Digital

Revolution

The Digital Revolution, also

known as the Third Industrial
Revolution, is the shift from
mechanical and analogue
electronic technologies from the
Industrial Revolution towards
digital electronics which began
in the latter half of the 20th
:
 century, with the adoption and
proliferation of digital
computers and digital record-
keeping, that continues to the
present day.[1] Implicitly, the
term also refers to the sweeping
changes brought about by
digital computing and
communication technologies
during this period. From
analogies to the Agricultural
Revolution (Neolithic) and the
First Industrial Revolution
(1760-1840), the Digital
Revolution marked the
:
 beginning of the Information
Age.[2]

Third Industrial Revolution

c. 1947 – ongoing

Image from a brochure

advertising the American 286-A
personal computer in 1986

Location Worldwide

Key events MOSFETs

Digital logic
Integrated
:
 circuits
Computers
Microprocessors
Cellular phones
Internet
World Wide Web
Chronology

Second Ongoing
Industrial
Revolution

Central to this revolution is the

:
 mass production and
widespread use of digital logic,
MOSFETs (MOS transistors),
integrated circuit (IC) chips, and
their derived technologies,
including computers,
microprocessors, digital cellular
phones, and the Internet.[3]
These technological innovations
have transformed traditional
production and business
techniques.[4]

Since 2015, a Fourth Industrial

Revolution has been proposed
:
 to follow the Third Industrial
Revolution.[5]

History

Rings of time showing some

important dates in the Digital
Revolution from 1968 to 2017

The Second Industrial

Revolution in the last quarter of
the 19th century led to
important underlying
:
 technology, including Charles
Babbage's Analytical Engine
and the telegraph.

Digital communication became

economical for widespread
adoption after the invention of
the personal computer. Claude
Shannon, a Bell Labs
mathematician, is credited for
having laid out the foundations
of digitalization in his pioneering
1948 article, A Mathematical
Theory of Communication.[6]

The digital revolution converted

:
 technology from analog format
to digital format. By doing this, it
became possible to make
copies that were identical to the
original. In digital
communications, for example,
repeating hardware was able to
amplify the digital signal and
pass it on with no loss of
information in the signal. Of
equal importance to the
revolution was the ability to
easily move the digital
information between media, and
to access or distribute it
:
 remotely.

The turning point of the

revolution was the change from
analogue to digitally recorded
music.[7] During the 1980s the
digital format of optical
compact discs gradually
replaced analog formats, such
as vinyl records and cassette
tapes, as the popular medium of
choice.[8]

1947–1969: Origins
:
 In 1947, the first working
transistor, the germanium-
based point-contact transistor,
was invented by John Bardeen
and Walter Houser Brattain
while working under William
Shockley at Bell Labs.[9] This
led the way to more advanced
digital computers. From the late
1940s, universities, military, and
businesses developed
computer systems to digitally
replicate and automate
previously manually performed
mathematical calculations, with
:
 the LEO being the first
commercially available general-
purpose computer.

Other important technological

developments included the
invention of the monolithic
integrated circuit chip by Robert
Noyce at Fairchild
Semiconductor in 1959[10]
(made possible by the planar
process developed by Jean
Hoerni),[11] the first successful
metal–oxide–semiconductor
field-effect transistor (MOSFET,
:
 or MOS transistor) by Mohamed
Atalla and Dawon Kahng at Bell
Labs in 1959,[12] and the
development of the
complementary MOS (CMOS)
process by Frank Wanlass and
Chih-Tang Sah at Fairchild in
1963.[13]

In 1962 AT&T deployed the T-

carrier for long-haul pulse-code
modulation (PCM) digital voice
transmission. The T1 format
carried 24 pulse-code
modulated, time-division
:
 multiplexed speech signals
each encoded in 64 kbit/s
streams, leaving 8 kbit/s of
framing information which
facilitated the synchronization
and demultiplexing at the
receiver. Over the subsequent
decades the digitisation of voice
became the norm for all but the
last mile (where analogue
continued to be the norm right
into the late 1990s).

