a
summons issued to institute a civil action and the return of service of such summons, shall be
preserved by the person who caused the summons to be issued or by his attorney.

(2) A summons and return of service preserved in terms of subsection (1) shall not be accessible
to the public.
[S 7A ins by s 2 of Act 25 of 1987 wef 1 July 1989.]

CHAPTER II: JUDICIAL OFFICERS

8. Before whom courts to be held

Every court held under this Act shall be presided over by a judicial officer appointed in the
manner provided by this Act.
9. Appointment of judicial officers

(1)
(a) Subject to the Magistrates Act, 1993, and section 10 of this Act, the Minister may
appoint for any district or sub-district a magistrate, one or more additional magistrates
or one or more assistant magistrates and for every regional division a magistrate or
magistrates.
[S 9(1)(a) subs by s 17 of Act 90 of 1993 wef 11 March 1994, s 1(a) of Act 19 of 2010 wef 7
December 2010.]

(aA) The Minister may, in a particular case or generally and subject to such directions as
he or she may deem fit, delegate the power conferred upon him or her by paragraph
(a) to the Director-General of his or her department or another officer of that
department with the rank of director or an equivalent or higher rank or a magistrate at
the head of a regional division or a person occupying the office of chief magistrate,
including an acting chief magistrate.
[S 9(1)(aA) ins by s 11 of Act 29 of 1974 wef 15 March 1974; subs by s 1 of Act 28 of 1981 wef 11
March 1981, s 3(a) of Act 104 of 1996 wef 14 February 1997, s 3(a) of Act 66 of 1998 wef 7 October
1998.]

(b) …
[S 9(1)(b) subs by s 3(b) of Act 66 of 1998 wef 7 October 1998; rep by s 1(b) of Act 19 of 2010 wef 7
December 2010.]

(c) …
[S 9(1)(c) subs by s 24(1)(a) of Act 94 of 1974 wef 1 March 1975; rep by s 3 of Act 31 of 2008 wef 9
August 2010.]

(d) A magistrate, an additional magistrate or an assistant magistrate of a district or sub-

district may at the same time also be a magistrate, an additional magistrate or an
assistant magistrate of another district.
[S 9(1)(d) ins by s 24(1)(b) of Act 94 of 1974 wef 1 May 1973.]

(1A) …
[S 9(1A) ins by s 8(1) of Act 102 of 1972 wef 2 July 1945; rep by s 2 of Act 34 of 1986 wef 1 August
1986.]
(2)
(a) A person appointed as judicial officer under this section shall, before commencing
with his or her functions in terms of this Act for the first time, take an oath or make an
affirmation subscribed by him or her, in the form set out below—
 “I, ........................................................................................................................

(full name)

do hereby swear/solemnly affirm that in my capacity as a judicial officer I will be

faithful to the Republic of South Africa, will uphold and protect the Constitution and
the human rights entrenched in it, and will administer justice to all persons alike
without fear, favour or prejudice, in accordance with the Constitution and the law.”.
[S 9(2)(a) subs by s 4 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970, s 1 of Act 62 of 2000 wef 23 March
2001.]

(b) Any such oath or affirmation shall be taken or made in open court before the most
senior available magistrate of the district concerned or a justice of the peace who
shall at the foot thereof endorse a statement of the fact that it was taken or made
before him and of the date on which it was so taken or made and append his
signature thereto.

(3) Subject to subsections (4) and (5), the Minister, after consultation with the head of the court
concerned, may appoint any appropriately qualified and fit and proper person to act—

(a) in the place of any magistrate, additional magistrate or assistant magistrate who is
not available; or

(b) in any vacant office of magistrate; or

(c) as a magistrate in addition to any magistrate of a regional division or a district.

[S 9(3) subs by s 3(b) of Act 104 of 1996 wef 14 February 1997, s 3(c) of Act 66 of 1998 wef 7
October 1998, s 1 of Act 28 of 2003 wef 1 November 2003.]

(4)
(a) A magistrate at the head of a regional division or a person occupying the office of
chief magistrate, including an acting chief magistrate authorised thereto in writing by
the Minister, may—

(i) whenever a magistrate, additional magistrate or assistant magistrate is for

any reason unavailable to carry out the functions of his or her office; and

(ii) in consultation with the Minister or an officer in the Department of Justice and
Constitutional Development designated by the Minister,
 temporarily appoint any competent person in the place of the magistrate concerned.

(b) An appointment in terms of paragraph (a) remains valid for the duration of the
unavailability of the magistrate in question, or for a period not exceeding five
consecutive court days, whichever period is the shortest.

(c) Any person appointed in terms of paragraph (a) may—

(i) upon the expiry of the appointment in terms of paragraph (b); and

(ii) if the magistrate in whose place the appointment has been made, is still
unavailable,

be reappointed once only in terms of paragraph (a) in the place of that magistrate.
[S 9(4) subs by s 3(b) of Act 104 of 1996 wef 14 February 1997, s 3(c) of Act 66 of 1998 wef 7
October 1998, s 1 of Act 28 of 2003 wef 1 November 2003.]
(5)
(a) Any person appointed in terms of subsection (3)—

(i) holds that office for a period determined by the Minister at the time of the
appointment, but the period so determined may not exceed 12 months; and
[S 9(5)(a)(i) subs by s 1(a) of Act 24 of 2015 wef 8 January 2016.]

(ii) may be reappointed to that office in terms of subsection (3).

(b) The Minister must cause Parliament and the Magistrates Commission to be informed
whenever any vacancy in the office of a magistrate has remained unfilled for a
continuous period exceeding 12 months.
[S 9(5) rep by s 2 of Act 34 of 1986 wef 1 August 1986; ins by s 3(c) of Act 104 of 1996 wef 14
February 1997; subs by s 1 of Act 28 of 2003 wef 1 November 2003; s 9(5)(b) subs by s 1(b) of Act
24 of 2015 wef 8 January 2016.]

(6) Any person appointed in terms of subsection (3) or (4) is also deemed to have been so
appointed in respect of any period during which he or she is necessarily engaged in
connection with the disposal of any proceedings—

(a) in which he or she has participated as such a magistrate, including an application for
leave to appeal in respect of such proceedings; and
 (b) which have not yet been disposed of at the expiry of the period for which he or she
was appointed.
[S 9(6) ins by s 1 of Act 28 of 2003 wef 1 November 2003.]

(7)

(a) A magistrate appointed in terms of subsection (1) who presided in criminal

proceedings in which a plea was recorded in accordance with section 106 of the
Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 (Act No. 51 of 1977), shall, notwithstanding his or her
subsequent vacation of the office of magistrate at any stage, dispose of those
proceedings and, for such purpose, shall continue to hold such office in respect of
any period during which he or she is necessarily engaged in connection with the
disposal of those proceedings—

(i) in which he or she participated, including an application for leave to appeal in

respect of such proceedings; and

(ii) which were not disposed of when he or she vacated the office of magistrate.

(b) The proceedings contemplated in paragraph (a) shall be disposed of at the court
where the proceedings were commenced, unless all parties to the proceedings agree
unconditionally in writing to the proceedings being resumed in another court
mentioned in the agreement.

(c) If the magistrate contemplated in paragraph (a) has subsequently been appointed as
a Constitutional Court judge or judge as defined in section 1 of the Judges’
Remuneration and Conditions of Employment Act, 2001 (Act No. 47 of 2001)—

(i) he or she shall only be entitled to the benefits to which such a Constitutional
Court judge or judge is entitled as contemplated in the Judges’ Remuneration
and Conditions of Employment Act, 2001, in respect of any period taken to
dispose of the proceedings as contemplated in paragraph (a); and

(ii) the period taken to dispose of the proceedings as contemplated in paragraph

(a) is deemed to be active service for purposes of the Judges’ Remuneration
and Conditions of Employment Act, 2001.

(d) If the magistrate contemplated in paragraph (a) has subsequently not been appointed
as a Constitutional Court judge or judge as contemplated in paragraph (c), he or she
is entitled to such benefits as determined by the Minister from time to time by notice
in the Gazette.
 [S 9(7)(d) subs by s 1 of Act 8 of 2017 wef 2 August 2017.]

(e) A magistrate contemplated in paragraph (a) who is, in the opinion of the Minister—

(i) unfit to continue holding the office of magistrate for purposes of disposing of
the proceedings in question; or

(ii) incapacitated and is not able to dispose of the proceedings in question due to
such incapacity,

may be exempted by the Minister from the provisions of this subsection, after
consultation with the Chief Justice.
[S 9 am by s 8 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952, s 17 of Act 50 of 1956 wef 22 June 1956, s 38 of
Act 68 of 1957 wef 28 June 1957, s 24 of Act 93 of 1962 wef 4 July 1962, s 1 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15
March 1963, s 1 of Act 48 of 1965 wef 5 May 1965; subs by s 2 of Act 8 of 1967 wef 17 February
1967; s 9(7) ins by s 1 of Act 22 of 2005 wef 2 November 2007.]

9bis. …
[S 9bis ins by s 2 of Act 48 of 1965 wef 5 May 1965; am by s 5 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December
1970, s 2 of Act 28 of 1981 wef 11 March 1981; rep by s 4(a) of Act 104 of 1996 wef 14 February
1997.]

10. Qualifications for appointment of judicial officers

Subject to the provisions of the Magistrates Act, 1993 (Act No. 90 of 1993), any appropriately
qualified woman or man who is a fit and proper person may be appointed as a magistrate, an
additional magistrate or a magistrate of a regional division.
[S 10 subs by s 4 of Act 66 of 1998 wef 7 October 1998, s 2 of Act 19 of 2010 wef 7 December 2010.]

11. Existing judicial officers to continue in office

(1) All magistrates, additional magistrates and assistant magistrates holding office at the
commencement of this Act shall be deemed to have been appointed under this Act.

(2) References in any other law to chief magistrates, resident magistrates, magistrates, additional
magistrates, civil magistrates or criminal magistrates, shall be read as referring to magistrates
appointed under this Act.

(3) All such references to assistant resident magistrates or to assistant magistrates shall be read
as referring to assistant magistrates appointed under this Act.
12. Powers of judicial officers

(1) A magistrate—

(a) may hold a court, provided that a court of a regional division may, subject to
subsection (6), only be held by a magistrate of the regional division;
[S 12(1)(a) am by s 9 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952; subs by s 4(a) of Act 31 of 2008 wef 9
August 2010.]

(b) shall possess the powers and perform the duties conferred or imposed upon
magistrates by any law for the time being in force within the province wherein his
district is situate;

(c) shall be subject to the administrative control of the head of the administrative region
in which his or her district is situate.
[S 12(1)(c) ins by s 5 of Act 66 of 1998 wef 7 October 1998.]

(2) An additional magistrate or an assistant magistrate—

(a) may hold a court;

(b) shall possess such powers and perform such duties conferred or imposed upon
magistrates by law.
[S 12(2)(b) subs by s 4(b) of Act 31 of 2008 wef 9 August 2010.]

(3) An acting magistrate, additional magistrate, or assistant magistrate, respectively, shall

possess the powers and jurisdiction and perform the duties of the magistrate, additional
magistrate, or assistant magistrate in whose place he is appointed to act, for the particular
case or during the time or in the circumstances for which he is appointed to act.

(4) Every additional magistrate and every assistant magistrate shall, in each district for which he
has been appointed, be subject to the administrative direction of the magistrate; and the
magistrate shall allocate the work among the additional magistrates and assistant
magistrates.

(5) …
[S 12(5) ins by s 25 of Act 94 of 1974 wef 1 March 1975; rep by s 4(c) of Act 31 of 2008 wef 9 August
2010.]
(6) Only a magistrate of a regional division, designated by the magistrate at the head of a
regional division, may adjudicate on civil disputes contemplated in section 29(1) or 29(1B), in
accordance with the criteria set out in subsection (8).
[S 12(6) ins by s 4(d) of Act 31 of 2008 wef 9 August 2010; subs by s 3 of Act 19 of 2010 wef 7
December 2010, s 2(a) of Act 8 of 2017 wef 2 August 2017.]

(7) …
[S 12(7) ins by s 4(d) of Act 31 of 2008 wef 9 August 2010; subs by s 3 of Act 19 of 2010 wef 7
December 2010; rep by s 2(b) of Act 8 of 2017 wef 2 August 2017.]

(8) A magistrate at the head of a regional division may only designate a magistrate contemplated
in subsection (6), if one or more places have been appointed in terms of section 2(1)(iA)
within the regional division in respect of which the magistrate in question had been appointed
for the adjudication of civil disputes, and—

(a) the head of the South African Judicial Education Institute has issued a duly signed
certificate that the magistrate has successfully completed an appropriate training
course in the adjudication of civil disputes;

(b) the magistrate at the head of the regional division is satisfied that, before the
establishment of the Institute referred to in paragraph (a), the magistrate has
successfully completed an appropriate training course in the adjudication of civil
disputes; or

(c) the magistrate at the head of the regional division is satisfied that the magistrate, on
account of previous experience, has suitable knowledge of, and expertise in, civil
litigation matters to preside over the adjudication of civil disputes contemplated in
section 29(1) or 29(1B) or both sections 29(1) and 29(1B).
[S 12(8) ins by s 4(d) of Act 31 of 2008 wef 9 August 2010; subs by s 3 of Act 19 of 2010 wef 7
December 2010, s 2(c) of Act 8 of 2017 wef 2 August 2017.]

CHAPTER III: OFFICERS OF THE COURT

13. Clerk of the court

(1) There shall be appointed for every court by the magistrate of the district in which such court is
situated so many clerks of the court and assistant clerks of the court as may be necessary.
[S 13(1) subs by s 3 of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]
(2) A refusal by the clerk of the court to do any act which he is by any law empowered to do shall
be subject to review by the court on application either ex parte or on notice as the
circumstances may require.

13A. Registrar of regional division

(1) The Director-General of the Department of Justice and Constitutional Development must
appoint for each regional division a registrar and so many assistant registrars as may be
necessary.

(2) Any clerk of the court and any assistant clerk of the court may also be appointed as the
registrar or an assistant registrar of a regional division.

(3) A refusal by a registrar or assistant registrar to do any act which he or she is by any law
empowered to do, shall be subject to review by the court of the regional division in question
on application either ex parte or on notice, as the circumstances may require.

(4) Any reference in any law to a “clerk of the court” is, in so far as that law relates to a court of a
regional division, deemed to be a reference to the registrar or assistant registrar of that
regional division.
[S 13A ins by s 5 of Act 31 of 2008 wef 9 August 2010.]

14. Messengers of the court

(1) …
[S 14(1) subs by s 10(1)(a) of Act 40 of 1952 wef 2 July 1945, s 28(1)(a) of Act 70 of 1968 wef 30
August 1968; am by s 12 of Act 29 of 1974 wef 15 March 1974, s 3 of Act 28 of 1981 wef 11 March
1981; rep by s 64(1) of Act 90 of 1986 wef 1 March 1990.]

(1A) …
[S 14(1A) ins by s 28(1)(b) of Act 70 of 1968 wef 30 August 1968; rep by s 64(1) of Act 90 of 1986 wef
1 March 1990.]

(2) …
[S 14(2) am by s 28(1)(c) of Act 70 of 1968 wef 30 August 1968; rep by s 64(1) of Act 90 of 1986 wef
1 March 1990.]

(3) to (5) …
[S 14(3) to (5) rep by s 64(1) of Act 90 of 1986 wef 1 March 1990.]
(6) …
[S 14(6) subs by s 10(1)(b) of Act 40 of 1952 wef 2 July 1945; rep by s 64(1) of Act 90 of 1986 wef 1
March 1990.]

(7) A messenger receiving any process for service or execution from a practitioner or plaintiff by
whom there is due and payable to the messenger any sum of money in respect of services
performed more than three months previously in the execution of any duty of his office, and
which notwithstanding request has not been paid, may refer such process to the magistrate of
the court out of which the process was issued with particulars of the sum due and payable by
the practitioner or plaintiff; and the magistrate may, if he is satisfied that a sum is due and
payable by the practitioner or plaintiff to the messenger as aforesaid which notwithstanding
request has not been paid, by writing under his hand authorise the messenger to refuse to
serve or execute such process until the sum due and payable to the messenger has been
paid.
[S 14(7) am by s 10(1)(c) of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952.]

(8) A magistrate granting any such authority shall forthwith transmit a copy thereof to the
practitioner or plaintiff concerned and a messenger receiving any such authority shall
forthwith return to the practitioner or plaintiff the process to which such authority refers with an
intimation of his refusal to serve or execute the same and of the grounds for such refusal.
[S 14(8) am by s 10(1)(c) of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952.]

(9) …
[S 14(9) subs by s 6 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970; rep by s 64(1) of Act 90 of 1986 wef 1
March 1990.]

15. Service of process by the police

(1)
(a) Whenever process of the court in a civil case is to be served or executed within any
area for which no messenger has been appointed, and whenever process of any
court in a criminal case is to be served, a member of the police force shall be as
qualified to serve or execute all such process and all other documents in such a case
as if he had been duly appointed messenger.

(b) The fees payable in respect of or in connection with any such service to a messenger
shall in any such case be chargeable but shall be paid into the Consolidated Revenue
Fund.
[S 15(1) am by s 11(i) and (ii) of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952; subs by s 29 of Act 70 of 1968 wef
30 August 1968.]
(2) Whenever under any law a public body has the right to prosecute privately in respect of any
offence or whenever under any law any fine imposed on conviction in respect of any offence
is to be paid into the revenue of a public body, the process of the court and all other
documents in the case in which prosecution takes place for such offence, shall be served—

(a) by a person authorised in writing by such public body;

(b) where it is expedient that such process shall be served in the area of jurisdiction of
another public body, by a person authorised as contemplated in paragraph (a) by
such other public body; or

(c) with the consent of the Minister by a member of the police force, in which case fees in
accordance with the scale set out in the rules shall be paid by the public body or such
compounded amount in respect of all such process and other documents in any year
as may be agreed between the said public body and the Minister, and such fees or
such amount shall be paid into the National Revenue Fund.
[S 15(2) am by s 11(iii) of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952; subs by s 1 of Act 59 of 1982 wef 21 April
1982; s 15(2)(c) am by s 4 of Act 18 of 1996 wef 1 April 1997.]

(2A) The Minister may, by notice in the Gazette, determine the conditions of authorisation of a
person referred to in subsection (2)(a) or any other matter relating to that authorisation.
[S 15(2A) ins by s 4 of Act 19 of 2010 wef 7 December 2010.]

(3) An officer in the service of a province of a class defined by the Premier of that province by
notice in the Provincial Gazette of the province concerned, shall be competent to serve any
process of the court or any other document in a case in which a prosecution takes place for
an offence in terms of any law of that province as if he had been appointed as a deputy
messenger of the court.
[S 15(3) ins by s 2(b) of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963, am by s 4 of Act 18 of 1996 wef 1 April
1997.]

(4) An officer or employee in the service of the State of a class defined by the Minister by notice
in the Gazette, shall be competent to serve any process of the court or any other document in
a case in which a prosecution takes place for an offence in terms of a provision of any law
specified by the Minister in such notice, as if he had been appointed as a sheriff of the court.
[S 15(4) ins by s 26 of Act 94 of 1974 wef 20 November 1974; am by s 64(1) of Act 90 of 1986 wef 1
March 1990.]
16. Messenger’s duties respecting detention of persons by order of court

The messenger shall receive and cause to be lodged in a prison all persons arrested by such
messenger or committed to his custody.
[S 16 am by s 1 of Act 17 of 1969 wef 26 March 1969.]

17. Messenger’s return to be evidence

The return of a messenger or of any person authorised to perform any of the functions of a
messenger to any civil process of the court, shall be prima facie evidence of the matters
therein stated.
[S 17 subs by s 4 of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

18. …
[S 18 rep by s 64(1) of Act 90 of 1986 wef 1 March 1990.]

18A. …
[S 18A ins by s 1 of Act 53 of 1983 wef 4 May 1983; rep by s 64(1) of Act 90 of 1986 wef 1 March
1990.]

19. Officers appointed previously to remain in office

Every officer of the court holding office immediately prior to the commencement of this Act
shall be deemed to be duly appointed under this Act, and shall be invested with power, duties
and authority accordingly.

CHAPTER IV: PRACTITIONERS

20. Advocates and attorneys

An advocate or attorney of any division of the Supreme Court may appear in any proceeding
in any court.

21. Candidate attorneys

A candidate attorney as defined in section 1 of the Attorneys Act, 1979 (Act No. 53 of 1979),
may, subject to section 8 of that Act, appear instead and on behalf of the attorney to whom he
 has been articled, or under whom he serves community service in terms of a contract of
service, in any proceedings in any court.
[S 21 am by s 18 of Act 50 of 1956 wef 22 June 1956; subs by s 35 of Act 87 of 1989 wef 29
September 1989, s 22 of Act 115 of 1993 wef 1 August 1993.]

22. Agents

(1) A person who, immediately prior to the commencement of this Act, was entitled to practise as
an agent in any court may practise in any court in which he was so entitled, and shall be
entitled to be enrolled and to practise in any other court in which he would have been entitled
to be enrolled if this Act had not been passed.

(2) The Supreme Court shall possess in respect of any such agent the same powers as it
possesses in respect of attorneys of the Supreme Court.

