Learning / Study Plan © Introduction to Paper , Process of making papers Types of papers , properties , use of the papers Handmade paper making demonstration Making of sponge stamp/ eraser stamp, stencil, marbling, bubble printing, coloring, folding and dipping, Silhouette spraying Papercutting tools and techniques: Garlands, Mexican ceiling, Alphabet cubes, Lanterns and 3Dimension shapes Quilling and weaving History of Origami and Basics techniques / demonstration Introduction to paper Mache / Demonstration Introduction to Clay and History Properties of clay, Tools, techniques and machinery Introduction to POP and techniques Making, coils, stabs, slurry, pinching, throwing techniques Mid term assignment Introduction to Metal , Properties of metal Introduction to hand tools like- Cutting, marking, measuring. filing techniques. Demonstration on creating texture, motives . drilling, piercing, punching, bending, @ Intro to wires and demonstration on Twisting wire , Coiling, springs , loop aee e@ Etymology The word "paper" is etymologically derived from Latin papyrus, which comes from the Greek neéatvpos (papuros), the word for the Cyperus papyrus plant. Papyrus is a thick, paper-like material produced from the pith of the Cyperus papyrus plant, which was used in ancient Egypt and other cultures for writing before the introduction of paper into the Middle East and Europe. Although the word paper is etymologically derived from papyrus, the two are produced very differently and the development of the first is distinct from the development of the second, Papyrus is a lamination of natural plant fibres, while paper is manufactured from fibres whose properties have been changed by maceration.History == The pulp papermaking process is said to have been devs China during the early 2° century CE, possibly as early as the Year 105 CE, by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading Its production and the United States right Behind it.In the 13th century, the knowledge and uses of paper spread from China through the Middle East to medieval Europe, where the first water powered paper mills were built. In the 19th century, indus ion greatly reduced the cost of manufacturing paper. In 1844, the Canadian inventor Charles Fenerty and the German F. G. Keller independently developed processes for pulping wood fibres.Early Sources of Fibre Before the industrialisation of paper production the most common fibre source was recycled fibres from used textiles, called rags. The rags were from hemp, linen and cotton. A process for removing printing inks from recycled paper was invented by German jurist Justus Claproth in 1774. Today this method is called deinking. htt tu, be/bujSSoKExAE It was not until the introduction of wood pulp in 1843 that paper production was not dependent on recycled materials from ragpickers.Paper ee Paper is a thin material produced by pressing together moist fibers of cellulose pulp derived from wood, rags or grasses, and drying them into flexible sheets. It is a versatile materials with many uses, including writing, printing, packaging, cleaning, decorating, And a number of industrial and construction processes, MlPapermaking Chemical Pulping Mechanical Pulping © De-Inked Pulp © Additives © Producing Paper © Finishing © ApplicationsChemical pulping To make pulp from wood, a chemical pulping process separates lignin from cellulose fibres. This is accomplished by dissolving lignin in a cooking liquor, so that it may be washed from the cellulose; this preserves the length of the cellulose fibres. Paper made from chemical pulps are also known as wood-free papers. This is because they do not contain lignin, which deteriorates over time, The pulp can also be bleached to produce white paper, but this consumes 5% of the fibres; chemical pulping processes are not used to make paper made from cotton, which is already 90% cellulose. The microscopic ctruntiina nf nanar—— S € ‘There are three main chemical pulping processes: 1- sulfite process dates back to the 1840s and it was the dominant method extent before fhe scot e world war. 2-The kraft process, invented in the 1870s and first used in the 1890s, is now the most commonly practiced strategy, one of its advantages is the chemical reaction with lignin, that produces heat, which can be used to run a generator. Most pulping operations using the kraft process are net contributors to the electricity grid or use the electricity to run an adjacent paper mill. Another advantage is that this process recovers and reuses all inorganic chemical reagents. 3- Soda pulping is another specialty process used to pulp straws, bagasse and hardwoods with high glicate content. 2 eo e e SeMechanical Pulping There are two major mechanical pulps: thermomechanical pulp (TMP) and groundwood pulp (GW). In the TMP process, wood is chipped and then fed into steam heated refiners, where the chips are squeezed and converted to fibres between two steel discs. In the groundwood process, debarked logs are fed into grinders where they are pressed against rotating stones to be made into fibres. Mechanical pulping does not remove the lignin, so the yield is very high, >95%, however it causes the paper thus produced to turn yellow and become brittle over time, Mechanical pulps have rather short fibres, thus producing weak paper. Although large amounts of electrical energy are required to produce mechanical pulp, it costs less than the chemical kind,‘There are three main classifications of recycled fibre: DE — Linked Pulp Mill broke or internal mill waste ~ This incorporates any substandard or grade-change paper made within the paper mill itself, which then goes back into the manufacturing system to be re- pulped back into paper. Such out-of specification paper is not sold and is therefore often not classified as genuine reclaimed recycled fibre, however most paper mills have been reusing their ‘own waste fibre for many years, long before recycling became popular. Preconsumer waste ~ This is offcut and processing waste, such as guillotine trims and envelope blank waste; itis generated outside the paper mill and could potentially go to landfill, and is a genuine recycled fibre source; it includes de-inked preconsumer. Postconsumer waste ~ This is fibre from paper that has been used for its intended end use and includes office waste, magazine papers and newsprint, As the vast majority of this material has been printed ~ either digitally or by more conventional means such as lithography or rotogravure ~ it will ether be recycled as printed paper or go through a di ing process first.Additives Besides the fibres, pulps may contain fillers such as chalk or china clay, which improve its characteristics for printing or writing, Additives for sizing purposes may be mixed with it or applied to the paper web later in the manufacturing process; the purpose of such sizing is to establish the correct level of surface absorbency to suit ink or paint.