Following the development of

MOS integrated circuit chips in
:
 the early 1960s, MOS chips
reached higher transistor
density and lower
manufacturing costs than
bipolar integrated circuits by
1964. MOS chips further
increased in complexity at a rate
predicted by Moore's law,
leading to large-scale
integration (LSI) with hundreds
of transistors on a single MOS
chip by the late 1960s. The
application of MOS LSI chips to
computing was the basis for the
first microprocessors, as
:
 engineers began recognizing
that a complete computer
processor could be contained
on a single MOS LSI chip.[14] In
1968, Fairchild engineer
Federico Faggin improved MOS
technology with his
development of the silicon-gate
MOS chip, which he later used
to develop the Intel 4004, the
first single-chip
microprocessor.[15] It was
released by Intel in 1971, and
laid the foundations for the
microcomputer revolution that
:
 began in the 1970s.

MOS technology also led to the

development of semiconductor
image sensors suitable for
digital cameras.[16] The first
such image sensor was the
charge-coupled device,
developed by Willard S. Boyle
and George E. Smith at Bell Labs
in 1969,[17] based on MOS
capacitor technology.[16]
:
 1969–1989: Invention of
the Internet, rise of home
computers

A visualization of the various routes

through a portion of the Internet
(created via The Opte Project)

The public was first introduced

to the concepts that led to the
Internet when a message was
sent over the ARPANET in 1969.
Packet switched networks such
:
 as ARPANET, Mark I, CYCLADES,
Merit Network, Tymnet, and
Telenet, were developed in the
late 1960s and early 1970s
using a variety of protocols. The
ARPANET in particular led to the
development of protocols for
internetworking, in which
multiple separate networks
could be joined into a network
of networks.

The Whole Earth movement of

the 1960s advocated the use of
new technology.[18]
:
 In the 1970s, the home
computer was introduced,[19]
time-sharing computers,[20] the
video game console, the first
coin-op video games,[21][22] and
the golden age of arcade video
games began with Space
Invaders. As digital technology
proliferated, and the switch from
analog to digital record keeping
became the new standard in
business, a relatively new job
description was popularized, the
data entry clerk. Culled from the
ranks of secretaries and typists
:
 from earlier decades, the data
entry clerk's job was to convert
analog data (customer records,
invoices, etc.) into digital data.

In developed nations,
computers achieved semi-
ubiquity during the 1980s as
they made their way into
schools, homes, business, and
industry. Automated teller
machines, industrial robots, CGI
in film and television, electronic
music, bulletin board systems,
and video games all fueled what
:
 became the zeitgeist of the
1980s. Millions of people
purchased home computers,
making household names of
early personal computer
manufacturers such as Apple,
Commodore, and Tandy. To this
day the Commodore 64 is often
cited as the best selling
computer of all time, having sold
17 million units (by some
accounts)[23] between 1982
and 1994.

In 1984, the U.S. Census Bureau

:
 began collecting data on
computer and Internet use in
the United States; their first
survey showed that 8.2% of all
U.S. households owned a
personal computer in 1984, and
that households with children
under the age of 18 were nearly
twice as likely to own one at
15.3% (middle and upper
middle class households were
the most likely to own one, at
22.9%).[24] By 1989, 15% of all
U.S. households owned a
computer, and nearly 30% of
:
 households with children under
the age of 18 owned one.[25] By
the late 1980s, many
businesses were dependent on
computers and digital
technology.

Motorola created the first

mobile phone, Motorola
DynaTac, in 1983. However, this
device used analog
communication - digital cell
phones were not sold
commercially until 1991 when
the 2G network started to be
:
 opened in Finland to
accommodate the unexpected
demand for cell phones that
was becoming apparent in the
late 1980s.