(3) The law society of any Province may bring to the notice of the Supreme Court any facts
regarding the conduct of any such agent which, in the opinion of the said Society, ought to be
brought to the notice of the Supreme Court, in the same manner as if such agent were an
attorney of the Supreme Court.

23. Misconduct of practitioners

Whenever in the opinion of a judicial officer a practitioner has been guilty of misconduct or
dishonourable practice he shall report the fact—

(a) in the case of an advocate, to the branch of the Society of Advocates or Bar Council
at the centre in which such advocate practises; and

(b) in the case of all other practitioners, to the law society concerned.

CHAPTER V: RULES OF THE COURT

24. …
[S 24 rep by s 7 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970.]

25. …
[S 25 am by s 19 of Act 50 of 1956 wef 22 June 1956, s 2 of Act 93 of 1963 wef 12 July 1963, s 2 of
Act 101 of 1969 wef 30 June 1969, s 8 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970, s 1 of Act 19 of 1985
wef 3 April 1985; rep by s 10 of Act 107 of 1985 wef 20 February 1987.]
 PART II
CIVIL MATTERS
CHAPTER VI: CIVIL JURISDICTION

26. Area of jurisdiction

(1) Except where it is otherwise by law provided, the area of jurisdiction of a court shall be the
district, sub-district or area for which such court is established.

(2) A court established for a district shall have no jurisdiction in a sub-district or in an area
referred to in section 2(h).

(3) Nothing in subsection (2) shall affect proceedings pending in the court of a district at the time
of the creation of a sub-district or an area referred to in section 2(h).
[S 26 subs by s 9 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970.]

27. Jurisdiction of periodical courts

The jurisdiction of a periodical court within the area for which it has been appointed shall be
subject to the following provisions—

(a) the court of a district within which the said area or any part thereof is situate shall
retain concurrent jurisdiction with the periodical court within such portions of such
area as shall be situate within such district; and

(b) no person shall, without his own consent, be liable to appear as a party before any
periodical court to answer any claim unless he resides nearer to the place where the
periodical court is held than to the seat of magistracy of the district.

28. Jurisdiction in respect of persons

(1) Saving any other jurisdiction assigned to a court by this Act or by any other law, the persons
in respect of whom the court shall, subject to subsection (1A), have jurisdiction shall be the
following and no other—

(a) any person who resides, carries on business or is employed within the district or
regional division;

(b) any partnership which has business premises situated or any member whereof
 resides within the district or regional division;

(c) any person whatever, in respect of any proceedings incidental to any action or
proceeding instituted in the court by such person himself or herself;

(d) any person, whether or not he or she resides, carries on business or is employed
within the district or regional division, if the cause of action arose wholly within the
district or regional division;

(e) any party to interpleader proceedings, if—

(i) the execution creditor and every claimant to the subject-matter of the
proceedings reside, carry on business, or are employed within the district or
regional division; or

(ii) the subject-matter of the proceedings has been attached by process of the
court; or

(iii) such proceedings are taken under section 69(2) and the person therein
referred to as the “third party” resides, carries on business, or is employed
within the district or regional division; or

(iv) all the parties consent to the jurisdiction of the court;

(f) any defendant (whether in convention or reconvention) who appears and takes no
objection to the jurisdiction of the court;

(g) any person who owns immovable property within the district or regional division in
actions in respect of such property or in respect of mortgage bonds thereon.

(1A) For the purposes of section 29(1B) a court for a regional division shall have jurisdiction if the
parties are or if either of the parties is—

(i) domiciled in the area of jurisdiction of the court on the date on which proceedings are
instituted; or

(ii) ordinarily resident in the area of jurisdiction of the court on the said date and has or
have been ordinarily resident in the Republic for a period of not less than one year
immediately prior to that date.
(2) “Person” and “defendant” in this section include the State.
[S 28 am by s 12 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952; subs by s 6 of Act 31 of 2008 wef 9 August
2010.]

29. Jurisdiction in respect of causes of action

(1) Subject to the provisions of this Act and the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of 2005), a
court in respect of causes of action, shall have jurisdiction in—

(a) actions in which is claimed the delivery or transfer of any property, movable or
immovable, not exceeding in value the amount determined by the Minister from time
to time by notice in the Gazette;

(b) actions of ejectment against the occupier of any premises or land within the district or
regional division: Provided that, where the right of occupation of any such premises or
land is in dispute between the parties, such right does not exceed the amount
determined by the Minister from time to time by notice in the Gazette in clear value to
the occupier;

(c) actions for the determination of a right of way, notwithstanding the provisions of
section 46;

(d) actions on or arising out of a liquid document or a mortgage bond, where the claim
does not exceed the amount determined by the Minister from time to time by notice in
the Gazette;

(e) actions on or arising out of any credit agreement as defined in section 1 of the
National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of 2005);

(f) actions in terms of section 16(1) of the Matrimonial Property Act, 1984 (Act No. 88 of
1984), where the claim or the value of the property in dispute does not exceed the
amount determined by the Minister from time to time by notice in the Gazette;

(fA) actions, including an application for liquidation, in terms of the Close Corporations
Act, 1984 (Act No. 69 of 1984);

(g) actions other than those already mentioned in this section, where the claim or the
value of the matter in dispute does not exceed the amount determined by the Minister
from time to time by notice in the Gazette.
(1A) The Minister may determine different amounts contemplated in subsection (1)(a), (b), (d), (f)
and (g) in respect of courts for districts and courts for regional divisions.
[S 29(1A) subs by s 1(b) of Act 42 of 2013 wef 22 January 2014.]

(1B)
(a) A court for a regional division, in respect of causes of action, shall, subject to section
28(1A), have jurisdiction to hear and determine suits relating to the nullity of a
marriage or a civil union and relating to divorce between persons and to decide upon
any question arising therefrom, and to hear any matter and grant any order provided
for in terms of the Recognition of Customary Marriages Act, 1998 (Act No. 120 of
1998).

(b) A court for a regional division hearing a matter referred to in paragraph (a) shall have
the same jurisdiction as any High Court in relation to such a matter.

(c) The presiding officer of a court for a regional division hearing a matter referred to in
paragraph (a) may, in his or her discretion, summon to his or her assistance two
persons to sit and act as assessors in an advisory capacity on questions of fact.

(d) Any person who has been appointed as a Family Advocate or Family Counsellor
under the Mediation in Certain Divorce Matters Act, 1987 (Act No. 24 of 1987), shall
be deemed to have also been appointed in respect of any court for a regional division
having jurisdiction in the area for which he or she has been so appointed.

(1C) Jurisdiction conferred on a court for a regional division in terms of this section shall be subject
to a notice having been issued under section 2(1)(iA) in respect of the place for the holding,
and the extent of the civil adjudication, of such court.

(2) In subsection (1) “action” includes a claim in reconvention.

[S 29 am by s 13 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952, s 39 of Act 68 of 1957 wef 28 June 1957, s 3 of
Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963, s 10 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970; subs by s 27 of Act
94 of 1974 wef 1 March 1975; am by s 1 of Act 56 of 1984 wef 2 May 1984, s 35 of Act 88 of 1984
wef 1 November 1984; subs by s 3 of Act 25 of 1987 wef 1 January 1988; am by s 2 of Act 157 of
1993 wef 1 December 1993, s 172(2) of Act 34 of 2005 wef 1 June 2006; subs by s 7 of Act 31 of
2008 wef 9 August 2010.]

29A. Jurisdiction in respect of appeals against decisions of Black chiefs, headmen and
chiefs’ deputies
(1) If a party appeals to a magistrate’s court in terms of the provisions of section 12(4) of the
Black Administration Act, 1927 (Act No. 38 of 1927), the said court may confirm, alter or set
aside the judgment after hearing such evidence as may be tendered by the parties to the
dispute, or as may be deemed desirable by the court.

(2) A confirmation, alteration or setting aside in terms of subsection (1), shall be deemed to be a
decision of a magistrate’s court for the purposes of the provisions of Chapter XI.
[S 29A ins by s 2 of Act 34 of 1986 wef 1 August 1986.]

30. Arrests and interdicts

(1) Subject to the limits of jurisdiction prescribed by this Act, the court may grant against persons
and things orders for attachments, interdicts and mandamenten van spolie.
[S 30(1) subs by s 2(a) of Act 42 of 2013 wef 22 January 2014.]

(2) Confirmation by the court of any such attachment or interdict in the judgment in the action
shall operate as an extension of the attachment or interdict until execution or further order of
the court.

(3) …
[S 30(3) am by s 4 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963, s 11 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December
1970; rep by s 2(b) of Act 42 of 2013 wef 22 January 2014.]

30bis. Attachment to found or confirm jurisdiction

The court may order attachment of property to found or confirm jurisdiction against any
person who does not reside in the Republic, in respect of an action within its jurisdiction,
where the claim or the value of the matter in dispute amounts to at least R2 500, exclusive of
any costs in respect of the recovery thereof, and may grant an order allowing service of any
process in such action to be effected in such manner as may be stated in such order.
[S 30bis ins by s 8(1) of Act 80 of 1964 wef 30 August 1968; subs by s 3 of Act 42 of 2013 wef 22
January 2014.]

31. Automatic rent interdict

(1) When a summons is issued in which is claimed the rent of any premises, the plaintiff may
include in such summons a notice prohibiting any person from removing any of the furniture
or other effects thereon which are subject to the plaintiff’s hypothec for rent until an order
relative thereto has been made by the court.
(2) The messenger shall, if required by the plaintiff and at such plaintiff’s expense, make an
inventory of such furniture or effects.

(3) Such notice shall operate to interdict any person having knowledge thereof from removing
any such furniture or effects.

(4) Any person affected by such notice may apply to the court to have the same set aside.

32. Attachment of property in security of rent

(1) Upon an affidavit by or on behalf of the landlord of any premises situate within the district, that
an amount of rent not exceeding the jurisdiction of the court is due and in arrear in regard to
the said premises, and that the said rent has been demanded in writing for the space of seven
days and upwards, or, if not so demanded, that the deponent believes that the tenant is about
to remove the movable property upon the said premises, in order to avoid the payment of
such rent, and upon security being given to the satisfaction of the clerk to the court to pay all
damages, costs and charges which the tenant of such premises, or any other person, may
sustain or incur by reason of the attachment hereinafter mentioned, if the said attachment be
thereafter set aside, the court may, upon application, issue an order to the messenger
requiring him to attach so much of the movable property upon the premises in question and
subject to the landlord’s hypothec for rent as may be sufficient to satisfy the amount of such
rent, together with the costs of such application and of any action for the said rent.

(2) Any person affected by such order may apply to have it set aside.

(3) A respondent whose property has been so attached may by notice in writing to the clerk of the
court admit that such property is subject to the landlord’s hypothec for an amount to be
specified in such notice and may consent that such property (other than property protected
from seizure by the provisions of section 67) be sold in satisfaction of such amount and costs;
and such notice shall have the same effect as a consent to judgment for the amount
specified.

33. Curator ad litem

The court may appoint a curator ad litem in any case in which such a curator is required or
allowed by law for a party to any proceedings brought or to be brought before the court.

34. Assessors

In any action the court may, upon the application of either party, summon to its assistance
 one or two persons of skill and experience in the matter to which the action relates who may
be willing to sit and act as assessors in an advisory capacity.

35. Transfer from one court to another

(1) An action or proceeding may, with the consent of all the parties thereto, or upon the
application of any party thereto, and upon its being made to appear that the trial of such
action or proceeding in the court wherein summons has been issued may result in undue
expense or inconvenience to such party, be transferred by the court to any other court.

(2) An interpleader summons, if issued in the court of the district in which the property was
attached, may, at the discretion of the court, be remitted for trial to the court in which the
judgment was given.

(3) An action commenced in a periodical court may, at the discretion of the court, be transferred
to the court of the district, or (subject to the provisions of paragraph (b) of section 27) vice
versa.

36. What judgments may be rescinded

(1) The court may, upon application by any person affected thereby, or, in cases falling under
paragraph (c), suo motu—

(a) rescind or vary any judgment granted by it in the absence of the person against
whom that judgment was granted;

(b) rescind or vary any judgment granted by it which was void ab origine or was obtained
by fraud or by mistake common to the parties;

(c) correct patent errors in any judgment in respect of which no appeal is pending;

(d) rescind or vary any judgment in respect of which no appeal lies.

(2) If a plaintiff in whose favour a default judgment has been granted has consented in writing
that the judgment be rescinded or varied, a court may rescind or vary such judgment on
application by any person affected by it.
[S 36(2) subs by s 2(a) of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]

(3)
(a) Where a judgment debt, the interest thereon at the rate granted in the judgment and
 the costs have been paid in full, whether the consent of the judgment creditor for the
rescission of the judgment has been obtained or not, a court may, on application by
the judgment debtor or any other person affected by the judgment rescind that
judgment.

(b) The application contemplated in paragraph (a)—

(i) must be made on a form which corresponds substantially with the form
prescribed in the rules;

(ii) must be accompanied by reasonable proof that the judgment debt, the
interest and the costs have been paid;

(iii) must be accompanied by proof that the application has been served on the
judgment creditor, at least 10 court days prior to the hearing of the intended
application;

(iv) may be set down for hearing on any day, not less than 10 court days, after
service thereof; and

(v) may be heard by a magistrate in chambers.

[S 36(3) ins by s 2(b) of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]

(4) A court may make any cost order it deems fit with regard to an application contemplated in
paragraph (a).
[S 36 subs by s 1 of Act 55 of 2002 wef 17 January 2003; s 36(4) ins by s 2(b) of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1
August 2018.]

37. Incidental jurisdiction

(1) In actions wherein the sum claimed, being within the jurisdiction, is the balance of an account,
the court may enquire into and take evidence if necessary upon the whole account, even
though such account contains items and transactions exceeding the amount of the
jurisdiction.

(2) Where the amount claimed or other relief sought is within the jurisdiction, such jurisdiction
shall not be ousted merely because it is necessary for the court, in order to arrive at a
decision, to give a finding upon a matter beyond the jurisdiction.
(3) In considering whether a claim is or is not within the jurisdiction, no prayer for interest on the
principal sum claimed or for costs or for general or alternative relief shall be taken into
account.

38. Abandonment of part claim

(1) In order to bring a claim within the jurisdiction, a plaintiff may in his summons or at any time
thereafter explicitly abandon part of such claim.

(2) If any part of a claim be so abandoned it shall thereby be finally extinguished: Provided that, if
the claim be upheld in part only, the abandonment shall be deemed first to take effect upon
that part of the claim which is not upheld.

39. Deduction of admitted debt

In order to bring a claim within the jurisdiction a plaintiff may, in his summons or at any time
after the issue thereof, deduct from his claim, whether liquidated or unliquidated, any amount
admitted by him to be due by himself to the defendant.

40. Splitting of claims disallowed

A substantive claim exceeding the jurisdiction may not be split with the object of recovering
the same in more than one action if the parties to all such actions would be the same and the
point at issue in all such actions would also be the same.

41. Joinder of plaintiffs

(1) Any number of persons, each of whom has a separate claim against the same defendant,
may join as plaintiffs in one action if their right to relief depends upon the determination of
some question of law or fact which if separate actions were instituted would arise in each
action: Provided that if such joint action be instituted the defendant may apply to court for an
order directing that separate trials be held and the court in its discretion may make such order
as it deems just and expedient.

(2) In any joint action instituted as aforesaid judgment may be given for such one or more of the
plaintiffs as may be found entitled to relief.

(3) If all the plaintiffs fail in any such action, the court may make such order as to costs as to it
may seem just; in particular, it may order that the plaintiffs pay the costs of the defendant
jointly and severally, the one paying the other to be absolved, and that if one plaintiff pays
 more than his pro rata share of the costs of the defendant, he shall be entitled to recover from
the other plaintiffs their pro rata share of such excess.

(4) If some of the plaintiffs succeed and others fail, the court may make such order as to costs as
it may deem just.

42. Joinder of defendants

(1) Several defendants may be sued in the alternative or both in the alternative and jointly in one
action, whenever it is alleged by the plaintiff that he has suffered damages and that it is
uncertain which of the defendants is in law responsible for such damages: Provided that on
the application of any of the defendants the court may in its discretion order that separate
trials be held, or make such other order as it may deem just and expedient.

(2) If judgment is given in favour of any defendant or if any defendant is absolved from the
instance, the court may make such order as to costs as to it may seem just; in particular, it
may order—

(a) the plaintiff to pay such defendant’s costs; or

(b) the unsuccessful defendants to pay the costs of the successful defendant jointly and
severally, the one paying the other to be absolved, and that if one of the unsuccessful
defendants pays more than his pro rata share of the costs of the successful
defendant, he shall be entitled to recover from the other unsuccessful defendants
their pro rata share of such excess, and the court may further order that if the
successful defendant is unable to recover the whole or any part of his costs from the
unsuccessful defendants, he shall be entitled to recover from the plaintiff such part of
his costs as he cannot recover from the unsuccessful defendants.

(3) If judgment is given in favour of the plaintiff against more than one of the defendants the court
may make such order as to costs as to it may seem just; in particular it may order those
defendants against whom it gives judgment to pay the plaintiff’s costs jointly and severally,
the one paying the other to be absolved, and that if one of the unsuccessful defendants pays
more than his pro rata share of the costs of the plaintiff he shall be entitled to recover from the
other unsuccessful defendants their pro rata share of such excess.

43. Jurisdiction cumulative

(1) If two or more claims, each based upon a different cause of action, are combined in one
summons, the court shall have the same jurisdiction to decide each such claim as it would
have had if each claim had formed the sole subject of a separate action.

(2) If a claim for the confirmation of an interdict or arrest granted pendente lite be joined in the
same summons with a claim for relief of any other character, the court shall have the same
jurisdiction to decide each such claim as it would have had if each claim had formed the sole
subject of a separate action, even though all the claims arise from the same cause of action.

44. Application of sections 34, 35 and 37 to 43 inclusive to claims in reconvention

In sections 34, 35 and 37 to 43 inclusive, “action”, “claim” and “summons” include “claim in
reconvention”, and “plaintiff” and “defendant” include “plaintiff in reconvention” and “defendant
in reconvention” respectively.

45. Jurisdiction by consent of parties

(1) Subject to the provisions of section 46, the parties may consent in writing to the jurisdiction of
either the court for the district or the court for the regional division to determine any action or
proceedings otherwise beyond its jurisdiction in terms of section 29(1).
[S 45(1) subs by s 3(a) of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]

(2) Any provision in a contract existing at the commencement of the Act or thereafter entered
into, whereby a person undertakes that, when proceedings have been or are about to be
instituted, he will give such consent to jurisdiction as is contemplated in the proviso to
subsection (1), shall be null and void.

(3) Any consent given in proceedings instituted in terms of section 57, 58, 65 or 65J by a
defendant or a judgment debtor to the jurisdiction of a court which does not have jurisdiction
over that defendant or judgment debtor in terms of section 28, is of no force and effect.
[S 45(3) ins by s 3(b) of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]

46. Matters beyond the jurisdiction

(1) …
[S 46(1) rep by s 8 of Act 31 of 2008 wef 9 August 2010.]

(2) A court shall have no jurisdiction in matters—

(a) in which the validity or interpretation of a will or other testamentary document is in

 question;

(b) in which the status of a person in respect of mental capacity is sought to be affected;

(c) in which is sought specific performance without an alternative of payment of

damages, except in—

(i) the rendering of an account in respect of which the claim does not exceed the
amount determined by the Minister from time to time by notice in the Gazette;
[S 46(2)(c)(i) subs by s 4 of Act 25 of 1987 wef 1 January 1988.]

(ii) the delivery or transfer of property, movable or immovable, not exceeding in

value the amount determined by the Minister from time to time by notice in
the Gazette; and
[S 46(2)(c)(ii) subs by s 4 of Act 25 of 1987 wef 1 January 1988.]

(iii) the delivery or transfer of property, movable or immovable, exceeding in

value the amount determined by the Minister from time to time by notice in
the Gazette, where the consent of the parties has been obtained in terms of
section 45;
[S 46(2)(c) am by s 5 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963; subs by s 28 of Act 94 of 1974 wef 1
March 1975, s 2 of Act 56 of 1984 wef 2 May 1984; s 46(2)(c)(iii) subs by s 4 of Act 25 of 1987 wef 1
January 1988.]

(d) in which is sought a decree of perpetual silence.

47. Counterclaim exceeding jurisdiction

(1) When in answer to a claim within the jurisdiction the defendant sets up a counterclaim
exceeding the jurisdiction, the claim shall not on that account be dismissed; but the court
may, if satisfied that the defendant has prima facie a reasonable prospect on his counterclaim
of obtaining a judgment in excess of its jurisdiction, stay the action for a reasonable period in
order to enable him to institute an action in a competent court. The plaintiff in the magistrate’s
court may (notwithstanding his action therein) counterclaim in such competent court and in
that event all questions as to the costs incurred in the magistrate’s court shall be decided by
that competent court.

(2) If the period for which such action has been stayed has expired and the defendant has failed
to issue and serve a summons in a competent court in relation to the matters and the subject
of such counterclaim the magistrate’s court shall on application either—
 (a) stay the action for a further reasonable period; or

(b) dismiss the counterclaim (whether the defendant does or does not reduce such
counterclaim to an amount within the jurisdiction of the court).

(3) If the defendant has failed to institute action within such further period or if the action
instituted by the defendant be stayed, dismissed, withdrawn, or abandoned, or if the
competent court has granted absolution from the instance thereon, the magistrate’s court
shall, upon application, dismiss the counterclaim and shall proceed to determine the claim.

48. Judgment

The court may, as a result of the trial of an action, grant—

(a) judgment for the plaintiff in respect of his claim in so far as he has proved the same;

(b) judgment for the defendant in respect of his defence in so far as he has proved the
same;

(c) absolution from the instance, if it appears to the court that the evidence does not
justify the court in giving judgment for either party;

(d) such judgment as to costs (including costs as between attorney and client) as may be
just;
[S 48(d) subs by s 3 of Act 48 of 1965 wef 5 May 1965.]

(e) an order, subject to such conditions as the court thinks fit, against the party in whose
favour judgment has been given suspending wholly or in part the taking of further
proceedings upon the judgment for a specified period pending arrangements by the
other party for the satisfaction of the judgment;
[S 48(e) subs by s 12 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970.]

(f) an order against a party for the payment of an amount of money for which judgment
has been granted in specified instalments or otherwise, including an order
contemplated by section 65J or 73.
[S 48(f) ins by s 1 of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

49. Cession of costs

 Costs awarded in interlocutory proceedings shall not be ceded without the consent of the
court awarding such costs.

50. Removal of actions from court to provincial or local division

(1) Any action in which the amount of the claim exceeds the amount determined by the Minister
from time to time by notice in the Gazette, exclusive of interest and costs, may, upon
application to the court by the defendant, or if there is more than one defendant, by any
defendant, be removed to the provincial or local division having jurisdiction where the court is
held, subject to the following provisions—

(a) notice of intention to make such application shall be given to the plaintiff, and to other
defendants (if any) before the date on which the action is set down for hearing;

(b) the notice shall state that the applicant objects to the action being tried by the court or
any magistrate’s court;

(c) the applicant shall give such security as the court may determine and approve, for
payment of the amount claimed and such further amount to be determined by the
court not exceeding the amount determined by the Minister from time to time by
notice in the Gazette, for costs already incurred in the action and which may be
incurred in the said provincial or local division.
[S 50(1)(c) am by s 6 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963; subs by s 5(b) of Act 25 of 1987 wef 1
January 1988.]

Upon compliance by the applicant with those provisions, all proceedings in the action in the court shall
be stayed, and the action and all proceedings therein, shall, if the plaintiff so requires, be as to the
defendant or defendants, forthwith removed from the court into the provincial or local division
aforesaid having jurisdiction. Upon the removal, the summons in the court shall, as to the defendant
or defendants, stand as the summons in the division to which the action is removed, the return date
thereof being the date of the order of removal in an action other than one founded on a liquid
document, and, in an action founded on a liquid document, being such convenient day on which the
said division sits for the hearing of provisional sentence cases, as the court may order: Provided that
the plaintiff in the action may, instead of requiring the action to be so removed, issue a fresh
summons against the defendant or defendants in any competent court and the costs already incurred
by the parties to the action shall be costs in the cause.
[S 50(1) am by s 6 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963, s 5(a) of Act 25 of 1987 wef 1 January
1988.]
(2) If the plaintiff is successful in an action so removed to a provincial or local division, he may be
awarded costs as between attorney and client.

CHAPTER VII: WITNESSES AND EVIDENCE

51. Modes of procuring attendance of witnesses and penalty for non-attendance

(1) Any party to any civil action or other proceeding where the attendance of witnesses is
required may procure the attendance of any witness (whether residing or for the time being
within the district or not) in the manner in the rules provided.

(2)
(a) If any person, being duly subpoenaed to give evidence or to produce any books,
papers or documents in his possession or under his control which the party requiring
his attendance desires to show in evidence, fails, without lawful excuse, to attend or
to give evidence or to produce those books, papers or documents according to the
subpoena or, unless duly excused, fails to remain in attendance throughout the trial,
the court may, upon being satisfied upon oath or by the return of the messenger that
such person has been duly subpoenaed and that his reasonable expenses,
calculated in accordance with the tariff prescribed under section 51bis, have been
paid or offered to him, impose upon the said person a fine not exceeding R300, and
in default of payment, imprisonment for a period not exceeding three months, whether
or not such person is otherwise subject to the jurisdiction of the court.
[S 51(2)(a) am by s 7 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963; subs by s 9(1) of Act 80 of 1964 wef 1
November 1970; am by s 5 of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977; subs by s 2 of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3
April 1985.]

(b) If any person so subpoenaed fails to appear or, unless duly excused, to remain in
attendance throughout the trial the court may also, upon being satisfied as aforesaid
and in case no lawful excuse for such failure seems to the court to exist, issue a
warrant for his apprehension in order that he may be brought up to give his evidence
and to be otherwise dealt with according to law, whether or not such person is
otherwise subject to the jurisdiction of the court.
 (c) The court may, on cause shown, remit the whole or any part of any fine or
imprisonment which it has imposed under this subsection.

(d) The court may order the costs of any postponement or adjournment occasioned by
the default of a witness or any portion of such costs to be paid out of any fine
imposed upon such witness.

(3) Notwithstanding anything in this section contained, when a subpoena is issued to procure the
attendance of a judicial officer to give evidence or to produce any book, paper or document in
a criminal case, civil action or other proceeding, if it appears—

(i) that he is unable to give any evidence or to produce any book, paper or document
which would be relevant to any issue in such case, action or proceedings; or

(ii) that such book, paper or document could properly be produced by some other
person; or

(iii) that the compelling of his attendance would be an abuse of the process of the court,

the court may, after reasonable notice to the party suing out the subpoena, make an order
cancelling such subpoena.

51bis. Witness fees

(1) The Minister may in consultation with the Minister of Finance from time to time by notice in the
Gazette prescribe a tariff of allowances which shall be paid to a witness in civil proceedings or
to any person necessarily required to accompany any such witness on account of his youth or
infirmity due to old age or any other infirmity.

(2) Such notice may differentiate between persons according to the distances which they have to
travel to attend the court to which they are summoned or subpoenaed or according to their
professions, callings or occupations or between different classes of persons, and may
empower such officers in the service of the State as may be specified therein, in cases where
payment of allowances in accordance with the tariffs so prescribed may cause undue
hardship, to order payment of allowances in accordance with a higher tariff than the tariff so
prescribed.

(3) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any law contained, the court may order that no
allowances or only a portion of the allowances prescribed shall be paid to any witness.
[S 51bis ins by s 10 of Act 80 of 1964 wef 24 June 1964.]
52. Interrogatories

(1) Whenever a witness resides or is in a district other than that wherein the case is being heard,
the court may, if it appears to be consistent with the ends of justice, upon the application of
either party approve of such interrogatories as either party shall desire to have put to such
witness and shall transmit the same, together with any further interrogatories framed by the
court, to the court of the district within which such witness resides or is.

(2) The last-mentioned court shall thereupon subpoena such witness to appear and upon his
appearance shall take his evidence in manner and form as if he were a witness in a case
pending before that court, and shall put to the witness the said interrogatories and such other
questions as may seem to it necessary to obtain full and true answers to the interrogatories
and shall record the evidence of the witness and shall transmit such record to the court in
which such case is pending. The said record shall (subject to all lawful objections) be
received as evidence in that case.

(3) Every witness so subpoenaed to appear shall be liable to the like penalties in case of non-
attendance or failure to give evidence or to produce books, papers or documents as if he had
been subpoenaed to give evidence in the court of the district in which he resides or is.

53. Commissions de bene esse

(1) The court may in any case which is pending before it, where it may be expedient and
consistent with the ends of justice to do so, appoint a person to be a commissioner to take
evidence of any witness, whether within the Republic or elsewhere, upon the request of one
of the parties to such case and after due notice to the other party.
[S 53(1) am by s 13 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970.]

(2) The person so appointed shall put to such witness such questions as have been transmitted
to him on agreement between the parties, or otherwise shall allow the parties to examine
such witness, and may himself examine such witness as if the witness were being examined
in court, and shall record the evidence or cause it to be recorded, whereupon the evidence
recorded shall be read over to the witness and shall be signed by him.
[S 53(2) am by s 14 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952.]

(3) The said record shall (subject to all lawful objections) be received as evidence in the case.

54. Pre-trial procedure for formulating issues

(1) The court may at any stage in any legal proceedings in its discretion suo motu or upon the
request in writing of either party direct the parties or their representatives to appear before it
in chambers for a conference to consider—

(a) the simplification of the issues;

(b) the necessity or desirability of amendments to the pleadings;

(c) the possibility of obtaining admissions of fact and of documents with a view to
avoiding unnecessary proof;

(d) the limitation of the number of expert witnesses;

(e) such other matters as may aid in the disposal of the action in the most expeditious
and least costly manner.

(2) The court shall make an order which recites the action taken at the conference, the
amendments allowed to the pleadings, and the agreements made by the parties as to any of
the matters considered, and which limits the issues for trial to those not disposed of by
admissions or agreements of the parties or their representatives.

(3) Such order shall be binding on the parties unless altered at the trial to prevent manifest
injustice.

(4) If a party refuses or neglects to appear at the conference the court may, without derogation
from its power to punish for contempt of court, make such order as it considers equitable in
the circumstances and upon conclusion of the proceedings may order the party who has so
absented himself to pay such costs as in the opinion of the court were incurred as a result of
the said absence.

(5) The Court may make such order as to the costs of any proceedings under this section as it
deems fit.

54A. …
[S 54A ins by s 2 of Act 34 of 1986 wef 1 August 1986; rep by s 2 of Act 45 of 1988 wef 3 October
1988.]

CHAPTER VIII: RECOVERY OF DEBTS

[Chapter heading subs by s 1 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]
55. Definition

In this Chapter, unless the context otherwise indicates—

“debt” means any liquidated sum of money due.

[S 55 am by s 8 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963, subs by s 14 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1
December 1970, s 1 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

55A. Factors to be taken into account when considering an order which is just and equitable

For purposes of Chapters VIII and IX of this Act, the factors a court must take into account
when considering whether an order is just and equitable, include, but are not limited to—

(a) the size of the debt;

(b) the circumstances in which the debt arose;

(c) the availability of alternatives to recover the debt;

(d) the interests of the plaintiff or judgment creditor;

(e) the rights and needs of the elderly, children, persons with disabilities and households
headed by women;

(f) social values and implications;

(g) the amount and nature of the defendant or judgment debtor’s income;

(h) the amounts needed by the defendant or judgment debtor for necessary expenses
and those of the persons dependent on him or her and for the making of periodical
payments which he or she is obliged to make in terms of an order of court, agreement
or otherwise in respect of his or her other commitments; and

(i) whether the order would, in the circumstances of the case, be grossly
disproportionate.
[S 55A ins by s 4 of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]

56. Recovery of costs of letter of demand

 If any person (in this section called the debtor) pays any debt due by him to any other person
(in this section called the creditor) after the creditor has caused a registered letter of demand
to be sent to the debtor through an attorney demanding payment of the debt, the creditor shall
be entitled to recover from the debtor the fees and costs prescribed in the rules for a
registered letter of demand: Provided that the amount of such fees and costs was stated in
the letter of demand.
[S 56 subs by s 1 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

57. Admission of liability and undertaking to pay debt in instalments or otherwise

(1) If any person (in this section called the defendant) has received a letter of demand or has
been served with a summons demanding payment of any debt, the defendant may in
writing—

(a) admit liability to the plaintiff for the amount of the debt and costs claimed in the letter
of demand or summons or for any other amount;

(b) offer to pay the amount of the debt and costs for which he or she admits liability, in
instalments or otherwise;

(c) undertake on payment of any instalment in terms of his or her offer to pay the
collection fees for which the plaintiff is liable in respect of the recovery of such
instalment; and

(d) agree that, in the event of his or her failure to carry out the terms of his or her offer,
the plaintiff shall, without notice to the defendant, be entitled to apply for judgment for
the amount of the outstanding balance of the debt for which he or she admits liability,
with costs, and for an order of the court for payment of the judgment debt and costs in
instalments or otherwise in accordance with his or her offer,

and if the plaintiff or his or her attorney accepts the said offer, he or she shall advise the
defendant of such acceptance in writing by registered letter.

(1A) The offer referred to in subsection (1)(b) must—

(a) set out full particulars of the defendant’s—

 (i) monthly or weekly income and expenditure, supported where reasonably
possible by the most recent proof in the possession of the defendant;

(ii) other court orders or agreements, if any, with other creditors for payment of a
debt and costs in instalments; and

(b) indicate the amount of the offered instalment.

(2) If, after having been advised by the plaintiff or his or her attorney in writing that his or her offer
has been accepted, the defendant fails to carry out the terms of his or her offer, the court
may, upon the written request of the plaintiff or his or her attorney and subject to subsection
(2A)—

(a) enter judgment in favour of the plaintiff for the amount or the outstanding balance of
the amount of the debt for which the defendant has admitted liability, with costs; and

(b) order the defendant to pay the judgment debt and costs in specified instalments or
otherwise in accordance with his or her offer, and such order shall be deemed to be
an order of the court mentioned in section 65A(1).

(2A) The written request referred to in subsection (2) must be accompanied by—

(a) the summons or if no summons has been issued, a copy of the letter of demand;

(b) the defendant’s written acknowledgment of liability and offer;

(c) all the particulars and documentary evidence referred to in subsection (1A), in order
for the court to be apprised of the defendant’s financial position at the time the offer
was made and accepted;

(d) a copy of the plaintiff’s or his or her attorney’s written acceptance of the offer and
proof of postage thereof to the defendant; and

(e) an affidavit or affirmation by the plaintiff or a certificate by his or her attorney stating in
which respects the defendant has failed to carry out the terms of his or her offer and,
if the defendant has made any payments since the date of the letter of demand or
summons, showing how the balance claimed is arrived at.

(2B) The court—

 (a) may request any relevant information from the plaintiff or his or her attorney in order
for the court to be apprised of the defendant’s financial position at the time judgment
is requested;

(b) must act in terms of the provisions of the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of
2005), and the regulations thereunder dealing with over-indebtedness, reckless credit
and affordability assessment, when considering a request for judgment in terms of
this section, based on a credit agreement under the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act
No. 34 of 2005);

(c) may, if the defendant is employed, and after satisfying itself that it is just and
equitable that an emoluments attachment order be issued and that the amount is
appropriate, authorise an emoluments attachment order referred to in section 65J;
and

(d) may, notwithstanding the defendant’s consent to pay any scale of costs, make a
costs order as it deems fit.

(3) When the judgment referred to in subsection (2) has been entered and an order made, and if
the judgment debtor was not present or represented when the judgment was entered and the
order made, the judgment creditor or his or her attorney must, within 10 days after it has
received knowledge that judgment has been entered and an order made, advise the judgment
debtor by registered letter of the terms of the judgment and order.

(4) Any judgment entered in favour of the plaintiff under subsection (2) has the effect of a
judgment by default.

(5) The provisions of this section apply subject to the relevant provisions of the National Credit
Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of 2005), where the request for judgment is based on a credit
agreement under the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of 2005).
[S 57 am by s 15 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970; subs by s 1 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1
January 1979; am by s 2 of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997; subs by s 5 of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1
August 2018.]

58. Consent to judgment or to judgment and an order for payment of judgment debt in
instalments

(1) If any person (in this section called the defendant), upon receipt of a letter of demand or
service upon him or her of a summons demanding payment of debt, consents in writing to
judgment in favour of the creditor (in this section called the plaintiff) for the amount of the debt
 and the costs claimed in the letter of demand or summons, or for any other amount, the court
may, on the written request of the plaintiff or his or her attorney and subject to subsection
(1B)—

(a) enter judgment in favour of the plaintiff for the amount of the debt and the costs for
which the defendant has consented to judgment; and

(b) if it appears from the defendant’s written consent to judgment that he or she has also
consented to an order of court for payment in specified instalments or otherwise of
the amount of the debt and costs in respect of which he or she has consented to
judgment, order the defendant to pay the judgment debt and costs in specified
instalments or otherwise in accordance with this consent, and such order shall be
deemed to be an order of the court mentioned in section 65A(1).

(1A) If the defendant consents to an order of court for payment in specified instalments referred to
in subsection (1)(b), the consent must—

(a) set out full particulars of his or her—

(i) monthly or weekly income and expenditure, supported where reasonably

possible by the most recent proof in the possession of the defendant;

(ii) other court orders or agreements, if any, with other creditors for payment of a
debt and costs in instalments; and

(b) indicate the amount of the offered instalment.

(1B) The written request referred to in subsection (1) must be accompanied by—

(a) the summons or if no summons has been issued, a copy of the letter of demand;

(b) the defendant’s written consent to judgment; and

(c) if the defendant consents to an order of court for payment in specified instalments
referred to in subsection (1)(b)—

(i) the written consent; and

 (ii) the full particulars and documentary evidence referred to in subsection (1A)
in order for the court to be apprised of the defendant’s financial position at the
time the defendant consented to judgment.
(1C) The court—

(a) may request any relevant information from the plaintiff or his or her attorney in order
for the court to be apprised of the defendant’s financial position at the time the
judgment is requested;

(b) must act in terms of the provisions of the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of
2005) and the regulations thereunder dealing with over-indebtedness, reckless credit
and affordability assessment, when considering a request for judgment in terms of
this section, based on a credit agreement under the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act
No. 34 of 2005);

(c) may, if the defendant is employed, and after satisfying itself that it is just and
equitable that an emoluments attachment order be issued and that the amount is
appropriate, authorise an emoluments attachment order referred to in section 65J;
and

(d) may, notwithstanding the defendant’s consent to pay any scale of costs, make a
costs order as it deems fit.

(2) The provisions of section 57(3) and (4) apply in respect of the judgment and court order
referred to in subsection (1) of this section.

(3) The provisions of this section apply, subject to the relevant provisions of the National Credit
Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of 2005), where the application for judgment is based on a credit
agreement under the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of 2005).
[S 58 subs by s 1 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979, s 6 of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]

58A. Judgment by default shall be deemed to be judgment of court

Any judgment by default entered in terms of this Act by the clerk of the court, shall be deemed
to be a judgment of the court.
[S 58A ins by s 6 of Act 25 of 1987 wef 24 June 1987.]

59. Written request constitutes first document in an action

If no summons is issued in an action the written request referred to in sections 57(2) and
 58(1) shall constitute the first document to be filed in the action and shall contain the
particulars prescribed in the rules.
[S 59 am by s 9 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963; subs by s 1 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January
1979.]

60. Prohibition of recovery of fees or remuneration by certain persons in connection with

the collection of debts

(1) Unless expressly otherwise provided in this Act or the rules and the National Credit Act, 2005
(Act No. 34 of 2005), and subject to the provisions of section 19 of the Debt Collectors Act,
1998, no person other than an attorney, an agent referred to in section 22 or a person
authorised by or under the provisions of the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of 2005), to
do so shall be entitled to recover from the debtor any fees or remuneration in connection with
the collection of any debt.
[S 60(1) subs by s 27 of Act 114 of 1998 wef 7 February 2003, s 172(2) of Act 34 of 2005 wef 1 June
2006.]

(2) Any person who contravenes any provision of subsection (1), shall be guilty of an offence and
on conviction be liable to a fine not exceeding R4 000, or, in default of payment, to
imprisonment for a period not exceeding 12 months, or to both such fine and such
imprisonment.
[S 60 subs by s 1 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; s 60(2) ins by s 2 of Act 4 of 1991 wef 28
March 1991.]

CHAPTER IX: EXECUTION

61. Definition

In this Chapter—

“emoluments” includes—

(i) salary, wages or any other form of remuneration; and

(ii) any allowances,

whether expressed in money or not; and

“debts” includes any income from whatever source other than emoluments.
62. Power to grant or set aside a warrant

(1) Any court which has jurisdiction to try an action shall have jurisdiction to issue against any
party thereto any form of process in execution of its judgment in such action.

(2) A court (in this subsection called a second court), other than the court which gave judgment in
an action, shall have jurisdiction on good cause shown to stay any warrant of execution or
arrest issued by another court against a party who is subject to the jurisdiction of the second
court.

(3) Any court may, on good cause shown, stay or set aside any warrant of execution or arrest
issued by itself, including an order under section 72.

63. Execution to be issued within three years

Execution against property may not be issued upon a judgment after three years from the day
on which it was pronounced or on which the last payment in respect thereof was made,
except upon an order of the court in which judgment was pronounced or of any court having
jurisdiction, in respect of the judgment debtor, on the application and at the expense of the
judgment creditor, after due notice to the judgment debtor to show cause why execution
should not be issued.

64. Execution in case of judgment debt ceded

Any person who has, either by cession or by operation of law, become entitled to the benefit
of a judgment debt may, after notice to the judgment creditor, and the judgment debtor, be
substituted on the record for the judgment creditor and may obtain execution in the manner
provided for judgment creditors.

65. Offer by judgment debtor after judgment

(1) If at any time after a court has given judgment for the payment of a sum of money and before
the issue of a notice under section 65A(1), the judgment debtor makes a written offer to the
judgment creditor to pay the judgment debt in specified instalments or otherwise and such
offer is accepted by the judgment creditor or his or her attorney, the court may, subject to
subsection (2), at the written request of the judgment creditor or his or her attorney,
accompanied by the offer order the judgment debtor to pay the judgment debt in specified
instalments or otherwise in accordance with his or her offer.
(2) The offer referred to in subsection (1) must be supported, where reasonably possible, by the
most recent proof in the possession of the debtor relating to his or her income and
expenditure, other court orders or agreements with other creditors for payment of a debt in
instalments and assets and liabilities as prescribed by the rules.