Compute! magazine predicted

that CD-ROM would be the
centerpiece of the revolution,
with multiple household devices
reading the discs.[26]

The first true digital camera was

created in 1988, and the first
were marketed in December
1989 in Japan and in 1990 in
:
 the United States.[27] By the
mid-2000s, they had eclipsed
traditional film in popularity.

Digital ink was also invented in

the late 1980s. Disney's CAPS
system (created 1988) was
used for a scene in 1989's The
Little Mermaid and for all their
animation films between 1990's
The Rescuers Down Under and
2004's Home on the Range.
:
 1989–2005: Invention of
the World Wide Web,
mainstreaming of the
Internet, Web 1.0

Tim Berners-Lee invented the

World Wide Web in 1989.

The first public digital HDTV

broadcast was of the 1990
World Cup that June; it was
played in 10 theaters in Spain
and Italy. However, HDTV did not
become a standard until the
mid-2000s outside Japan.
:
 The World Wide Web became
publicly accessible in 1991,
which had been available only
to government and
universities.[28] In 1993 Marc
Andreessen and Eric Bina
introduced Mosaic, the first web
browser capable of displaying
inline images[29] and the basis
for later browsers such as
Netscape Navigator and
Internet Explorer. Stanford
Federal Credit Union was the
first financial institution to offer
online internet banking services
:
 to all of its members in October
1994.[30] In 1996 OP Financial
Group, also a cooperative bank,
became the second online bank
in the world and the first in
Europe.[31] The Internet
expanded quickly, and by 1996,
it was part of mass culture and
many businesses listed
websites in their ads. By 1999,
almost every country had a
connection, and nearly half of
Americans and people in several
other countries used the
Internet on a regular basis.
:
 However throughout the 1990s,
"getting online" entailed
complicated configuration, and
dial-up was the only connection
type affordable by individual
users; the present day mass
Internet culture was not
possible.

In 1989, about 15% of all

households in the United States
owned a personal computer.[32]
For households with children,
nearly 30% owned a computer
in 1989, and in 2000, 65%
:
 owned one.

Cell phones became as

ubiquitous as computers by the
early 2000s, with movie
theaters beginning to show ads
telling people to silence their
phones. They also became
much more advanced than
phones of the 1990s, most of
which only took calls or at most
allowed for the playing of simple
games.

Text messaging became widely

used in the late 1990s
:
 worldwide, except for in the
United States of America where
text messaging didn't become
commonplace till the early
2000s.

The digital revolution became

truly global in this time as well -
after revolutionizing society in
the developed world in the
1990s, the digital revolution
spread to the masses in the
developing world in the 2000s.

By 2000, a majority of U.S.

households had at least one
:
 personal computer and internet
access the following year.[33] In
2002, a majority of U.S. survey
respondents reported having a
mobile phone.[34]

2005–present: Web 2.0,

social media,
smartphones, digital TV

In late 2005 the population of

the Internet reached 1 billion,[35]
and 3 billion people worldwide
used cell phones by the end of
the decade. HDTV became the
:
 standard television
broadcasting format in many
countries by the end of the
decade. In September and
December 2006 respectively,
Luxembourg and the
Netherlands became the first
countries to completely
transition from analog to digital
television. In September 2007, a
majority of U.S. survey
respondents reported having
broadband internet at home.[36]
According to estimates from the
Nielsen Media Research,
:
 approximately 45.7 million U.S.
households in 2006 (or
approximately 40 percent of
approximately 114.4 million)
owned a dedicated home video
game console,[37][38] and by
2015, 51 percent of U.S.
households owned a dedicated
home video game console
according to an Entertainment
Software Association annual
industry report.[39][40] By 2012,
over 2 billion people used the
Internet, twice the number using
it in 2007. Cloud computing had
:
 entered the mainstream by the
early 2010s. In January 2013, a
majority of U.S. survey
respondents reported owning a
smartphone.[41] By 2016, half of
the world's population was
connected[42] and as of 2020,
that number has risen to
67%.[43]