(3) The court—

(a) may request any relevant information from the judgment creditor or his or her attorney
in order for the court to be apprised of the judgment debtor’s financial position at the
time the written request, for an order to pay the judgment debt in specified
instalments or otherwise, is made;

(b) must act in terms of the provisions of the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of
2005) and the regulations thereunder dealing with over-indebtedness, reckless credit
and affordability assessment when considering a request for an order in terms of this
section, if the judgment is based on a credit agreement under the National Credit Act,
2005 (Act No. 34 of 2005); and

(c) may, if the debtor is employed, and after satisfying itself that it is just and equitable
that an emoluments attachment order be issued and that the amount is appropriate,
authorise an emoluments attachment order referred to in section 65J.

(4) An order made under subsection (1) is deemed to be an order of the court mentioned in
section 65A(1).
[S 65 subs by s 15 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952, am by s 1 of Act 14 of 1954 wef 2 April 1954,
s 20 of Act 50 of 1956 wef 22 June 1956, s 10 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963, s 30 of Act 70 of
1968 wef 21 June 1968, s 2 of Act 17 of 1969 wef 26 March 1969; subs by s 2 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1
January 1979, s 7 of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]

65A. Notice to judgment debtor if judgment remains unsatisfied

(1)
(a) If a court has given judgment for the payment of a sum of money or has ordered the
payment in specified instalments or otherwise of such an amount, and such judgment
or order has remained unsatisfied for a period of 10 days from the date on which it
was given or on which such an amount became payable or from the expiry of the
period of suspension ordered in terms of section 48(e), as the case may be, the
judgment creditor may issue, from the court of the district in which the judgment
debtor resides, carries on business or is employed, or if the judgment debtor is a
 juristic person, from the court of the district in which the registered office or main
place of business of the juristic person is situate, a notice calling upon the judgment
debtor or, if the judgment debtor is a juristic person, a director or officer of the juristic
person as representative of the juristic person and in his or her personal capacity, to
appear before the court in chambers on a date specified in such notice in order to
enable the court to inquire into the financial position of the judgment debtor and to
make such order as the court may deem just and equitable.

(b) A notice referred to in paragraph (a) shall be drawn up by the judgment creditor or his
or her attorney, signed by the judgment creditor or his or her attorney and the clerk of
the court, and served by the sheriff, or by the attorney of the judgment creditor or any
candidate attorney in his or her employ, on the judgment debtor or, if the judgment
debtor is a juristic person, on the director or officer summoned as the representative
of the juristic person and in his or her personal capacity, in the manner prescribed by
the rules for the service of process in general and at least 10 days before the date
fixed in the notice for the appearance before the court.

(c) The fees and charges in respect of a notice served by any attorney or candidate
attorney shall be determined in accordance with the tariffs prescribed by the rules for
the service of process by a sheriff: Provided that no such fees and charges shall be
payable unless personal service of the notice has been effected.
[S 65A(1) subs by s 3(a) of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

(2) If the minutes of the proceedings do not show that the judgment debtor was present in person
or represented by any person when judgment was given and if no warrant of execution
pursuant to the judgment has been served on the judgment debtor personally, no notice
under subsection (1) shall be issued unless the judgment creditor or his or her attorney
provides proof to the satisfaction of the clerk of the court that he or she has advised the
judgment debtor by registered letter of the terms of the judgment or of the expiry of the
suspension order under section 48(e), as the case may be, and a period of 10 days has
elapsed since the date on which the said letter was posted.
[S 65A(2) subs by s 3(b) of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

(3) The court may, at any stage of the proceedings, if a director or officer mentioned in
subsection (1) ceases to be a director or officer of the juristic person concerned or absconds,
at the request of the judgment creditor, from time to time replace such director or officer by
any other person who at the time of such replacement may be a director or officer of the
juristic person, and the proceedings shall then continue as if there has been no replacement.
(4) If the court has given judgment for the payment of an amount of money in instalments, no
notice under subsection (1) shall be issued unless the judgment creditor has delivered an
affidavit or affirmation or his or her attorney has delivered a certificate to the clerk of the court
in which is mentioned the outstanding balance of the judgment debt, in what respects the
judgment debtor has failed to comply with the court order, to what extent he or she is in arrear
with the payment of the instalments and that the judgment debtor was advised by registered
letter of the terms of the judgment.
[S 65A(4) subs by s 3(c) of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

(5) If a judgment debtor fails to satisfy an order to pay the judgment debt in instalments or
otherwise, or if an emoluments attachment order has not been satisfied, a judgment creditor
may issue anew a notice in accordance with subsection (1).
[S 65A(5) subs by s 3(d) of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

(6) If the court is satisfied on the ground of sufficient proof or otherwise—

(a) that the judgment debtor, director or officer concerned has knowledge of a notice
referred to in subsection (1) and that he or she has failed to appear before the court
and on the date and at the time specified in the notice;

(b) that the judgment debtor, director or officer concerned, in the case where the relevant
proceedings were postponed in his or her presence to a date and time determined by
the court, has failed to appear before the court on that date and at that time; or

(c) that the judgment debtor, director or officer concerned has failed to remain in
attendance at the relevant proceedings or at the proceedings as so postponed,

the court may, at the request of the judgment creditor or his or her attorney, authorise the
issue of a warrant directing a sheriff to arrest the said judgment debtor, director or officer and
to bring him or her before a competent court at the earliest possible opportunity in order to
enable that court to conduct an inquiry referred to in subsection (1).
[S 65A(6) ins by s 3(d) of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

(7) A warrant authorised under subsection (6) shall be prepared by the judgment creditor or his or
her attorney, signed by the judgment creditor or his or her attorney and the clerk of the court,
and executed by the sheriff.
[S 65A(7) ins by s 3(d) of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

(8)
(a) Any person arrested under a warrant referred to in subsection (6) shall, in accordance
 with section 35(1)(d) of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996 (Act
108 of 1996), be brought as soon as reasonably possible before the court within the
district of which that person was arrested: Provided that any such person, if it is not
possible to bring him or her before the court concerned, may be detained at any
police station pending his or her appearance before that court.

(b) In lieu of arresting a person contemplated in paragraph (a), the sheriff may, if the
judgment creditor or his or her attorney consents thereto, hand to that person a notice
in writing which—

(i) specifies the name, the residential address and the occupation or status of
that person;

(ii) calls upon that person to appear before the court and on the date and at the
time specified in the notice; and

(iii) contains a certificate signed by the sheriff to the effect that he or she has
handed the original of the notice to that person and that he or she has
explained to that person the import thereof.

(c) The sheriff shall forthwith forward a duplicate original of the notice to the clerk of the
court concerned, and the mere production in the court of such a duplicate original
shall be prima facie proof that the original thereof was handed to the person specified
therein.

(d) The provisions of subsection (6) shall mutatis mutandis apply in respect of a notice
referred to in paragraph (b).
[S 65A(8) ins by s 3(d) of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

(9) Any person who—

(a) is called upon to appear before a court under a notice referred to in subsection (1) or
(8)(b) and who wilfully fails to appear before the court and on the date and at the time
specified in the notice;

(b) in the case where the relevant proceedings were postponed in his or her presence to
a date and time determined by a court, wilfully fails to appear before the court on that
date and at that time;

(c) wilfully fails to remain in attendance at the relevant proceedings or at the proceedings
 as so postponed,

shall be guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a fine or to imprisonment for a period
not exceeding three months.
[S 65A(9) ins by s 3(d) of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

(10)
(a) Notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in this Act—

(i) the court which authorised the issue of a warrant referred to in subsection (6)
and the court contemplated in subsection (8)(a), if the latter court is not the
court which authorised the issue of the warrant concerned, shall have
jurisdiction to inquire in a summary manner into the commission of an offence
referred to in subsection (9), and upon proof beyond reasonable doubt that
the person concerned is guilty of such an offence, to so convict him or her
and to impose on him or her any penalty provided for in the said subsection
(9);

(ii) the court contemplated in subsection (8)(a), if the court is not the court which
authorised the issue of the warrant concerned, shall have jurisdiction to
conduct an inquiry referred to in subsection (1) and to perform such other
acts as the court which authorised the issue of the warrant concerned could
lawfully have performed.

(b) On the appearance before the court of the judgment debtor, director or officer
concerned in pursuance of either his or her arrest under a warrant referred to in
subsection (6) or the delivery to him or her of a notice referred to in subsection (8)(b),
the court shall inform him or her—

(i) that the court intends to inquire in a summary manner into his or her alleged
wilful failure to appear before the court and on the date and at the time
specified in a notice referred to in subsection (1) or (8)(b), or to appear, in the
case where the relevant proceedings were postponed in his or her presence
to a date and time determined by any court, before that court on that date
and at that time, or to remain in attendance at the relevant proceedings or at
the proceedings as so postponed, as the case may be;

(ii) that the court, if the court so convicts him or her, may impose on him or her
any penalty provided for in subsection (9); and
 (iii) that he or she has the right to choose, and be represented by, a legal
practitioner.

(c) A court before which proceedings under paragraph (b) are pending—

(i) shall have due regard to the following rights, namely—

(aa) the right of an accused person to be presumed innocent, to remain

silent and not to testify;

(bb) the right of an accused person to adduce and to challenge evidence;

and

(cc) the right of an accused person not to be compelled to give self-

incriminating evidence;

(ii) may adjourn such proceedings to any date on such conditions not
inconsistent with a provision of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 (Act No. 51
of 1977), and as the court may think fit;

(iii) if the court is of the opinion that it is in the interests of the administration of
justice, may at any time before the judgment debtor, director or officer
concerned is acquitted or convicted of an offence referred to in subsection (9)
suspend such proceedings and refer the matter to the public prosecutor
concerned to take a decision on the prosecution of the said judgment debtor,
director or officer for such an offence.
[S 65A(10) ins by s 3(d) of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

(11) After the court has dealt with the inquiry referred to in subsection (10)(b), the court shall
proceed to the inquiry referred to in subsection (1) and deal with the matter in accordance
with the other sections of this Chapter: Provided that the court—

(a) if the court is not the court which authorised the issue of the warrant concerned; and

(b) if the court is of the opinion that it is in the interests of the administration of justice,

may transfer the matter to the court which authorised the issue of that warrant.
[S 65A(11) ins by s 3(d) of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

(12)
 (a) If the court before which proceedings under subsections (10)(b) and (11) are pending
is not the court which authorised the issue of the warrant concerned, the clerk of the
former court shall without any delay notify the clerk of the latter court of the
appearance of the judgment debtor, director or officer concerned before the former
court, and shall inform the judgment creditor or his or her attorney accordingly.

(b) The clerk of the court which authorised the issue of the warrant concerned shall
without any delay furnish the court before which proceedings under subsections
(10)(b) and (11) are pending with such records or documents relating to such
proceedings as the latter court may direct.
[S 65A ins by s 2 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; s 65A(12) ins by s 3(d) of Act 81 of 1997 wef
10 December 1997.]

65B. …
[S 65B ins by s 2 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; rep by s 4 of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10
December 1997.]

65C. Joinder of proceedings

If, under section 65A(1), two or more notices have been served on any judgment debtor or
director or officer to appear on the same day as provided in that section, the proceedings in
terms of such notices may be heard concurrently.
[S 65C ins by s 2 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; subs by s 5 of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10
December 1997.]

65D. Determination of judgment debtor’s financial position

(1) On the appearance before the court of the judgment debtor or, if the judgment debtor is a
juristic person, the director or officer of the juristic person summoned as the representative of
the juristic person or in his or her personal capacity, on the return day of the notice referred to
in section 65A(1) or (8)(b), in pursuance of his or her arrest under a warrant referred to in
section 65A(6), or on any date to which the proceedings have been postponed, the court in
chambers shall, subject to the provisions of subsection (2) of this section, call upon him or her
to give evidence under oath or affirmation on his or her financial position or the financial
position of the juristic person, as the case may be, and the court shall permit the examination
or cross-examination of the judgment debtor or the said director or officer on all matters
relevant to the judgment debtor’s financial position and his or her ability to pay the judgment
debt, and the court shall receive such further evidence as may be adduced either orally or by
affidavit or in such other manner as the court may deem just, by or on behalf of either the
judgment debtor or the judgment creditor, as is material to the determination of the judgment
 debtor’s financial position and his or her ability to pay the judgment debt, and for the purposes
of such evidence witnesses may be summoned in the manner prescribed in the rules.
[S 65D(1) subs by s 6(a) of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

(2) The court may at any time in the presence of the judgment debtor or the said director or
officer postpone the proceedings to such date as the court may determine.

(3) When postponing the proceedings under subsection (2) the court—

(a) shall inform the judgment debtor or the director or officer concerned of the provisions
of section 65E(1)(c);

(b) may order the judgment debtor or the director or officer to produce such documents
as the court may specify at the hearing on the date determined by the court; and

(c) may determine such conditions as it may deem fit.

(4) In determining the ability of the judgment debtor to pay the judgment debt in instalments or
otherwise the court shall take into consideration—

(a) in the case of a judgment debtor who is a natural person, the nature of his income,
the amounts needed by him for his necessary expenses and those of the persons
dependent on him, and for the making of periodical payments which he is obliged to
make in terms of an order of court, agreement or otherwise in respect of his other
commitments as disclosed in the evidence presented at the hearing of the
proceedings; or

(b) in the case of a judgment debtor who is a juristic person, the amounts required by
such juristic person to meet its necessary administrative expenses and for the making
of periodical payments which it is obliged to make in terms of an order of court,
agreement or otherwise in respect of its other commitments as disclosed in the
evidence presented at the hearing of the proceedings.
[S 65D(4) am by s 6(b) of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

(5) In determining the ability of the judgment debtor to pay the judgment debt in instalments or
otherwise the court may, in its discretion, refuse to take account of the periodical payments
that a judgment debtor has undertaken to make in terms of a credit agreement, as defined in
section 1 of the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act 34 of 2005) for the purchase of goods which
have not been exempted from seizure in terms of section 67 or which cannot, in the opinion of
the court, be regarded as the judgment debtor’s household requirements.
[S 65D ins by s 2 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; s 65D(5) subs by s 6(c) of Act 81 of 1997 wef
10 December 1997; am by s 172(2) of Act 34 of 2005 wef 1 June 2006.]

65E. Postponement of proceedings pending execution

(1) If at the hearing of the proceedings in terms of a notice under section 65A(1) the court is
satisfied—

(a) that the judgment debtor has movable or immovable property which may be attached
and sold in order to satisfy the judgment debt or any part thereof, the court may—

(i) authorise the issue of a warrant of execution against such movable or

immovable property or such part thereof as the court may deem fit; or

(ii) authorise the issue of such a warrant together with an order in terms of
section 73; or

(b) that there is a debt due to the judgment debtor which may be attached in terms of
section 72 to satisfy the judgment debt and costs or part thereof, the court may
authorise the attachment of that debt in terms of that section; or

(c) that the judgment debtor or, if the judgment debtor is a juristic person, the director or
officer summoned as representative of the juristic person, at any time after receipt of
a notice referred to in section 65A(1), has made an offer in writing to the judgment
creditor or his or her attorney to pay the judgment debt and costs in specified
instalments or otherwise, or, if such an offer has not been made, that the judgment
debtor is able to pay the judgment debt and costs in reasonable instalments, the court
may order the judgment debtor to pay the judgment debt and costs in specified
instalments and, where the judgment debtor is a natural person and is employed and
after satisfying itself that it is just and equitable that an emoluments attachment order
be issued and that the amount is appropriate, in addition authorise the issue of an
emoluments attachment order by virtue of section 65J(1) for the payment of the
judgment debt and costs by the employer of the judgment debtor,

and postpone any further hearings of the proceedings.

[S 65E(1) subs by s 8 of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]

(2) Any authorisation under subsection (1)(a) shall, pending the execution of the warrant, serve
as an interdict against the alienation of the property concerned by the judgment debtor.
(3) Proceedings postponed under subsection (1) may again be placed on the roll by the judgment
creditor or his attorney by notice delivered personally or served by registered letter addressed
to the judgment debtor or, if the judgment debtor is a juristic person, to the director or officer
summoned as the representative of the juristic person and in his personal capacity and
delivered or posted at least 10 days before the day appointed therein for the hearing.

(4) If the judgment creditor issues or causes to be issued a warrant of execution against movable
property belonging to any judgment debtor before the hearing of proceedings in terms of a
notice under section 65A(1) and a nulla bona return is made, the judgment creditor shall not
be entitled to costs in connection with the issue and execution of such warrant unless the
court on good cause shown orders otherwise at the hearing of the proceedings.

(5) The court may from time to time suspend, amend or rescind an order for the payment of a
judgment debt and costs in specified instalments made in terms of subsection (1)(c) of this
section or section 57, 58 or 65.

(6) Upon an order referred to in subsection (1)(c) of this section or section 57, 58 or 65 having
been made and if the judgment debtor was not present or represented in court when the order
was made, the judgment creditor or his or her attorney shall forthwith by registered letter
advise the judgment debtor of the terms of the order.
[S 65E ins by s 2 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; s 65E(6) subs by s 7 of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10
December 1997.]

65F. …
[S 65F ins by s 2 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; am by s 3 of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April 1985;
rep by s 8 of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

65G. …
[S 65G ins by s 2 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; rep by s 9 of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10
December 1997.]

65H. …
[S 65H ins by s 2 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; rep by s 10 of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10
December 1997.]

65I. Application for administration order has preference

(1) If, before or during the hearing of the proceedings in terms of a notice under section 65A(1) a
judgment debtor has lodged or lodges with the court an application for an administration order
 for hearing on a date not later than the earliest date on which such application may be heard
and it appears that he has complied with the provisions of section 74, the court shall postpone
the hearing of the proceedings until the application for an administration order has been
disposed of.

(2) If a judgment debtor has not lodged or does not lodge with the court an application for an
administration order before or during the hearing of such proceedings and it appears at the
hearing that the judgment debtor has other debts as well, the court shall consider whether all
the judgment debtor’s debts should be treated collectively and if it is of opinion that they
should be so treated, it may, with a view to granting an administration order, postpone further
hearing of the proceedings to a date determined by the court and order the judgment debtor
to submit to the court a full statement of his affairs in the form prescribed in the rules, and
containing the particulars for which the said rules make provision and to cause a copy thereof
to be delivered by registered post to each of his creditors at least three days before the date
appointed for the further hearing.

(3) If upon receipt of the statement referred to in subsection (2) it appears that the judgment
debtor’s total debts do not exceed the amount determined by the Minister from time to time by
notice in the Gazette, the court may grant an administration order under section 74 in respect
of the judgment debtor’s estate.
[S 65I(3) subs by s 4 of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April 1985, s 7 of Act 25 of 1987 wef 1 January 1988.]

(4) If the court grants an administration order in respect of the judgment debtor’s estate, it shall
stay the proceedings in terms of the notice under section 65A(1), but may grant the judgment
creditor costs already incurred in connection with such proceedings, and such costs may be
added to the judgment debt.
[S 65I ins by s 2 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

65J. Emoluments attachment orders

(1)
(a) Subject to the provisions of subsection (2), a judgment creditor may cause an order
(hereinafter referred to as an emoluments attachment order) to be issued from the
court of the district in which the judgment debtor resides, carries on business or is
employed.

(b) An emoluments attachment order—

(i) must attach the emoluments at present or in future owing or accruing to the
judgment debtor by or from his or her employer (in this section called the
 garnishee), to the amount necessary to cover the judgment and the costs of
the attachment, whether that judgment was obtained in the court concerned
or in any other court; and

(ii) must oblige the garnishee to pay from time to time to the judgment creditor or
his or her attorney specific amounts out of the emoluments of the judgment
debtor in accordance with the order of court laying down the specific
instalments payable by the judgment debtor, until the relevant judgment debt
and costs have been paid in full.

(1A)
(a) The amount of the instalment payable or the total amount of instalments payable
where there is more than one emoluments attachment order payable by the judgment
debtor, may not exceed 25 per cent of the judgment debtor’s basic salary.

(b) For purposes of this section, “basic salary” means the annual gross salary a judgment
debtor is employed on divided by 12 and excludes additional remuneration for
overtime or other allowances.

(c)
(i) When a court considers—

(aa) the authorisation of an emoluments attachment order; or

(bb) any other order contemplated in this section,

and after having considered all submissions before the court and after having called
for and considered all further available documents, the court is satisfied that other
emoluments attachment orders exist against the judgment debtor, the court must
postpone the further consideration of the authorisation or other order and set the
matter down for hearing.

(ii) The party applying for the authorisation of an emoluments attachment order
or other order contemplated in this section, must serve notice of the date of
the hearing referred to in subparagraph (i) on the other creditors or their
attorneys, and on the judgment debtor, if he or she was not present or
represented when the consideration of the authorisation of an emoluments
attachment order or other order was postponed.
 (iii) The court may after hearing all parties at the ensuing hearing, make an order
regarding the division of the amount available to be committed to each of the
emoluments attachment orders, after satisfying itself that each order is just
and equitable and the sum of the total amount of the emoluments attachment
orders is appropriate and does not exceed 25 per cent of the judgment
debtor’s basic salary.

(2) An emoluments attachment order may only be issued if the court has so authorised, after
satisfying itself that it is just and equitable that an emoluments attachment order be issued
and that the amount is appropriate, whether on application to the court or otherwise, and such
authorisation has not been suspended.

(2A) A judgment creditor or his or her attorney must serve, on the judgment debtor and on his or
her employer, a notice, which corresponds substantially with the form prescribed in the rules,
of the intention to have an emoluments attachment order issued against the judgment debtor
in accordance with the authorisation of the court referred to in subsection (2).

(2B) The notice referred to in subsection (2A) must inform the judgment debtor and his or her
employer—

(a) of the judgment creditor’s intention to have an emoluments attachment order issued
against the judgment debtor in accordance with the authorisation of the court referred
to in subsection (2);

(b) of the full amount of the capital debt, interest and costs outstanding, substantiated by
a statement of account; and

(c) that, unless the judgment debtor or his or her employer files a notice of intention to
oppose the issuing of the emoluments attachment order within 10 days after service
of the notice on them, an emoluments attachment order will be sought.

(2C)
(a) The notice of intention to oppose contemplated in subsection (2B)(c) must state the
grounds upon which the judgment debtor or employer wishes to oppose the issuing of
the emoluments attachment order.

(b) The grounds which may be used to oppose the issuing of the emoluments attachment
order include, but are not limited to, the following—

(i) that the amounts claimed are erroneous or not in accordance with the law; or
 (ii) that 25 per cent of the judgment debtor’s basic salary is already committed to
other emoluments attachment orders and that the debtor will not have
sufficient means left for his or her own maintenance or that of his or her
dependants.

(c) The notice of intention to oppose must be accompanied by—

(i) a certificate by the employer of the judgment debtor setting out particulars
of—

(aa) all existing court orders against the judgment debtor or agreements
with other creditors for payment of a debt and costs in instalments;
and

(bb) when reasonably attainable, the amounts needed by the debtor for
necessary expenses and those of the persons dependent on him or
her and for the making of periodical payments which he or she is
obliged to make in terms of an agreement or otherwise in respect of
his or her other commitments;

(ii) the contact details of all the relevant judgment creditors or their attorneys;
and

(iii) the latest salary advice of the judgment debtor.

(2D) If a notice of intention to oppose is filed and the judgment creditor or his or her attorney does
not accept the reasons for the opposition, he or she or his or her attorney may set the matter
down for hearing in court with notice to the judgment debtor and employer and if the
opposition is based on overcommitment of the judgment debtor’s salary to existing court
orders or agreements with other creditors for payment of a debt and costs in instalments,
notice must be given to the other judgment creditors or their attorneys.

(2E) The court may, after hearing all parties and after satisfying itself that the order is just and
equitable—

(a) rescind the emoluments attachment order or amend it in such a way that it will affect
only the balance of the emoluments of the judgment debtor over and above the
sufficient means necessary for his or her maintenance and that of his or her
dependants; or
 (b) make any order, including an order regarding the division of the amount available to
be committed to all the emoluments attachment orders, after satisfying itself that the
amount is appropriate and does not exceed 25 per cent of the judgment debtor’s
basic salary and an order as to costs.
(3)
(a) Any emoluments attachment order must be prepared and signed by the judgment
creditor or his or her attorney.

(b) The clerk of the court must ensure that the court—

(i) has authorised the emoluments attachment order; and

(ii) has jurisdiction as provided for in subsection (1)(a),

before issuing an emoluments attachment order authorised in terms of subsection (2)

by signing it and may either ask the judgment creditor or his or her attorney for more
information or refer the order to the court in the case of any uncertainty.

(c) The emoluments attachment order must be served on the employer of the judgment
debtor, (hereinafter called the garnishee) and if the judgment debtor was not present
or represented when the emoluments attachment order was authorised, also on the
judgment debtor, by the sheriff in the manner prescribed by the rules for the service
of process.
(4)
(a) Deductions in terms of an emoluments attachment order shall be made, if the
emoluments of the judgment debtor are paid monthly, at the end of the month
following the month in which it is served on the garnishee, or, if the emoluments of
the judgment debtor are paid weekly, at the end of the second week of the month
following the month in which it is so served on the garnishee, and all payments
thereunder to the judgment creditor or his or her attorney shall be made monthly with
effect from the end of the month following the month in which the said order is served
on the garnishee.

(b) The judgment creditor or his or her attorney must furnish the garnishee and the
judgment debtor, free of charge with a quarterly statement containing particulars of
the payments received up to the date concerned and the balance owing.

(5) An emoluments attachment order may be executed against the garnishee as if it were a court
judgment, subject to the right of the judgment debtor, the garnishee or any other interested
 party to dispute the existence or validity of the order or the correctness of the balance
claimed.

(6)
(a) If, after the service of such an emoluments attachment order on the garnishee, the
garnishee believes or becomes aware or it is otherwise shown that the—

(i) judgment debtor, after satisfaction of the emoluments attachment order, will
not have sufficient means for his or her own maintenance or that of his or her
dependants; or

(ii) amounts claimed are erroneous or not in accordance with the law,

the garnishee, judgment debtor or any other interested party must without delay and
in writing notify the judgment creditor or his or her attorney accordingly.

(b) The written notification referred to in paragraph (a) must set out the reasons for
believing or knowing that the judgment debtor will not have sufficient means for his or
her own maintenance or that of his or her dependants or that the amounts claimed
are erroneous or not in accordance with the law.

(c) The judgment creditor or his or her attorney must, after receiving the notice
contemplated in paragraph (a), without delay indicate whether he or she accepts the
reasons given in that notification and if not, set the matter down for hearing in court
with notice to the garnishee, judgment debtor or any other interested party referred to
in paragraph (a).

(d) The court may, after hearing all parties and after satisfying itself that the order is just
and equitable—

(i) rescind the emoluments attachment order or amend it in such a way that it
will affect only the balance of the emoluments of the judgment debtor over
and above the sufficient means necessary for his or her maintenance and
that of his or her dependants; or

(ii) make any order including an order regarding the division of the amount
available to be committed to all the emoluments attachment orders, after
satisfying itself that the amount is appropriate and does not exceed 25 per
cent of the judgment debtor’s basic salary and an order as to costs.
(7) Any emoluments attachment order may at any time on good cause shown be suspended,
amended or rescinded by the court, and when suspending any such order the court may
impose such conditions as it may deem just and reasonable.

(8)
(a) Whenever any judgment debtor to whom an emoluments attachment order relates
leaves the service of a garnishee before the judgment debt has been paid in full, such
judgment debtor must forthwith advise the judgment creditor or his or her attorney in
writing of the name and address of his or her new employer, and the judgment
creditor or his or her attorney may cause a certified copy of such emoluments
attachment order to be served on the said new employer, together with an affidavit or
affirmation by him or her or a certificate by his or her attorney specifying the
payments received by him or her since such order was issued, the costs, if any,
incurred since the date on which that order was issued and the balance outstanding.

(b) An employer on whom a certified copy referred to in paragraph (a) has been so
served, is thereupon bound thereby and is deemed to have been substituted for the
original garnishee, subject to the right of the judgment debtor, the garnishee or any
other interested party to dispute the existence or validity of the order and the
correctness of the balance claimed.

(9) Whenever any judgment debtor to whom an emoluments attachment order relates, leaves the
service of the garnishee before the judgment debt has been paid in full and becomes self-
employed or is employed by someone else, he or she is, or is pending the service of the
emoluments attachment order on his or her new employer, again obliged to comply with the
relevant order referred to in subsection (1)(b).

(10)
(a) Any garnishee may, in respect of the services rendered by him or her in terms of an
emoluments attachment order, recover from the judgment creditor a commission of
up to five per cent of all amounts deducted by him or her from the judgment debtor’s
emoluments by deducting such commission from the amount payable to the judgment
creditor.

(b) A garnishee who—

(i) unreasonably fails to timeously deduct the amount of the emoluments

attachment order provided for in subsection (4)(a); or
 (ii) unreasonably fails to timeously stop the deductions when the judgment debt
and costs have been paid in full,

is liable to repay to the judgment debtor any additional costs and interest which have
accrued or any amount deducted from the salary of the judgment debtor after the
judgment debt and costs have been paid in full as a result of such failure.

(c) The Rules Board for Courts of Law must make a reference to the provisions of
paragraph (b) on Form 38 of Annexure 1 to the rules, containing the emoluments
attachment order.
[S 65J ins by s 2 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; am by s 2 of Act 53 of 1983 wef 4 May 1983,
s 11 of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997; subs by s 9 of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]

65K. Orders as to costs relating to certain proceedings

(1) Unless at the hearing of any proceedings in terms of a notice under section 65A(1) it appears
to the court that the judgment debtor, after learning of the judgment upon which such
proceedings were founded, made an offer to pay the judgment debt in instalments which the
court deems reasonable, or notified the judgment creditor that he was not able to make an
offer and the court finds this to be true, the court may order the judgment debtor to pay the
costs of such proceedings, but if it appears that the judgment creditor refused such offer, the
court may order the judgment creditor to pay such costs, including the loss of wages suffered
by the judgment debtor through having to appear in court in connection with the proceedings.

(2) …
[S 65K(2) rep by s 12 of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

(3) The provisions of this section shall not preclude the court from making such order regarding
costs as it may deem just in any proceedings in terms of a notice under section 65A(1).
[S 65K ins by s 2 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

65L. …
[S 65L ins by s 2 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; rep by s 13 of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10
December 1997.]

65M. Enforcement of certain judgments of division of High Court or court for regional
division

If a judgment for the payment of any amount of money has been given by a division of the
High Court of South Africa or a court for a regional division, the judgment creditor may file with
 the clerk of the court from which the judgment creditor is required to issue a notice in terms of
section 65A(1), a certified copy of such judgment and an affidavit or affirmation by the
judgment creditor or a certificate by his or her attorney specifying the amount still owing under
the judgment and how such amount is arrived at, and thereupon such judgment, whether or
not the amount of such judgment would otherwise have exceeded the jurisdiction of the court,
shall have all the effects of a judgment of such court and any proceedings may be taken
thereon as if it were a judgment lawfully given in such court in favour of the judgment creditor
for the amount mentioned in the affidavit or affirmation or the certificate as still owing under
such judgment, subject however to the right of the judgment debtor to dispute the correctness
of the amount specified in the said affidavit or affirmation or certificate.
[S 65M ins by s 2 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; subs by s 10 of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August
2018.]

66. Manner of execution

(1)
(a) Whenever a court gives judgment for the payment of money or makes an order for
the payment of money in instalments, such judgment, in case of failure to pay such
money forthwith, or such order in case of failure to pay any instalment at the time and
in the manner ordered by the court, shall be enforceable by execution against the
movable property and, if there is not found sufficient movable property to satisfy the
judgment or order, or the court, on good cause shown, so orders, then against the
immovable property of the party against whom such judgment has been given or such
order has been made.

(b) Upon such failure to pay any instalment in accordance with any court order, execution
may be effected in respect of the whole of the judgment debt and of costs then still
unpaid, unless the court, on the application of the party that is liable, orders
otherwise.
[S 66(1) am by s 16 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952; subs by s 3(a) of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1
January 1979.]

(2) No immovable property which is subject to any claim preferent to that of the judgment creditor
shall be sold in execution unless—

(a) the judgment creditor has caused such notice in writing of the intended sale in
execution to be served personally upon the preferent creditor as may be prescribed
by the rules; or

(b) the magistrate or an additional or assistant magistrate of the district in which the
 property is situate has upon the application of the judgment creditor and after enquiry
into the circumstances of the case, directed what steps shall be taken to bring the
intended sale to the notice of the preferent creditor, and those steps have been
carried out,

and unless—

(c) the proceeds of the sale are sufficient to satisfy the claim of such preferent creditor, in
full; or

(d) the preferent creditor confirms the sale in writing, in which event he shall be deemed
to have agreed to accept such proceeds in full settlement of his claim.

(3) A sale in execution of such immovable property as is referred to in subsection (2) shall take
place within such period of the date of attachment and in such manner as may be provided by
the rules.

(4) If a sale referred to in subsection (3) does not take place or the immovable property
concerned is not released from attachment within a period of one year from the date of
attachment, such attachment shall lapse.
[S 66(4) ins by s 3(b) of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

(5) The court may, upon the application and at the expense of the judgment creditor, after due
notice of such application has been given to the judgment debtor, extend the period of one
year referred to in subsection (4) by further periods of one year each.
[S 66(5) ins by s 3(b) of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

(6) A judgment creditor (whether by virtue of a judgment given in the Supreme Court of South
Africa or in a magistrate’s court) desiring to attach immovable property that is already under
attachment (whether made by a deputy sheriff or by a messenger) and in respect of which a
sale in execution is not pending, and who has lodged a warrant of execution with the deputy
sheriff or messenger of the court, may, after notifying the interested parties, apply to the court
for an order to the effect that the property may be sold in terms of this warrant.
[S 66(6) ins by s 3(b) of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

(7) A messenger who is directed to attach immovable property, shall not be precluded merely by
the absence of the execution debtor from his place of residence or business, from discharging
his duties, but may discharge his duties if he is able to do so and shall endorse a return of
service to the court on the warrant.
[S 66(7) ins by s 3(b) of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]
(8) If the execution debtor, having been requested by the messenger of the court to point out
property in order to satisfy a warrant of execution against movable property, declares that he
has no movable property or insufficient movable property and the messenger is unable to find
sufficient movable property to satisfy the warrant, the messenger shall request the execution
debtor to declare whether he has immovable property which is executable and shall enter the
execution debtor’s reply in his return of service endorsed on such warrant.
[S 66(8) ins by s 3(b) of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

67. Property exempt from execution

In respect of any process of execution issued out of any court the following property shall be
protected from seizure and shall not be attached or sold, namely—

(a) the necessary beds, bedding and wearing apparel of the execution debtor and of his
family;

(b) the necessary furniture (other than beds) and household utensils in so far as they do
not exceed in value the amount determined by the Minister from time to time by
notice in the Gazette;
[S 67(b) am by s 25 of Act 93 of 1962 wef 4 July 1962; subs by s 5(a) of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April
1985, s 1(a) of Act 204 of 1993 wef 1 March 1994.]

(c) stock, tools and agricultural implements of a farmer in so far as they do not exceed in
value the amount determined by the Minister from time to time by notice in the
Gazette;
[S 67(c) am by s 25 of Act 93 of 1962 wef 4 July 1962; subs by s 5(b) of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April
1985, s 1(a) of Act 204 of 1993 wef 1 March 1994.]

(d) the supply of food and drink in the house sufficient for the needs of such debtor and
of his family during one month;

(e) tools and implements of trade, in so far as they do not exceed in value the amount
determined by the Minister from time to time by notice in the Gazette;
[S 67(e) am by s 25 of Act 93 of 1962 wef 4 July 1962; subs by s 5(c) of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April
1985, s 1(b) of Act 204 of 1993 wef 1 March 1994.]

(f) professional books, documents or instruments necessarily used by such debtor in his
profession, in so far as they do not exceed in value the amount determined by the
Minister from time to time by notice in the Gazette;
 [S 67(f) am by s 25 of Act 93 of 1962 wef 4 July 1962; subs by s 5(d) of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April
1985, s 1(b) of Act 204 of 1993 wef 1 March 1994.]

(g) such arms and ammunition as such debtor is required by law, regulation or
disciplinary order to have in his possession as part of his equipment:

Provided that the court shall have a discretion in exceptional circumstances and on such
conditions as it may determine to increase the amounts determined by the Minister in respect
of paragraphs (b), (c), (e) and (f).
[S 67 am by s 5(e) of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April 1985, s 1(c) of Act 204 of 1993 wef 1 March 1994.]

68. Property executable

(1) The messenger executing any process of execution against movable property may, by virtue
of such process, also seize and take any money or bank notes, and may seize, take and sell
in execution cheques, bills of exchange, promissory notes, bonds, or securities for money
belonging to the execution debtor.

(2) The messenger may also hold any cheques, bills of exchange, promissory notes, bonds or
securities for money which have been seized or taken, as security for the benefit of the
execution creditor for the amount directed to be levied by the execution so far as it is still
unsatisfied; and the execution creditor may, when the time of payment has arrived, sue in the
name of the execution debtor, or in the name of any person in whose name the execution
debtor might have sued, for the recovery of the sum secured or made payable thereby.

(3) The messenger may also under any process of execution against movable property attach
and sell in execution the interest of the execution debtor in any movable property belonging to
him and pledged or sold under a suspensive condition to a third person, and may also sell the
interest of the execution debtor in property movable or immovable leased to the execution
debtor or sold to him under any hire purchase contract or under a suspensive condition.

(4) Whenever, if the sale had not been in execution, it would have been necessary for the
execution debtor to endorse a document or to execute a cession in order to pass the property
to a purchaser, the messenger may so endorse the document or execute the cession, as to
any property sold by him in execution.

(5) The messenger may also, as to immovable property sold by him in execution, do anything
necessary to effect registration of transfer. Anything done by the messenger under this
subsection or subsection (4) shall be as valid and effectual as if he were the execution debtor.
(6) Where judgment is given against a member of a partnership or syndicate in an action in which
he individually was plaintiff or defendant, his interest in the partnership or syndicate may be
attached and sold in execution.

69. Interpleader claims

(1)
(a) Where any person, not being the judgment debtor makes any claim to or in respect of
any property attached or about to be attached in execution under the process of any
court, or to the proceeds of such property sold in execution, his claim shall be
adjudicated upon after issue of a summons in the manner provided by the rules.

(b) Upon the issue of such summons any action which may have been brought in any
court whatsoever in respect of such property shall be stayed and shall abide the
result of the proceedings taken upon such summons.

(2) Where two or more persons make adverse claims to any property in the custody or
possession of a third party such claims shall be adjudicated upon after issue of a summons in
the manner provided by the rules.

70. Sale in execution gives good title

A sale in execution by the messenger shall not, in the case of movable property after delivery
thereof or in the case of immovable property after registration of transfer, be liable to be
impeached as against a purchaser in good faith and without notice of any defect.

71. Surplus after execution

If, after a sale in execution, there remains any surplus in the hands of the messenger, it shall
be liable to attachment for any other unsatisfied judgment debt.

71A. Movable property which messenger cannot dispose of in terms of this Act, shall be
sold by public auction

(1) Any movable property in the custody of the messenger or any other person acting on his
behalf in respect of which attachment has been withdrawn or which is released from
attachment and in respect of which the owner or person from whose possession the property
has been removed, cannot be traced, and which cannot be disposed of in terms of this Act,
 shall be sold by the messenger by public auction, and the proceeds of the sale shall, after
deduction of the messenger’s costs, be paid into the Consolidated Revenue Fund: Provided
that such sale shall not take place unless such property has remained unclaimed for a period
of 14 days after the messenger has published, in one English and one Afrikaans newspaper
circulating in the district where the last known address of the judgment debtor is situate, a
notice containing the name of the judgment debtor, a description of the property and stating
the intention to sell such property if it is not claimed within the period specified therein.

(2) After the public auction referred to in subsection (1), the messenger shall draw up a vendue
roll as if the sale was a sale in execution of property and shall attach the roll to his return in
respect of the relevant process of the court in the case together with proof that the proceeds
of the sale have been paid into the Consolidated Revenue Fund.

(3) The proceeds of a sale paid into the Consolidated Revenue Fund in terms of this section,
shall be refunded out of accruing revenue to any person who satisfies a judicial officer of the
district in which the sale took place that he would have been entitled to receive the property
referred to in this section after the attachment thereof had been withdrawn or the property had
been released from attachment.
[S 71A ins by s 16 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970.]

72. Attachment of debts

(1) The court may, on ex parte application by the judgment creditor or under section 65E(1)(b),
order the attachment of any debt at present or in future owing or accruing to a judgment
debtor by or from any other person (excluding the State), residing, carrying on business or
employed in the district, to an amount sufficient to satisfy the judgment and the costs of the
proceedings for attachment, whether such judgment has been obtained in such court or in
any other magistrate’s court, and make an order (hereinafter called a garnishee order) against
such person (hereinafter called the garnishee) to pay to the judgment creditor or his attorney
at the address of the judgment creditor or his attorney, so much of the debt as may be
sufficient to satisfy the judgment and costs, and may enforce such garnishee order as if it
were a judgment of the court.

(2) If, after any such garnishee order in respect of any debt has been granted, it is shown to the
satisfaction of the court that sufficient means to maintain himself and those dependent upon
him will not, after satisfaction of the garnishee order, be left to the judgment debtor, the court
shall set aside the garnishee order or amend it in such manner that it will affect only the
balance of the debt over and above such sufficient means.
(3) Any order under this section may at any time for good cause be suspended, amended or
rescinded by the court.

(4) The court may, if it appears that there are unsatisfied claims owing to other creditors,
postpone the application to enable the judgment debtor to make application for an
administration order under section 74.
[S 72 subs by s 17 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952; am by s 26 of Act 93 of 1962 wef 4 July 1962;
subs by s 4 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

73. Suspension of execution of debt

[Section heading subs by s 11(a) of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]

(1) The court may, on the application of any judgment debtor or under section 65E(1)(a)(ii) or
65E(1)(c) and if it appears to the court that the judgment debtor is unable to satisfy the
judgment debt in full at once, but is able to pay reasonable periodical instalments towards
satisfaction thereof or if the judgment debtor consents to a garnishee order being made
against him or her, suspend execution against that debtor either wholly or in part on such
conditions as to security or otherwise as the court may determine.
[S 73(1) am by s 18 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952; subs by s 5 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January
1979, s 11(b) of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]

(2) Nothing in this section contained shall be construed as authorising the court to suspend the
execution of a judgment upon any property subject to a hypothec for the judgment debt
existing irrespective of attachment in execution.