Rise in digital
technology use of
computers
In the late 1980s, less than 1%
:
 of the world's technologically
stored information was in digital
format, while it was 94% in
2007, with more than 99% by
2014.[44]

It is estimated that the world's

capacity to store information
has increased from 2.6
(optimally compressed)
exabytes in 1986, to some
5,000 exabytes in 2014 (5
zettabytes).[44][45]

1990
:
 Cell phone subscribers: 12.5
million (0.25% of world
population in 1990)[46]
Internet users: 2.8 million
(0.05% of world population in
1990)[47]

2000

Cell phone subscribers: 1.5

billion (19% of world
population in 2002)[47]
Internet users: 631 million
(11% of world population in
2002)[47]
:
 2010

Cell phone subscribers: 4

billion (68% of world
population in 2010)[48]
Internet users: 1.8 billion
(26.6% of world population in
2010)[42]

2020

Cell phone subscribers: 4.78

billion (62% of world
population in 2020)[49]
Internet users: 4.54 billion
(59% of world population in
:
 2020)[50]

A university computer lab containing

many desktop PCs

Converted technologies
Conversion of below analog
technologies to digital. (The
decade indicated is the period
when digital became dominant
form.)

Analog computer to digital

computer (1950s)
:
 Telex to fax (1980s)
Phonograph cylinder,
gramophone record and
compact cassette to compact
disc (1980s and 1990s,
although sales of vinyl
records have increased again
in the 2010s among antique
collectors)
VHS to DVD (2000s)
Analog photography
(photographic plate and
photographic film) to digital
photography (2000s)
:
 Analog cinematography (film
stock) to digital
cinematography (2010s)

Analog Compact Cassette in

background, with digital UMD
and MiniDisc in foreground

Analog television to digital

television (2010s)
Analog radio to digital radio
(2020s (expected))
Analog mobile phone (1G) to
digital mobile phone (2G)
:
 (1990s)
Analog watch and clock to
digital watch and clock (not
yet predictable)
Analog thermometer to digital
thermometer (2010s)
Offset printing to digital
printing (2020s (expected))

Decline or disappearance of
below analog technologies:

Mail (parcel to continue,

others to be discontinued)
(2020s (expected))
:
 Telegram (2010s)
Typewriter (2010s)

Disappearance of other
technologies also attributed to
digital revolution. (Analog–
digital classification doesn't
apply to these.)

CRT (2010s)
Plasma display (2010s)
CCFL backlit LCDs (2010s)

Improvements in digital
technologies.

Desktop computer to laptop

:
 to tablet computer
DVD to Blu-ray to Ultra HD
Blu-ray
2G to 3G to 4G to 5G
Mobile phone to smartphone
(2010s)
Digital watch to smartwatch
Analog weighing scale to
digital weighing scale

Technological basis
The basic building block of the
Digital Revolution is the metal-
oxide-semiconductor field-
:
 effect transistor (MOSFET, or
MOS transistor),[51] which is the
most widely manufactured
device in history.[52] It is the
basis of every microprocessor,
memory chip and
telecommunication circuit in
commercial use.[53] MOSFET
scaling (rapid miniaturization of
MOS transistors) has been
largely responsible for enabling
Moore's law, which predicted
that transistor counts would
increase at an exponential
pace.[54][55][56]
:
 Following the development of
the digital personal computer,
MOS microprocessors and
memory chips, with their
steadily increasing performance
and storage, have enabled
computer technology to be
embedded into a huge range of
objects from cameras to
personal music players. Also
important was the development
of transmission technologies
including computer networking,
the Internet and digital
broadcasting. 3G phones,
:
 whose social penetration grew
exponentially in the 2000s, also
played a very large role in the
digital revolution as they
simultaneously provide
ubiquitous entertainment,
communications, and online
connectivity.

Socio-economic impact
Positive aspects include greater
interconnectedness, easier
communication, and the
exposure of information that in
:
 the past could have more easily
been suppressed by totalitarian
regimes. Michio Kaku wrote in
his books Physics of the Future
that the failure of the Soviet
coup of 1991 was due largely to
the existence of technology
such as the fax machine and
computers that exposed
classified information.

The Revolutions of 2011 were

enabled by social networking
and smartphone technology;
however these revolutions in
:
 hindsight largely failed to reach
their goals as hardcore Islamist
governments and in Syria a civil
war have formed in the absence
of the dictatorships that were
toppled.

The economic impact of the

digital revolution has been
wide-ranging. Without the
World Wide Web (WWW), for
example, globalization and
outsourcing would not be nearly
as feasible as they are today.
The digital revolution radically
:
 changed the way individuals
and companies interact. Small
regional companies were
suddenly given access to much
larger markets. Concepts such
as on-demand software
services and manufacturing and
rapidly dropping technology
costs made possible
innovations in all aspects of
industry and everyday life.

After initial concerns of an IT

productivity paradox, evidence
is mounting that digital
:
 technologies have significantly
increased the productivity and
performance of businesses.[57]

The Digital transformation

allowed technology to
continuously adapt which
resulted in a boost in the
economy with an increase of
productivity. With the increase
of technical advances, digital
revolution has created a
demand for new job skills.
Economically, retailers, trucking
companies and banks have
:
 transitioned into digital format.
In addition, the introduction of
cryptocurrency like Bitcoin
creates faster and secure
transactions.[58]

Negative effects include

information overload, Internet
predators, forms of social
isolation, and media saturation.
In a poll of prominent members
of the national news media, 65
percent said the Internet is
hurting journalism more than it
is helping[59] by allowing
:
 anyone no matter how amateur
and unskilled to become a
journalist; causing information
to be muddier and the rise of
conspiracy theory in a way it
didn't exist in the past.

In some cases, company

employees' pervasive use of
portable digital devices and
work related computers for
personal use—email, instant
messaging, computer games—
were often found to, or
perceived to, reduce those
:
 companies' productivity.
Personal computing and other
non-work related digital
activities in the workplace thus
helped lead to stronger forms of
privacy invasion, such as
keystroke recording and
information filtering
applications (spyware and
content-control software).

Information sharing and

privacy

Privacy in general became a

:
 concern during the digital
revolution. The ability to store
and utilize such large amounts
of diverse information opened
possibilities for tracking of
individual activities and
interests. Libertarians and
privacy rights advocates feared
the possibility of an Orwellian
future where centralized power
structures control the populace
via automatic surveillance and
monitoring of personal
information in such programs as
the CIA's Information
:
 Awareness Office.[60]
Consumer and labor advocates
opposed the ability to direct
market to individuals,
discriminate in hiring and
lending decisions, invasively
monitor employee behavior and
communications and generally
profit from involuntarily shared
personal information.

The Internet, especially the

WWW in the 1990s, opened
whole new avenues for
communication and information
:
 sharing. The ability to easily and
rapidly share information on a
global scale brought with it a
whole new level of freedom of
speech. Individuals and
organizations were suddenly
given the ability to publish on
any topic, to a global audience,
at a negligible cost, particularly
in comparison to any previous
communication technology.

Large cooperative projects

could be endeavored (e.g.
Open-source software projects,
:
 SETI@home). Communities of
like-minded individuals were
formed (e.g. MySpace,
[Link]). Small regional
companies were suddenly given
access to a larger marketplace.