(3) An order under paragraph (e) of section 48 or under this section may at any time and for good
cause be varied or rescinded by the court.

74. Granting of administration orders

(1) Where a debtor—

(a) is unable forthwith to pay the amount of any judgment obtained against him in court,
or to meet his financial obligations, and has not sufficient assets capable of
attachment to satisfy such judgment or obligations; and

(b) states that the total amount of all his debts due does not exceed the amount
determined by the Minister from time to time by notice in the Gazette,
 [S 74(1)(b) subs by s 6(a) of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April 1985, s 8(a) of Act 25 of 1987 wef 1 January
1988.]

such court or the court of the district in which the debtor resides or carries on business or is
employed may, upon application by the debtor or under section 65I, subject to such conditions
as the court may deem fit with regard to security, preservation or disposal of assets,
realisation of movables subject to hypothec (except movables referred to in section 34 of the
Land Bank Act, 1944 (Act No. 13 of 1944)), or otherwise, make an order (in this Act called an
administration order) providing for the administration of his estate and for the payment of his
debts in instalments or otherwise.

(2) An administration order shall not be invalid merely because at some time or other the total
amount of the debtor’s debts are found to exceed the amount determined by the Minister from
time to time by notice in the Gazette, but in such a case the court may, if it deems fit, rescind
the order.
[S 74 am by s 19 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952; subs by s 2 of Act 14 of 1954 wef 2 April 1954,
s 27 of Act 93 of 1962 wef 4 July 1962, s 12 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963, s 29 of Act 94 of
1974 wef 1 March 1975, s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; s 74(2) subs by s 6(b) of Act 19 of
1985 wef 3 April 1985, s 8(b) of Act 25 of 1987 wef 1 January 1988.]

74A. Documents to be submitted with application for administration order

(1) With an application referred to in section 74(1) the debtor shall submit a full statement of his
affairs in the form prescribed in the rules.

(2) In the form referred to in section (1) provision shall be made for the following particulars, inter
alia, namely—

(a) the name and business address of the debtor’s employer or, if the debtor is not
employed, the reason why he is unemployed;

(b)* a detailed list of the debtor’s assets and their current market values and full
particulars of interests in property and claims in his favour, including moneys in a
savings or other account with a bank or elsewhere;
* S 172(2) of the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of 2005) amends this paragraph. This appears to be an error and what
was intended was an amendment para (g).

(c) the debtor’s trade or occupation and his gross weekly or monthly income and that of
his wife living with him, and particulars of all deductions from such income by stop
order or otherwise, supported as far as possible by written statements by the
employers of the debtor and his wife;
 (d) a detailed list of the debtor’s essential weekly or monthly expenses and those of the
persons dependent on him, including his own transport expenses and those of his
wife to and from work, and those of his children to and from school;

(e) a complete list of all the debtor’s creditors and their addresses, and the amount owing
to each creditor, in which a clear distinction shall be made between—

(i) debts the whole amount of which is owing, including judgment debts payable
in instalments in terms of a court order, an emoluments attachment order or a
garnishee order; and

(ii) obligations which are payable in futuro in periodical payments or otherwise or

which will become payable under a maintenance order, agreement, stop
order or otherwise, and in which the nature of such periodical payments is
specified in each case or when the obligations will be payable and how they
are then to be paid, the balance owing in each case and when, in each case,
the obligation will terminate;

(f) the security and the estimated value of the security that a creditor has or the name
and address of any other person who, in addition to the debtor, is liable for any debt;

(g) full particulars, supported as far as possible by a statement and a copy of the credit
agreement, as defined in section 1 of the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of
2005), of goods purchased under that credit agreement, the purchase price, the
instalments payable, the balance owing and the date on which the purchase price will
be paid in full, and the reasons adduced by the debtor why provision should be made
for the payment of the remaining instalments;
[S 74A(2)(g) subs by s 47(a) of Act 120 of 1993 wef 7 January 2000; am by s 172(2) of Act 34 of 2005
wef 1 June 2006.]

(h) full particulars of any mortgage bond on immovable property owned by the debtor, the
instalments payable, the balance owing, the date on which the mortgage debt will be
paid in full and the reasons adduced by the debtor why provision should be made for
the payment of the instalments payable in terms of such mortgage bond;

(i) full particulars of any asset purchased under a written agreement other than a credit
agreement referred to in paragraph (g), the instalments payable, the balance owing,
and the date on which the purchase price will be paid in full, and the reasons
adduced by the debtor why provision should be made for the payment of the
 instalments that become payable under such agreement;
[S 74A(2)(i) am by s 47(b) of Act 120 of 1993 wef 7 January 2000, s 172(2) of Act 34 of 2005 wef 1
June 2006.]

(j) whether any administration order was made at any time in respect of the debtor’s
estate and, if so, whether such order lapsed or was set aside and, if so, when and for
what reasons;

(k) the number and ages of the persons dependent on the debtor and his wife and their
kinship with them;

(l) if an administration order is made, the amount of the weekly or monthly or other
instalments which the debtor offers to pay towards settlement of the debts referred to
in paragraph (e)(i).

(3) The statement referred to in subsection (1) shall be confirmed by an affidavit in which the
debtor declares that to the best of his knowledge the names of all his creditors and the
amounts owed by him to each of them severally are set forth in the statement and that the
declarations made therein are true.

(4) The clerk of the court shall, if requested thereto by an illiterate debtor and upon payment of
the fee prescribed in the rules, assist the debtor in completing the statement referred to in
subsection (1).

(5) The debtor shall lodge an application for an administration order and the statement referred to
in subsection (1) with the clerk of the court and shall deliver to each of his creditors, at least
three days before the date appointed for the hearing, personally or by registered post a copy
of such application and statement on which shall appear the case number under which the
original application was filed.
[S 74A ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74B. Hearing of application for administration order

(1) At the hearing of an application for an administration order—

(a) any creditor, whether he has received notice in terms of section 74A(5) or not, may
attend the hearing and provide proof of his debt and object to any debt listed by the
debtor in the statement of his affairs referred to in section 74A(1);

(b) every debt listed by the debtor in the said statement shall be deemed to be proved,
 subject to any amendment made thereto by the court, unless any creditor raises
objections thereto or the court rejects it or requires substantiation thereof by
evidence;

(c) any creditor to whose debt an objection is raised by the debtor or any other creditor or
who is required by the court to substantiate his debt with evidence shall provide proof
of debt;

(d) the court may defer proof of debt and postpone consideration of the application for an
administration order or proceed to deal with such application and, if an administration
order is granted, the debt shall subsequently when proved be added to the debts
listed;

(e) the debtor may be interrogated by the court and by any creditor whose debt has been
acknowledged or proved, or by leave of the court, by any creditor the proof of whose
debt has been deferred, or by the legal representative of such creditor with regard
to—

(i) his assets and liabilities;

(ii) his present and future income and that of his wife living with him;

(iii) his standard of living, and the possibility of economising; and

(iv) any other matter that the court may deem relevant.

(2) If at the hearing it appears to the court that any debt other than a debt on the ground of or
arising from any judgment debt is a matter of contention between the debtor and the creditor
or between the creditor and any other creditor of the debtor, the court may, upon inquiry into
the objection, allow or reject the debt or a part thereof.

(3) Any person whose debt has been rejected in accordance with subsection (2) may,
notwithstanding the provisions of section 74P, institute proceedings or proceed with an action
already instituted in respect of such debt.

(4) If any person referred to in subsection (3) has obtained judgment in respect of any debt
referred to in that subsection, the amount of the judgment shall be added to the list of proved
debts referred to in subsection (1).
(5) No administration order shall be granted at the request of any debtor if it is proved that any
administration order was rescinded within the preceding period of six months because of the
debtor’s non-compliance therewith, unless the debtor proves to the satisfaction of the court
that his non-compliance with the order was not wilful.
[S 74B ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74C. Contents of administration order

(1) An administration order shall be in the form prescribed by the rules and—

(a) shall lay down the amount of the weekly or monthly or other payments to be made in
terms thereof; and

(b) may specify—

(i) the assets, if any, of the estate under administration which may be realised
by the administrator for the purpose of distributing the proceeds among the
creditors: Provided that no such asset that is the subject of any credit
agreement regulated by the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of 2005),
shall be realised without the written permission of the seller;
[S 74C(1)(b)(i) am by s 48(a) of Act 120 of 1993 wef 7 January 2000, s 172(2) of Act 34 of 2005 wef 1
June 2006.]

(ii) …
[S 74C(1)(b)(ii) rep by s 48(b) of Act 120 of 1993 wef 7 January 2000.]

(iii) the debtor’s obligations which the court took account of in determining the
amount of the weekly or monthly or other instalments to be paid by the debtor
to the administrator;

(iv) the assets, if any, which shall not be disposed of by the debtor except by
leave of the administrator or the court;

(v) such other provisions or conditions as the court may deem necessary or
expedient.

(2) The amount of the weekly or monthly or other payments to be made by the debtor to the
administrator in terms of the administration order shall, as nearly as possible, approximate the
difference between the debtor’s future income and the sum of—
 (a) the amount determined by the court as the reasonable amount required by the debtor
for his necessary expenses and those of the persons dependent on him;

(b) the periodical payments which the debtor is obliged to make under a credit
agreement as defined in section 1 of the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of
2005): Provided that the court may in its discretion refuse to take into account the
periodical payments which the debtor undertook to pay under such a transaction for
the purchase of goods which are not exempt from execution in terms of section 67 or
which, in the opinion of the court, cannot be regarded as the debtor’s household
requirements, unless the court is of opinion that in all the circumstances it is desirable
to safeguard the goods concerned;
[S 74C(2)(b) am by s 48(c) of Act 120 of 1993 wef 7 January 2000, s 172(2) of Act 34 of 2005 wef 1
June 2006.]

(c) the periodical payments to be made by the debtor in terms of an existing

maintenance order;

(d) the periodical payments to be made by the debtor under a mortgage bond or any
other written agreement for the purchase of any asset in terms of which the liabilities
thereunder are payable in instalments, if in all the circumstances the court is of
opinion that the instalments payable are reasonable in view of the judgment debtor’s
income and the sums of money due by him to other creditors or that it is desirable to
safeguard the mortgaged property or the asset to which the written agreement
relates; and

(e) the payments to be made by the debtor by virtue of any other obligation referred to in
section 74A(2)(e)(ii).

(3) The court may take into account the income of the debtor’s wife, who is living with him, in
determining the amount referred to in subsection (2)(a) and, where the debtor is married in
community of property, in determining the debtor’s income.
[S 74C ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74D. Authorising of issue of emoluments attachment order or garnishee order

Where the administration order provides for the payment of instalments out of future
emoluments or income, the court shall authorise the issue of an emoluments attachment
order in terms of section 65J in order to attach emoluments at present or in future owing or
accruing to the debtor by or from his employer, or shall authorise the issue of a garnishee
order under section 72 in order to attach any debt at present or in future owing or accruing to
 the debtor by or from any other person (excluding the State), in so far as either of the said
sections is applicable, and the court may suspend such an authorisation on such conditions
as the court may deem just and reasonable.
[S 74D ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74E. Appointment of administrator

(1) When an administration order has been granted under section 74(1), the court shall appoint a
person as administrator, which appointment shall become effective only after a copy of the
administration order has been handed or sent to him by registered post and, in the event of
his being required as administrator to give security, after he has given such security.

(2) An administrator may on good cause shown be relieved of his appointment by the court, and
the court may appoint any other person in his place.

(3) An administrator who is not an officer of the court or a practitioner shall, before a copy of the
administration order is handed or sent to him by registered post, give security to the
satisfaction of the court and thereafter as required by the court for the due and prompt
payment by him to the parties entitled thereto of all moneys which come into his possession
by virtue of his appointment as an administrator.

(4) An administrator shall not be obliged to give security in respect of his appointment as an
administrator of the estate of any particular debtor if he has given or gives security to the
satisfaction of the court for the due and prompt payment by him to the parties entitled thereto
of all moneys which may come into his possession by virtue of his appointment as
administrator of the estate of any debtor, irrespective of whether such appointment was made
before or after the date on which the said security was given.
[S 74E ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74F. Notice of and objections to administration orders

(1) A copy of an administration order shall be handed or sent by registered post to the debtor and
the administrator by the clerk of the court.

(2) The administrator shall forward a copy of the administration order by registered post to each
creditor whose name is mentioned by the debtor in the statement of his affairs or who has
given proof of a debt.

(3) A creditor who has not received notice of the application for an administration order and who
wishes to object to any debt listed with the order or to the manner in which payments shall be
 made in terms of the order shall, within a reasonable time as laid down in the rules, give
notice of his objection and the grounds therefor to the clerk of the court, the debtor and the
administrator and, if he objects to the inclusion of any debt, also to the creditor concerned.

(4) In considering the objection referred to in subsection (3) the court may—

(a) uphold it;

(b) refuse it; or

(c) postpone consideration thereof for hearing after notice given to the persons
concerned and on such conditions as to costs or otherwise as the court may deem fit.
[S 74F ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74G. List of creditors and debts and additions thereto

(1) The administrator shall as soon as may be draw up and lodge with the clerk of the court a
complete list on which shall appear the case number under which the application for an
administration order has been filed, and which shall contain the names of the creditors and
the amounts owing to them severally as at the date on which the administration order was
granted.

(2) Any creditor who wishes to provide proof of a debt owing before the making of an
administration order and not listed in such order, shall lodge his claim in writing with the
administrator, who shall thereupon give the debtor notice thereof in the form prescribed in the
rules.

(3) If, within the period allowed in the notice referred to in subsection (2), the debtor admits the
claim or does not dispute it, the claim shall be deemed to be proved, subject to the right of
any other creditor who has not received notice of the claim to object to the debt, and the
administrator shall by notice lodged with the clerk of the court add the name of the creditor
and the amount of the debt owing to him to the list referred to in subsection (1) and shall
inform the creditor in the form prescribed in the rules that this has been done.

(4) If, within the period allowed in the notice referred to in subsection (2), the debtor gives notice
in writing to the administrator that he disputes the claim, the administrator shall notify the
creditor thereof and the creditor may request the clerk of the court to appoint a day and time
for the hearing of the objection by the court and shall notify the debtor in writing of such day
and time.
(5) At the hearing of the objection referred to in subsection (4) the court may—

(a) refuse the claim as a whole;

(b) allow the claim as a whole or in part;

(c) require that the claim be supported by evidence; or

(d) postpone the hearing on such conditions as it may deem fit.

(6) If the court allows a claim as a whole or in part under subsection (5), the debt shall, to the
extent to which it has been allowed, be added to the list referred to in subsection (1).

(7) If any person who sold and delivered goods to the debtor under a credit agreement as defined
in section 1 of the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of 2005), before the administration
order was granted, is entitled or becomes entitled, by reason of the debtor’s failure to fulfil any
obligation under such agreement, to demand immediate payment of the sum of the purchase
price then still owing, and if such person advises the administrator in writing that he elects so
to do, such agreement shall be deemed to create a hypothec on the goods in favour of the
seller whereby the amount still owing to him in terms of the agreement is secured, and any
term or condition of the agreement with regard to the seller’s right to dissolve or terminate
such agreement or his right to the return of the goods to which the agreement relates shall
not, in consequence of the debtor’s non-compliance with any term or condition thereof,
notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any law contained, be enforceable.
[S 74G(7) subs by s 49 of Act 120 of 1993 wef 7 January 2000; am by s 172(2) of Act 34 of 2005 wef
1 June 2006.]

(8) The court may by order of court authorise the seller referred to in subsection (7) to take
possession of the goods referred to in that subsection and to sell them by public auction by an
auctioneer nominated by the court after giving the administrator and all the creditors written
notice of the time and place of the sale and, if the court has so ordered, after publishing the
notice or notices in the manner prescribed by the court, in one or more newspapers
designated by the court or, if the seller, buyer and administrator so agree, to sell them by
private treaty.

(9) Where the seller has sold the goods in terms of a court order referred to in subsection (8) he
shall, if the sale was by public auction, forthwith lodge the auction list with the administrator
and pay to the administrator the amount of the proceeds of the sale in excess of the amount
of his debt and the costs connected with the sale or, if the net proceeds of the sale are
insufficient to pay his debt in full, he may lodge a claim with the administrator in respect of the
 balance of the purchase price owing to him for inclusion in the list of creditors who are entitled
to share in the pro rata distribution of funds received by the administrator.

(10)
(a) The list of creditors referred to in subsection (1) shall be open to inspection by the
creditors or their attorneys in the office of the clerk of the court and the office of the
administrator at any time during office hours.

(b) Any creditor may, in the manner and within the period prescribed in the rules, object
to any debt included in the list of creditors.
[S 74G ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74H. Inclusion of creditors in list after granting of administration order

(1) Any person who becomes a creditor of the judgment debtor after an administration order has
been granted and who is desirous of providing proof of debt, shall lodge his claim in writing
with the administrator, who shall thereupon advise the debtor thereof in the form prescribed in
the rules.

(2) If the debtor admits the claim or does not dispute it within the period allowed in the notice
referred to in subsection (1), the provisions of section 74G(3) shall, mutatis mutandis, apply,
but the creditor shall not be entitled to a dividend in terms of the administration order until the
creditors who were creditors on the date of the granting of the order have been paid in full.

(3) If the debtor disputes the claim within the period allowed in the notice referred to in subsection
(1), the provisions of section 74G(4), (5) and (6) shall, mutatis mutandis, apply but if the court
allows the claim as a whole or in part, such claim shall be subject to the rights referred to in
subsection (2), of creditors who were creditors on the date on which the administration order
was granted.

(4) The provisions of section 74G(7), (8) and (9) and of subsections (1), (2) and (3) of this section
shall, mutatis mutandis, apply to any person who after the granting of an administration order

sold and delivered goods to the debtor under a credit agreement as defined in section 1 of the
National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of 2005), and is desirous of providing proof of debt.
[S 74H ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; s 74H(4) subs by s 50 of Act 120 of 1993 wef
7 January 2000; am by s 172(2) of Act 34 of 2005 wef 1 June 2006.]

74I. Payments by debtor in terms of administration order

(1) The debtor shall, subject to the provisions of this section, pay the administrator the amounts
of the weekly or monthly or other payments that he is required to make in terms of the
administration order.

(2) If a debtor fails to make the payments to the administrator that he is required to make in terms
of the administration order, the provisions of sections 65A to 65L shall mutatis mutandis
apply, while any reference in the said provisions to the judgment concerned, the judgment
creditor or the judgment debtor shall be construed as a reference to the administration order
concerned, the administrator or the debtor, respectively.

(3) If, in addition to the administration order, the court has authorised the issue of an emoluments
attachment order or a garnishee order and has suspended such authorisation conditionally
and the debtor fails to comply with the conditions of suspension, the administrator may lodge
a certificate to this effect with the clerk of the court, and the clerk of the court shall thereupon
issue the emoluments attachment order or garnishee order, as the case may be.

(4) An emoluments attachment order or garnishee order referred to in subsection (3) shall be
prepared by the administrator or his attorney, shall be signed by the administrator or his
attorney and the clerk of the court, and shall be served on the garnishee by the messenger of
the court by registered post.

(5)
(a) When an emoluments attachment order or garnishee order referred to in subsection
(3) has been served on the garnishee, he shall be obliged to pay to the administrator
the amounts concerned as provided by the order and such payments shall constitute
a first preference against the debtor’s income.

(b) The provisions of section 65J(4) to (8) and (10) shall mutatis mutandis apply to the
emoluments attachment order referred to in paragraph (a), and in such application
any reference in the said provisions to the judgment creditor shall be construed as a
reference to the administrator.
[S 74I ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; s 74I(5)(b) subs by s 4 of Act 28 of 1981 wef
11 March 1981.]

74J. Duties of administrator

(1) An administrator shall collect the payments to be made in terms of the administration order
concerned and shall keep up to date a list (which shall be available for inspection, free of
charge, by the debtor and creditors or their attorneys during office hours) of all payments and
 other funds received by him from or on behalf of the debtor, indicating the amount and date of
each payment, and shall, subject to section 74L, distribute such payments pro rata among the
creditors at least once every three months, unless all the creditors otherwise agree or the
court otherwise orders in any particular case.

(2) If any debt or the balance of a debt be less than R10, the administrator may in his discretion
pay such debt in full if such action will facilitate the distribution of funds in his possession.

(3) Claims that would enjoy preference under the laws relating to insolvency shall be paid out in
the order prescribed by those laws.

(4) An administrator may, out of the moneys which he controls, pay any urgent or extraordinary
medical, dental or hospital expenses incurred by the debtor after the date of the
administration order.

(5) Every distribution account in respect of the periodical payments and other funds received by
an administrator shall be numbered consecutively, shall bear the case number under which
the administration order has been filed, shall be in the form prescribed in the rules, shall be
signed by the administrator and shall be lodged at the office of the clerk of the court where it
may be inspected free of charge by the debtor and the creditors or their attorneys during
office hours.

(6) A distribution account referred to in subsection (5) shall at the request of any interested party
be subject to review free of charge by any judicial officer.
[S 74J(6) subs by s 2 of Act 88 of 1996 wef 22 November 1996.]

(7) An administrator shall deposit all moneys received by him from or on behalf of debtors whose
estates are under administration—

(a) if he is not a practising attorney, in a separate trust account with any bank in the
Republic, and no amount with which any such account is credited shall be deemed to
be part of the administrator’s assets or, in the event of his death or insolvency, of his
deceased or insolvent estate;

(b) if he is a practising attorney, in the trust account that he keeps in terms of section 33
of the Attorneys, Notaries and Conveyancers Admission Act, 1934 (Act No. 23 of
1934).

(8) If a debtor should at any time, despite a registered letter of demand from the administrator, be
14 days in arrear with the payment of any instalment and if steps in terms of section 74I(3)
 cannot be taken or have been taken unsuccessfully, or if the debtor has disappeared, the
administrator shall forthwith notify the creditors in writing thereof and request their
instructions.

(9) If within the period allowed in a notice contemplated in subsection (8) the majority of the
creditors instruct him to do so, or fail to respond, the administrator shall institute legal
proceedings against the debtor for his committal for contempt of court or take such steps as
may be necessary to trace the debtor who has disappeared, as the circumstances may
require.

(10) If within the period allowed in a notice contemplated in subsection (8) the majority of the
creditors instruct him to do so, the administrator shall apply to the court for the rescission of
the administration order.

(11) If an administrator fails to lodge a distribution account with the clerk of the court within one
month from the time his obligation to do so commenced, any interested party may apply to the
court for an order directing him to lodge a distribution account with the clerk of the court within
the time laid down in the order or relieving him of his office as administrator.

(12) If an administrator has lodged a distribution account with the clerk of the court but has failed
to pay any amount of money due to any creditor in terms of such account within one month
thereafter, the court may upon the application of the creditor order the administrator to pay the
creditor the amount concerned within such period as may be fixed in the order and
furthermore to pay to the debtor’s estate an amount which is double the amount which he
failed so to pay.

(13) The court may order an administrator to pay the costs of an application in terms of subsection
(11) or (12) de bonis propriis.

(14) If any debt which was due at the time of the granting of an administration order in respect of a
debtor’s estate is paid in full or in part to the creditor by the debtor after the granting of the
order, otherwise than by way of payments in terms of the administration order, such payment
shall be invalid and the administrator may recover the amount paid from the creditor, unless
the creditor proves that the payment was effected without his knowledge of the administration
order, and, in addition, the creditor shall forfeit his claim against the estate of the debtor if the
payment was effected at the request of the creditor whilst he had knowledge of the
administration order.
[S 74J ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74K. Realisation of assets by administrator

(1) An administrator may, if authorised thereto by the court, subject to the provisions of
subsection (2), realise any asset of the estate under administration, and in granting any such
authorisation the court may impose any such conditions as it may deem fit.

(2) An asset mentioned in subsection (1) which is the subject of any credit agreement regulated
by the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of 2005), shall not be realised except with the
written permission of the credit provider.
[S 74K(2) am by s 172(2) of Act 34 of 2005 wef 1 June 2006.]

(3) If the credit provider as defined in section 1 of the National Credit Act, 2005 (Act No. 34 of
2005), is obliged to pay to the debtor an amount in terms of the said Act, that amount shall be
paid to the administrator for pro rata distribution among the creditors.
[S 74K(3) am by s 172(2) of Act 34 of 2005 wef 1 June 2006.]

(4) Whenever the court authorises any administrator to realise any asset, the court may amend
the payments to be made in terms of the administration order accordingly.
[S 74K ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; subs by s 53 of Act 120 of 1993 wef 7
January 2000.]

74L. Remuneration and expenses of administrator

(1) An administrator may, before making a distribution—

(a) deduct from the money collected his necessary expenses and a remuneration
determined in accordance with a tariff prescribed in the rules;

(b) retain a portion of the money collected, in the manner and up to an amount
prescribed in the rules, to cover the costs that he may have to incur if the debtor is in
default or disappears.

(2) The expenses and remuneration mentioned in subsection (1)(a) shall not exceed 12½ per
cent of the amount of collected moneys received and such expenses and remuneration shall,
upon application by any interested party, be subject to taxation by the clerk of the court and
review by any judicial officer.
[S 74L ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74M. Furnishing of information by administrator

 The administrator shall upon payment of the fees prescribed in the rules—

(a) furnish any creditor applying therefor with such information about the progress made
in regard to the administration as he may desire; and

(b) furnish any person applying therefor with a copy of the debtor’s application and
statement of his affairs mentioned in sections 74 and 74A(1), or with a list or account
mentioned in section 74G(1) or 74J, or with the debtor’s statement of his affairs
mentioned in section 65I(2).
[S 74M ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74N. Failure by administrator to perform his duties

An administrator shall take the proper steps to enforce an administration order, and if he fails
to do so, any creditor may, by leave of the court, take those steps, and the court may
thereupon order the administrator to pay the costs of the creditor de bonis propriis.
[S 74N ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74O. Costs of application for administration order

Unless the court otherwise orders or this Act otherwise provides, no costs in connection with
any application in terms of section 74(1) shall be recovered from any person other than the
administrator concerned, and then as a first claim against the moneys controlled by him.
[S 74O ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74P. Remedies restricted by administration order

(1) As long as any administration order is of force and effect in respect of the estate of any
debtor, no creditor shall have any remedy against the debtor or his property for collecting
money owing, except in regard to any mortgage bond or any debt referred to in section
74B(3) or by leave of the court and on such conditions as the court may impose.

(2) Any court in which proceedings have been instituted against a debtor in respect of any debt
except a debt due under a mortgage bond or a debt referred to in section 74B(3) shall, upon
receiving notice of the administration order, suspend such proceedings but may grant costs
already incurred by the creditor, and such costs may be added to the judgment debt.
[S 74P ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74Q. Suspension, amendment or rescission of administration order

(1) The court under whose supervision any administration order is being executed, may at any
time upon application by the debtor or any interested party re-open the proceedings and call
upon the debtor to appear for such further examination as the court may deem necessary,
and the court may thereupon on good cause shown suspend, amend or rescind the
administration order, and when it suspends such an order it may impose such conditions as it
may deem just and reasonable.

(2) The court may at any time at the request of the administrator in writing and with the written
consent of the debtor, amend any administration order.

(3) Upon any application for the rescission of an administration order the court may—

(a) rescind the order under subsection (1); or

(b) if it appears to the court that the debtor is unable to pay any instalment, suspend the
order for such period and on such conditions as it may deem fit or amend the
instalments to be paid in terms thereof and make the necessary amendments to any
emoluments attachment order or garnishee order issued so as to ensure payment in
terms of the administration order, or set aside the said emoluments attachment order
or garnishee order; or

(c) authorise the issue of an emoluments attachment order or garnishee order to ensure
the payments in terms of the administration order; or

(d) set aside or amend any emoluments attachment order or garnishee order issued so
as to ensure payments in terms of the administration order.

(4) Any order rescinding an administration order shall be in the form prescribed in the rules and a
copy thereof shall be delivered personally or sent by post by the administrator to the debtor
and to each creditor, who shall also be informed of the debtor’s last known address by the
administrator.

(5) When an order of court for the payment of any judgment debt in instalments or any
emoluments attachment order or garnishee order has lapsed in consequence of the granting
of an administration order and such judgment debt has not been paid in full upon the
rescission of the administration order, such court order, emoluments attachment order or
garnishee order shall revive in respect of such judgment debt, unless the court otherwise
orders.
[S 74Q ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]
74R. Administration order no bar to sequestration

The granting of an order under section 74(1) shall be no bar to the sequestration of the
debtor’s estate.
[S 74R ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74S. Incurring of debts by person subject to administration order

(1) Any person who is subject to an administration order and who during the currency of such
order incurs any debt without disclosing that he is subject to an administration order shall be
guilty of an offence and on conviction liable to imprisonment for a period not exceeding 90
days or to periodical imprisonment for a period not exceeding 2 160 hours in accordance with
the laws relating to prisons and, in addition, the court may, upon application by any interested
person, set aside the administration order.

(2) The provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1955 (Act No. 56 of 1955), with regard to
periodical imprisonment shall mutatis mutandis apply to periodical imprisonment imposed in
terms of subsection (1).
[S 74S ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74T. Change of address by debtor subject to administration order

(1) Any debtor subject to an administration order who changes his place of residence, business
or employment shall forthwith notify the clerk of the court and the administrator of his new
place of residence, business or employment.

(2) When any debtor subject to an administration order moves to any other district, the court
under whose supervision the administration order is being executed may transfer the
proceedings to the court of that district.
[S 74T ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74U. Lapsing of administration order

As soon as the costs of the administration and the listed creditors have been paid in full, an
administrator shall lodge a certificate to that effect with the clerk of the court and send copies
thereof to the creditors (who shall also be informed therein of the debtor’s last known
address), and thereupon the administration order shall lapse.
[S 74U ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]
74V. Interruption of prescription

(1) In the case of any debt mentioned in the statement referred to in section 74A(1), prescription
shall be interrupted on the date on which such statement is lodged and, in the case of any
debt not mentioned in such statement, prescription shall be interrupted on the date on which
any claim against the debtor is lodged with the court or the administrator.

(2) If the relevant prescriptive period of a debt referred to in subsection (1), had it not been for the
provisions of subsection (1), would be completed on or before or within one year of, the day
on which the restriction referred to in subsection 74P(1) has ceased to exist, the prescriptive
period shall not be completed until a year after the said day has elapsed.
[S 74V ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

74W. Failure of administrator to carry out certain duty

Any administrator who fails to carry out the duty assigned to him by section 74J(7) shall be
guilty of an offence and on conviction liable to a fine not exceeding R500 or in default of
payment to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months.
[S 74W ins by s 6 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; subs by s 7 of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April
1985.]

75. Jurisdiction to decide disputes arising out of garnishee orders

(1) If the garnishee disputes that the debt or emoluments sought to be attached are owing or
accruing or alleges that they are subject to a set-off or belong to or are subject to a claim by
some third person, the court may determine the rights and liabilities of all the parties and may
declare the claim of that third person to be barred, provided that the claim or value of the
matter in dispute is otherwise within the jurisdiction of the court.

(2) If it be proved that such third person neither resides nor carries on business nor is employed
within the Republic and that he has a prima facie claim to the debt, the court shall not have
jurisdiction under this section.
[S 75(2) am by s 17 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970.]

75bis. Review of conditions of sale of immovable property to be sold in execution of a

Supreme Court judgment

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary in any law contained, the court may, on the
application of any interested party, review and confirm, modify or settle the conditions of sale
in respect of
 any immovable property to be sold in execution of any judgment of any division of the
Supreme Court of South Africa.
[S 75bis ins by s 11 of Act 80 of 1964 wef 24 June 1964.]

76. Execution or payment is discharge pro tanto

Payment made by or execution levied upon the garnishee under the provisions of this Act
shall be valid discharge of the debt or amount of emoluments due from him to the judgment
debtor to the extent of the amount paid or levied.

77. Saving of existing laws prohibiting attachment

Save where under section 65E(1) an order may be granted against the State, nothing in this
Act contained shall be construed as authorising the attachment of any debt or emoluments or
any moneys or property specially declared by any law not to be liable to attachment.
[S 77 subs by s 7 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

78. Execution or suspension in case of appeal, etc.

Where an appeal has been noted or an application to rescind, correct or vary a judgment has
been made, the court may direct either that the judgment shall be carried into execution or
that execution thereof shall be suspended pending the decision upon the appeal or
application. The direction shall be made upon such terms, if any, as the court may determine
as to security for the due performance of any judgment which may be given upon the appeal
or application.

79. Person who has made a nulla bona return not to incur debts

Any person shall be guilty of an offence and liable to a fine not exceeding R300 if after a
return of nulla bona has been made in respect of a judgment against him and before
satisfaction of the said judgment, he obtains credit to an amount or amounts exceeding R100
in the aggregate without previously informing all persons from whom he so obtains credit that
there is an unsatisfied judgment against him and that a return of nulla bona has been made in
respect thereof.
[S 79 am by s 13 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963, s 6 of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977; subs
by s 8 of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April 1985.]
 CHAPTER X: COSTS

80. Costs to be in accordance with scales and to be taxed

(1) The stamps, fees, costs and charges in connection with any civil proceedings in magistrates’
courts shall, as between party and party, be payable in accordance with the scales prescribed
by the rules.

(2) As between attorney and client, the clerk of the court may in his discretion (subject to the
review hereinafter mentioned) allow costs and charges for services reasonably performed by
the attorney at the request of the client for which no remuneration is recoverable as between
party and party and for which no provision is made in the rules.

(3) Payment of costs awarded by the court (otherwise than by a judgment in default of the
defendant’s appearance to defend or on the defendant’s consent to judgment before the time
for such appearance has expired) may not be enforced until they have been taxed by the
clerk of the court.

(4) Any person who is liable to pay or who is sued for costs of any civil proceedings in a court
otherwise than under an award by the court or under a special agreement, may require that
those costs shall be taxed by the clerk of the court as between attorney and client; and
thereupon any action for the recovery of those costs shall be stayed pending the taxation. The
costs of and incidental to such a taxation shall be borne, if not more than one-sixth of such
costs is disallowed on taxation, by the person requiring the taxation, and, if more than one-
sixth is so disallowed, by the person claiming the costs.

81. Review of taxation

Taxation by the clerk of the court shall be subject to review free of charge by a judicial officer
of the district; and the decision of such judicial officer may at any time within one month
thereafter be brought in review before a judge of the court of appeal in the manner prescribed
by the rules.

CHAPTER XI: APPEAL AND REVIEW

82. By consent, decision of magistrate’s court may be final

 No appeal shall lie from the decision of a court if, before the hearing is commenced, the
parties lodge with the court an agreement in writing that the decision of the court shall be final.

83. Appeal from magistrate’s court

Subject to the provisions of section 82, a party to any civil suit or proceeding in a court may
appeal to the provincial or local division of the Supreme Court having jurisdiction to hear the
appeal, against—

(a) any judgment of the nature described in section 48;

(b) any rule or order made in such suit or proceeding and having the effect of a final
judgment, including any order under Chapter IX and any order as to costs;

(c) any decision overruling an exception, when the parties concerned consent to such an
appeal before proceeding further in an action or when it is appealed from in
conjunction with the principal case, or when it includes an order as to costs.
[S 83 subs by s 16 of Act 15 of 1969 wef 1 May 1969; am by s 2 of Act 105 of 1982 wef 1 April 1983.]

84. Time, manner and conditions of appeal

Every party so appealing shall do so within the period and in the manner prescribed by the
rules; but the court of appeal may in any case extend such period.

85. No peremption of appeal by satisfaction of judgment

A party shall not lose the right to appeal through satisfying or offering to satisfy the judgment
in respect of which he appeals or any part thereof or by accepting any benefit from such
judgment, decree or order.

86. Respondent may abandon judgment

(1) A party may by notice in writing abandon the whole or any part of a judgment in his favour.

(2) Where the party so abandoning was the plaintiff, or applicant, judgment in respect of the part
abandoned shall be entered for the defendant or respondent with costs.

(3) Where the party so abandoning was the defendant or respondent, judgment in respect of the
part abandoned shall be entered for the plaintiff or applicant in terms of the claim in the
summons or application.
(4) A judgment so entered shall have the same effect in all respects as if it had been the
judgment originally pronounced by the court in the action or matter.

(5) If a party abandons a judgment given in his or her favour because the judgment debt, the
interest thereon at the rate granted in the judgment and the costs have been paid, no
judgment referred to in subsection (2) or (3) shall be entered in favour of the other party.
[S 86(5) ins by s 12 of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]

87. Procedure of court of appeal

The court of appeal may—

(a) confirm, vary or reverse the judgment appealed from, as justice may require;

(b) if the record does not furnish sufficient evidence or information for the determination
of the appeal, remit the matter to the court from which the appeal is brought, with
instructions in regard to the taking of further evidence or the setting out of further
information;

(c) order the parties or either of them to produce at some convenient time in the court of
appeal such further proof as shall to it seem necessary or desirable; or

(d) take any other course which may lead to the just, speedy and as much as may be
inexpensive settlement of the case; and

(e) make such order as to costs as justice may require.

88. Execution of judgment of court of appeal

The judgment of the court of appeal shall be recorded in the court appealed from, and may be
enforced as if it had been given in such last-mentioned court.
 PART III
CRIMINAL MATTERS
CHAPTER XII: CRIMINAL JURISDICTION

89. Jurisdiction in respect of offences

(1) The court, other than the court of a regional division, shall have jurisdiction over all offences,
except treason, murder, rape and compelled rape as contemplated in sections 3 and 4 of the
Criminal Law (Sexual Offences and Related Matters) Amendment Act, 2007, respectively.
[S 89(1) subs by s 68(2) of Act 32 of 2007 wef 16 December 2007.]

(2) The court of a regional division shall have jurisdiction over all offences except treason.
[S 89 subs by s 1 of Act 75 of 1959 wef 17 July 1959; s 89(2) am by s 7 of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July
1977; subs by s 17 of Act 107 of 1990 wef 1 August 1990.]

90. Local limits of jurisdiction

(1) Subject to the provisions of section 89, any person charged with any offence committed within
any district or regional division may be tried by the court of that district or of that regional
division, as the case may be.

(2) When any person is charged with any offence—

(a) committed within the distance of four kilometres beyond the boundary of the district or
of the regional division; or
[S 90(2)(a) am by s 8(a) of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

(b) committed in or upon any vehicle on a journey which or part whereof was performed
in, or within the distance of four kilometres of, the district or the regional division; or
[S 90(2)(b) am by s 8(a) of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

(c) committed on board any vessel on a journey upon any river within the Republic or
forming the boundary of any portion thereof, and such journey or part thereof was
performed in, or within the distance of four kilometres of, the district or the regional
division; or
[S 90(2)(c) am by s 8(a) of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

(d) committed on board any vessel on a voyage within the territorial waters of the
Republic (including the territory of South-West Africa), and the said territorial waters
 adjoin the district or the regional division; or

(e) begun or completed within the district or within the regional division,

such person may be tried by the court of the district or of the regional division, as the case
may be, as if he had been charged with an offence committed within the district or within the
regional division respectively.
[S 90(2) subs by s 3 of Act 17 of 1969 wef 26 March 1969.]

(3) Where it is uncertain in which of several jurisdictions an offence has been committed, it may
be tried in any of such jurisdictions.

(4) A person charged with an offence may be tried by the court of any district, or any regional
division, as the case may be, wherein any act or omission or event which is an element of the
offence took place.

(5) A person charged with theft of property or with obtaining property by an offence, or with an
offence which involves the receiving of any property by him, may also be tried by the court of
any district or of any regional division, as the case may be, wherein he has or had part of the
property in his possession.

(6) A person charged with kidnapping, child-stealing or abduction may also be tried by the court
of any district or of any regional division, as the case may be, through or in which he
conveyed or concealed or detained the person kidnapped, stolen or abducted.

(7) Where by any special provision of law a magistrate’s court has jurisdiction in respect of an
offence committed beyond the local limits of the district, or of the regional division, as the
case may be, such court shall not be deprived of such jurisdiction by any of the provisions of
this section.

(8) Where an accused is alleged to have committed various offences within different districts
within the area of jurisdiction of any attorney-general, the attorney-general concerned may in
writing direct that criminal proceedings in respect of such various offences be commenced in
the court of any particular district within his area of jurisdiction, whereupon such court shall
have jurisdiction to act with regard to any such offence as if such offence had been committed
within the area of jurisdiction of that court, and the court of the regional division within whose
area of jurisdiction the court of such district is situated, shall likewise have jurisdiction in
respect of any such offence if such offence is an offence which may be tried by the court of a
regional division.
[S 90(8) subs by s 8(b) of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]
(9) Notwithstanding anything contained in this section, the provisions of section 125 of the
Criminal Procedure Act, 1977, shall mutatis mutandis apply in respect of the trial of any
person by any court.
[S 90 subs by s 20 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952; s 90(9) ins by s 2 of Act 75 of 1959 wef 17
July 1959; subs by s 8(b) of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

91. Criminal jurisdiction of periodical court

The jurisdiction of the periodical court in criminal matters shall be subject, mutatis mutandis,
to the provisions contained in section 27 and in subsection (3) of section 35.

92. Limits of jurisdiction in the matter of punishments

(1) Save as otherwise in this Act or in any other law specially provided, the court, whenever it
may punish a person for an offence—

(a) by imprisonment, may impose a sentence of imprisonment for a period not exceeding
three years, where the court is not the court of a regional division, or not exceeding
15 years, where the court is the court of a regional division;
[S 92(1)(a) subs by s 9 of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977, s 6 of Act 66 of 1998 wef 7 October 1998.]

(b) by fine, may impose a fine not exceeding the amount determined by the Minister from
time to time by notice in the Gazette for the respective courts referred to in paragraph
(a);
[S 92(1)(b) subs by s 9 of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977, s 1 of Act 109 of 1984 wef 1 September
1984, s 9 of Act 25 of 1987 wef 1 January 1988.]

(c) …
[S 92(1)(c) rep by s 2 of Act 33 of 1997 wef 5 September 1997.]

(d) by correctional supervision, may impose correctional supervision for a period as

contemplated in section 276A(1)(b) of the Criminal Procedure Act, 1977 (Act No. 51
of 1977).
[S 92(1)(d) ins by s 2 of Act 129 of 1993 wef 1 September 1993.]

(2)
(a) The court shall have jurisdiction to impose any punishment prescribed in respect of
an offence under an ordinance of a province or the territory which relates to vehicles
and the regulation of traffic on public roads, notwithstanding that such punishment
 exceeds the jurisdiction referred to in subsection (1).

(b) Where a person is convicted of culpable homicide arising out of the driving of a
vehicle as defined in any applicable ordinance referred to in paragraph (a), the court
shall have jurisdiction to impose any punishment which the court may impose under
that paragraph in respect of the offence of driving a vehicle recklessly on a public
road.
[S 92 am by s 21 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952; subs by s 1 of Act 16 of 1959 wef 1 September
1959; am by s 14 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963; subs by s 30 of Act 94 of 1974 wef 20
November 1974.]

93. …
[S 93 am by s 22 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952, s 24 of Act 62 of 1955 wef 6 July 1955, s 12 of
Act 80 of 1964 wef 24 June 1964; rep by s 344(1) of Act 51 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

93bis. …
[S 93bis ins by s 23 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952; subs by s 31 of Act 70 of 1968 wef 21 June
1968, s 18 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970; rep by s 344(1) of Act 51 of 1977 wef 22 July
1977.]

93ter. Magistrate may be assisted by assessors

(1) The judicial officer presiding at any trial may, if he deems it expedient for the administration of
justice—

(a) before any evidence has been led; or

(b) in considering a community-based punishment in respect of any person who has

been convicted of any offence,

summon to his assistance any one or two persons who, in his opinion, may be of assistance
at the trial of the case or in the determination of a proper sentence, as the case may be, to sit
with him as assessor or assessors: Provided that if an accused is standing trial in the court of
a regional division on a charge of murder, whether together with other charges or accused or
not, the judicial officer shall at that trial be assisted by two assessors unless such an accused
requests that the trial be proceeded with without assessors, whereupon the judicial officer
may in his discretion summon one or two assessors to assist him.
[S 93ter(1) subs by s 10(a) of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977, s 1(a) of Act 118 of 1991 wef 1 March
1992.]
(2)
(a) In considering whether summoning assessors under subsection (1) would be
expedient for the administration of justice, the judicial officer shall take into account—

(i) the cultural and social environment from which the accused originates;

(ii) the educational background of the accused;

(iii) the nature and the seriousness of the offence of which the accused stands
accused or has been convicted;

(iv) the extent or probable extent of the punishment to which the accused will be
exposed upon conviction, or is exposed, as the case may be;

(v) any other matter or circumstance which he may deem to be indicative of the
desirability of summoning an assessor or assessors,

and he may question the accused in relation to the matters referred to in this
paragraph.

(b) For the purposes of subsection (1)(b) a community-based punishment means—

(i) correctional supervision as defined in section 1 of the Criminal Procedure

Act, 1977 (Act No. 51 of 1977);

(ii) a punishment contemplated in section 297(1)(a)(i)(cc) of the Criminal

Procedure Act, 1977; or

(iii) a punishment contemplated in section 297(1)(b) or (4) of the Criminal

Procedure Act, 1977, and where the performance of community service as
referred to in the said section 297(1)(a)(i)(cc), is a condition for the
suspension.
[S 93ter(2) am by s 2(a) of Act 16 of 1959 wef 1 September 1959; rep by s 10(b) of Act 91 of 1977
wef 22 July 1977; ins by s 1(b) of Act 118 of 1991 wef 1 March 1992.]

(3) Before the trial or the imposition of punishment, as the case may be, the said judicial officer
shall administer an oath to the person or persons whom he has so called to his assistance
that he or they will give a true verdict or a considered opinion, as the case may be, according
to the evidence upon the issues to be tried or regarding the punishment, as the case may be,
 and thereupon he or they shall be a member or members of the court subject to the following
provisions—

(a) any matter of law arising for decision at such trial, and any question arising thereat as
to whether a matter for decision is a matter of fact or a matter of law, shall be decided
by the presiding judicial officer and no assessor shall have a voice in any such
decision;

(b) the presiding judicial officer may adjourn the argument upon any such matter or
question as is mentioned in paragraph (a) and may sit alone for the hearing of such
argument and the decision of such matter or question;

(c) whenever the said judicial officer shall give a decision in terms of paragraph (a) he
shall give his reasons for that decision;

(d) upon all matters of fact the decision or finding of the majority of the members of the
court shall be the decision or finding of the court, except when only one assessor sits
with the presiding judicial officer in which case the decision or finding of such judicial
officer shall be the decision or finding of the court if there is a difference of opinion;

(e) it shall be incumbent on the court to give reasons for its decision or finding on any
matter made under paragraph (d);

(f) in the event of a conviction the question of the punishment to be inflicted shall, except
in a case contemplated in subsection (1)(b), be deemed, for the purposes of
paragraph (a), to be a question of law.
[S 93ter(3) am by s 1(c) of Act 118 of 1991 wef 1 March 1992; s 93ter(3)(f) subs by s 1(d) of Act 118
of 1991 wef 1 March 1992.]

(4) If any such assessor is not a person employed in a full-time capacity in the service of the
State he shall be entitled to such compensation as the Minister, in consultation with the
Minister of Finance, may determine in respect of expenses incurred by him in connection with
his attendance at the trial, and in respect of his services as assessor.
[S 93ter(4) subs by s 10(c) of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

(5) Every assessor shall, upon registration on the roll of assessors referred to in subsection (1),
in writing take an oath or make an affirmation subscribed by him or her before the magistrate
of the district concerned in the form set out below, namely—

“I ................................ (full name) do hereby swear/solemnly affirm that whenever I may be

 called upon to perform the functions of an assessor in terms of section 93ter of the
Magistrates’ Courts Act, 1944, I shall to the best of my ability make a considered finding or
decision, or give a considered opinion, as the case may be, according to the evidence
tendered in the matter.”.
[S 93ter(5) ins by s 2(b) of Act 16 of 1959 wef 1 September 1959; subs by s 10(d) of Act 91 of 1977
wef 22 July 1977, s 2 of Act 67 of 1998 wef 20 April 2000.]

(10)
(a) A judicial officer who is assisted by an assessor may, on application by the
prosecutor or the accused person, order the recusal of the assessor from the
proceedings if the judicial officer is satisfied that—

(i) the assessor has a personal interest in the proceedings concerned;

(ii) there are reasonable grounds for believing that there is likely to be a conflict
of interests as a result of the assessor’s participation in the proceedings
concerned; or

(iii) there are reasonable grounds for believing that there is a likelihood of bias on
the part of the assessor.

(b) An assessor may recuse himself or herself from the proceedings for the reasons
contemplated in paragraph (a).

(c) The prosecutor and the accused person shall—

(i) before the recusal of an assessor is ordered in terms of paragraph (a); or

(ii) in so far as it is practicable, before the recusal of an assessor in terms of

paragraph (b),

be given an opportunity to address arguments to the judicial officer on the desirability

of such recusal.

(d) The assessor concerned shall be given an opportunity to respond to any arguments
referred to in paragraph (c), and the judicial officer may put such questions regarding
the matter to the assessor as he or she may deem fit.

(e) The judicial officer shall give reasons for an order referred to in paragraph (a).
[S 93ter(10) ins by s 2 of Act 67 of 1998 wef 20 April 2000.]
(11)
(a) If an assessor—

(i) dies;

(ii) in the opinion of the presiding officer becomes unable to act as an assessor;

(iii) is for any reason absent; or

(iv) has been ordered to recuse himself or herself or has recused himself or
herself in terms of subsection (10),

at any stage before the completion of the proceedings concerned, the presiding
judicial officer may, in the interests of justice and after due consideration of the
arguments put forward by the accused person and the prosecutor—

(aa) direct that the proceedings continue before the remaining member or
members of the court;

(bb) direct that the proceedings start afresh; or

(cc) in the circumstances contemplated in subparagraph (iii), postpone

the proceedings in order to obtain the assessor’s presence:

Provided that if the accused person has legal representation and the
prosecutor and the accused person consent thereto, the proceedings shall, in
the circumstances contemplated in subparagraph (i), (ii) or (iv), continue
before the remaining member or members of the court.

(b) If, at proceedings which are continued in terms of this subsection, the judicial officer
is assisted by the remaining assessor, the finding or decision of the judicial officer
shall, in respect of any matter where there is a difference of opinion between the
judicial officer and the assessor, be the finding or decision of the court.

(c) The judicial officer shall give reasons for any direction referred to in paragraph (a),
and for any finding or decision referred to in paragraph (b).
[S 93ter ins by s 3 of Act 14 of 1954 wef 2 April 1954; am by s 2 of Act 16 of 1959 wef 1 September
1959, s 10 of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977, s 1 of Act 118 of 1991 wef 1 March 1992; s 93ter(11)
ins by s 2 of Act 67 of 1998 wef 20 April 2000.]
 CHAPTER XIII: REMITTAL

94. …
[S 94 subs by s 3 of Act 16 of 1959 wef 1 September 1959; rep by s 344(1) of Act 51 of 1977 wef 22
July 1977.]

95. …
[S 95 am by s 24 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952, s 15 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963, s 31
of Act 94 of 1974 wef 20 November 1974; rep by s 344(1) of Act 51 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

CHAPTER XIV: REVIEW

[Chapter heading am by s 17 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963.]

96. …
[S 96 am by s 25 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952, s 25 of Act 62 of 1955 wef 6 July 1955, s 4 of
Act 16 of 1959 wef 1 September 1959, s 16 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963, s 4 of Act 17 of
1969 wef 26 March 1969; subs by s 32 of Act 94 of 1974 wef 20 November 1974; rep by s 344(1) of
Act 51 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

97. …
[S 97 rep by s 344(1) of Act 51 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

98. …
[S 98 am by s 40 of Act 68 of 1957 wef 28 June 1957, s 28 of Act 93 of 1962 wef 4 July 1962, s 18 of
Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963; rep by s 344(1) of Act 51 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

98bis. …
[S 98bis ins by s 19 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963; rep by s 344(1) of Act 51 of 1977 wef 22
July 1977.]

99. …
[S 99 rep by s 344(1) of Act 51 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

CHAPTER XV: EXECUTION OF SENTENCES

100. …
[S 100 am by s 26 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952, s 5 of Act 16 of 1959 wef 1 September 1959;
rep by s 344(1) of Act 51 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]
101. …
[S 101 am by s 6 of Act 16 of 1959 wef 1 September 1959, s 20 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963;
subs by s 1 of Act 37 of 1963 wef 2 May 1963; rep by s 344(1) of Act 51 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

102. …
[S 102 am by s 7 of Act 16 of 1959 wef 1 September 1959, s 2 of Act 37 of 1963 wef 2 May 1963; rep
by s 344(1) of Act 51 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

CHAPTER XVI: CRIMINAL APPEALS

103. …
[S 103 am by s 8 of Act 16 of 1959 wef 1 September 1959, s 29 of Act 93 of 1962 wef 4 July 1962, s
17 of Act 15 of 1969 wef 1 May 1969; rep by s 344(1) of Act 51 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

104. …
[S 104 am by s 26 of Act 62 of 1955 wef 6 July 1955; rep by s 344(1) of Act 51 of 1977 wef 22 July
1977.]

105. …
[S 105 am by s 18 of Act 15 of 1969 wef 1 May 1969; rep by s 344(1) of Act 51 of 1977 wef 22 July
1977.]

PART IV
CHAPTER XVII: OFFENCES

106. Penalty for disobedience of judgment or order of court

Any person wilfully disobeying, or refusing or failing to comply with any judgment or order of a
court or with a notice lawfully endorsed on a summons for rent prohibiting the removal of any
furniture or effects shall be guilty of contempt of court and shall, upon conviction, be liable to a
fine, or to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months or to such imprisonment
without the option of a fine.
[S 106 am by s 27 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952, s 21 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963;
subs by s 8 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979, s 9 of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April 1985, s 14 of Act
81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

106A. Offence by garnishee

Any garnishee who, by reason of an emoluments attachment order having been served on
him in respect of the emoluments of a judgment debtor not occupying a position of trust in
 which he handles or has at his disposal moneys, securities or other articles of value,
dismisses or otherwise terminates the service of such judgment debtor, shall be guilty of an
offence and on conviction liable to a fine not exceeding R300 or, in default of payment, to
imprisonment for a period not exceeding three months.
[S 106A ins by s 8 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; subs by s 10 of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April
1985.]

106B. Offence by employer

Any employer who, having been requested by an employee to furnish a written statement
containing full particulars of such employee’s emoluments, fails or neglects to do so within a
reasonable time, or who wilfully or negligently furnishes incorrect relevant particulars, shall be
guilty of an offence and on conviction liable to a fine not exceeding R300 or, in default of
payment, to imprisonment for a period not exceeding three months.
[S 106B ins by s 8 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; subs by s 11 of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April
1985.]

106C. Offences relating to judgments, emoluments attachment orders and instalment orders

(1) Any person who requires the applicant to consent to a judgment or any instalment order or
emoluments attachment order prior to the granting of the loan, is guilty of an offence and on
conviction liable to a fine or to imprisonment not exceeding three years.

(2) Any person who fraudulently obtains or issues a judgment, or any instalment order or
emoluments attachment order in terms of this Act, is guilty of an offence and on conviction
liable to a fine or to imprisonment not exceeding three years.
[S 106C ins by s 13 of Act 7 of 2017 wef 1 August 2018.]

107. Offences relating to execution

Any person who—

(1) obstructs a messenger or deputy sheriff in the execution of his duties;

(2) being aware that goods have been placed under arrest, interdict or attachment by the
court, makes away with or disposes of those goods in any manner not authorised by
law, or knowingly permits those goods, if in his possession or under his control, to be
made away with or disposed of in any such manner;
 (3) being a judgment debtor and being required by a messenger or deputy sheriff to point
out property to satisfy a warrant issued in execution of judgment against such person,
either—

(a) falsely declares to that messenger or deputy sheriff that he possesses no

property or not sufficient property to satisfy the warrant; or

(b) although owning such property neglects or refuses to point out the same; or

(4) being a judgment debtor refuses or neglects to comply with any requirement of a
messenger or deputy sheriff in regard to the delivery of documents in his possession
or under his control relating to the title of the immovable property under execution,

shall be guilty of an offence and liable upon conviction to a fine not exceeding R500 or, in
default of payment, to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six months or to such
imprisonment without the option of a fine.
[S 107 am by s 22 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963; subs by s 19 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1
December 1970, s 12 of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April 1985; am by s 64(1) of Act 90 of 1986 wef 1 March
1990.]

108. Custody and punishment for contempt of court

(1) If any person, whether in custody or not, wilfully insults a judicial officer during his sitting or a
clerk or messenger or other officer during his attendance at such sitting, or wilfully interrupts
the proceedings of the court or otherwise misbehaves himself in the place where such court is
held, he shall (in addition to his liability to being removed and detained as in subsection (3) of
section 5 provided) be liable to be sentenced summarily or upon summons to a fine not
exceeding R2 000 or in default of payment to imprisonment for a period not exceeding six
months or to such imprisonment without the option of a fine. In this subsection the word
“court” includes a preparatory examination held under the law relating to criminal procedure.
[S 108(1) am by s 23 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March 1963; subs by s 13 of Act 19 of 1985 wef 3 April
1985; am by s 3 of Act 4 of 1991 wef 28 March 1991.]

(2) In any case in which the court commits or fines any person under the provisions of this
section, the judicial officer shall without delay transmit to the registrar of the court of appeal
for the consideration and review of a judge in chambers, a statement, certified by such judicial
officer to be true and correct, of the grounds and reasons of his proceedings, and shall also
furnish to the party committed a copy of such statement.

109. Judgment debtor to inform court of his address

(1) Any person against whom a court has, in a civil case, given any judgment or made any order,
who has not satisfied in full such judgment or order and paid all costs for which he is liable in
connection therewith, shall, if he has changed his place of residence, business or
employment, within 14 days from the date of every such change notify the clerk of the court
which gave such judgment or made such order and the judgment creditor or the judgment
creditor’s attorney or, if his estate is under administration, the administrator or his attorney,
fully and correctly in writing of his new place of residence, business or employment.

(2) Any judgment debtor who fails to comply with the provisions of subsection (1) shall be guilty
of an offence and upon conviction, be liable to a fine, or to imprisonment for a period not
exceeding three months.
[S 109(2) subs by s 15(a) of Act 81 of 1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

(3) to (8) …
[S 109 subs by s 28 of Act 40 of 1952 wef 27 June 1952; am by s 24 of Act 19 of 1963 wef 15 March
1963; subs by s 9 of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; s 109(3) to (8) rep by s 15(b) of Act 81 of
1997 wef 10 December 1997.]

PART V
CHAPTER XVIII: GENERAL AND SUPPLEMENTARY

110. Pronouncements on validity of law or conduct of President

(1) A court shall not be competent to pronounce on the validity of any law or conduct of the
President.

(2) If in any proceedings before a court it is alleged that—

(a) any law or any conduct of the President is invalid on the grounds of its inconsistency
with a provision of the Constitution; or

(b) any law is invalid on any ground other than its constitutionality,

the court shall decide the matter on the assumption that such law or conduct is valid: Provided
that the party which alleges that a law or conduct of the President is invalid, may adduce
evidence regarding the invalidity of the law or conduct in question.
[S 110 subs by s 20 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970, s 1 of Act 80 of 1997 wef 10 December
1997.]
111. Amendment of proceedings

(1) In any civil proceedings, the court may, at any time before judgment, amend any summons or
other document forming part of the record: Provided that no amendment shall be made by
which any party other than the party applying for such amendment may (notwithstanding
adjournment) be prejudiced in the conduct of his action or defence.

(2) In civil proceedings an amendment may be made upon such terms as to costs and otherwise
as the court may judge reasonable.

(3) No misnomer in regard to the name of any person or place shall vitiate any proceedings of the
court if the person or place is described as commonly known, and the court may, on
application, correct such misnomer at any time before or after judgment is given.
[S 111(3) subs by s 10(a) of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979.]

(4) …
[S 111(4) ins by s 10(b) of Act 63 of 1976 wef 1 January 1979; rep by s 4 of Act 132 of 1993 wef 1
December 1993.]

112. Administration of oath or affirmation

The oath to be taken by any witness in any civil proceedings in any court shall be
administered by the officer presiding at such proceedings or by the clerk of the court (or any
person acting in his stead) in the presence of the said officer, or if the witness is to give his
evidence through an interpreter, by the said officer through the interpreter or by the interpreter
in the said officer’s presence.
[S 112 subs by s 11 of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

113. …
[S 113 rep by s 33 of Act 94 of 1974 wef 20 November 1974.]

114. Savings and non-application of Act

(1) Nothing in this Act contained shall be construed as affecting the operation of the Criminal
Procedure Act, 1977.
[S 114(1) subs by s 9 of Act 16 of 1959 wef 1 September 1959; am by s 12 of Act 91 of 1977 wef 22
July 1977.]

(2) Nothing in this Act contained shall be construed as depriving any superior court of any power
to review and correct the proceedings of any magistrate’s court.
(3) Nothing in this Act contained shall be construed as affecting the provisions of section 105 of
the South Africa Act, 1909, relating to appeals to the Appellate Division.

(4) …
[S 114(4) rep by s 5 of Act 104 of 1996 wef 14 February 1997.]

115. Saving of pending proceedings

(1) Nothing in this Act shall affect proceedings pending at the commencement of this Act and
such proceedings shall be continued and concluded in every respect as if this Act had not
been passed.

(2) Proceedings shall, for the purposes of this section, be deemed to be pending if, at the
commencement of this Act, summons had been issued or the accused had pleaded but
judgment had not been given; and to be concluded when judgment is given.

(3) At the expiration of one year from the commencement of this Act, subsection (1) of this
section shall cease to have effect; and any cases pending at the commencement of this Act
and not concluded within one year thereafter shall become subject to the provisions of this
Act.

115A. Application of Act to the territory of South-West Africa

(1) This Act and any amendment thereof shall apply also in the territory, including the Eastern
Caprivi Zipfel.

(2) to (3) …
[S 115A ins by s 21 of Act 53 of 1970 wef 1 December 1970; s 115A(2) to (3) rep by s 13 of Act 91 of
1977 wef 22 July 1977.]

116. Laws repealed

The laws specified in the Schedule to this Act are hereby repealed to the extent set out in the
third column of that Schedule.

117. Short title

This Act may be cited for all purposes as the Magistrates’ Courts Act, 1944.
 Schedule
LAWS REPEALED

NO. AND YEAR TITLE EXTENT OF REPEAL

Act No. 32 of 1917 Magistrates’ Courts Act The whole, except the Second
Schedule
Act No. 13 of 1921 Magistrates’ Courts Act Amendment Act So much as remains
unrepealed
Act No. 9 of 1923 Magistrates’ Courts Act, 1917, Further So much as remains
Amendment Act unrepealed
Act No. 39 of 1926 Criminal and Magistrates’ Courts Sections 49 to 60 inclusive
Procedure (Amendment) Act
Act No. 17 of 1932 Magistrates’ Courts Amendment Act The whole
Act No. 46 of 1935 General Law Amendment Act Sections 83 to 99 inclusive
Act No. 21 of 1942 Civil Imprisonment Restriction Act Sections 1, 2 and 3