In other cases, special interest

groups as well as social and
religious institutions found
much of the content
objectionable, even dangerous.
Many parents and religious
organizations became alarmed
by pornography being more
:
 readily available to minors. In
other circumstances the
proliferation of information on
such topics as child
pornography, building bombs,
committing acts of terrorism,
and other violent activities were
alarming to many different
groups of people. Such
concerns contributed to
arguments for censorship and
regulation on the WWW.
:
 Copyright and trademark
issues

Copyright and trademark issues

also found new life in the digital
revolution. The widespread
ability of consumers to produce
and distribute exact
reproductions of protected
works dramatically changed the
intellectual property landscape,
especially in the music, film, and
television industries.

The digital revolution, especially

regarding privacy, copyright,
:
 censorship and information
sharing, remains a controversial
topic. As the digital revolution
progresses it remains unclear to
what extent society has been
impacted and will be altered in
the future.

With the advancement of digital

technology, copyright
infringements will become
difficult to detect. They will
occur more frequently, will be
difficult to prove and the public
will continue to find loopholes
:
 around the law. Digital recorders
for example, can be used
personally and private use
making the distributions of
copywritten material
discreet.[61]

Concerns
While there have been huge
benefits to society from the
digital revolution, especially in
terms of the accessibility of
information, there are a number
of concerns. Expanded powers
:
 of communication and
information sharing, increased
capabilities for existing
technologies, and the advent of
new technology brought with it
many potential opportunities for
exploitation. The digital
revolution helped usher in a new
age of mass surveillance,
generating a range of new civil
and human rights issues.
Reliability of data became an
issue as information could
easily be replicated, but not
easily verified. For example, the
:
 introduction of Cryptocurrency,
opens possibility for illegal
trade, such as the sale of drugs,
guns and black market
transaction.[58] The digital
revolution made it possible to
store and track facts, articles,
statistics, as well as minutiae
hitherto unfeasible.

From the perspective of the

historian, a large part of human
history is known through
physical objects from the past
that have been found or
:
 preserved, particularly in written
documents. Digital records are
easy to create but also easy to
delete and modify. Changes in
storage formats can make
recovery of data difficult or near
impossible, as can the storage
of information on obsolete
media for which reproduction
equipment is unavailable, and
even identifying what such data
is and whether it is of interest
can be near impossible if it is no
longer easily readable, or if
there is a large number of such
:
 files to identify. Information
passed off as authentic
research or study must be
scrutinized and verified.

These problems are further

compounded by the use of
digital rights management and
other copy prevention
technologies which, being
designed to only allow the data
to be read on specific machines,
may well make future data
recovery impossible. The
Voyager Golden Record, which
:
 is intended to be read by an
intelligent extraterrestrial
(perhaps a suitable parallel to a
human from the distant future),
is recorded in analog rather than
digital format specifically for
easy interpretation and analysis.

Implications
The shift to digitization in the
contemporary media world has
created implications for
traditional mass media
products. With more technology
:
 advances, the more converged
the realm of mass media will
become with less need for
traditional communication
technologies. For example, the
Internet has transformed many
communication norms, creating
more efficiency not only for
individuals but also for
businesses. However, McQuail
suggests traditional media have
also benefited greatly from new
media, allowing more effective
and efficient resources
available.[62]
:
 Environmental impact

The digital technology industry

is one of the least sustainable
and most environmentally
damaging sectors in the modern
world,[63][64] due to its
inextricable link to the
electronics industry and the
waste produced by it.[65]
Digitization facilitates the mass
propagation of data, which
requires the existence of data
centers for processing and
storage. These centers
:
 consume significant amounts of
the electricity supply of a host
country.[66]

See also
Revolution
Neolithic Revolution
Agricultural Revolution
Scientific Revolution
Industrial Revolution
Second Industrial
Revolution
Environmental revolution
:
 Information revolution
Microcomputer
revolution
Nanotechnology
Technological revolution
The Triple Revolution
Dot-com company
Digital native
Digital omnivore
Digital addict
Digital phobic
Electronic document
Fourth Industrial Revolution
:
 Great Regression
Indigo Era
Japanese economic miracle, a
period of rapid growth and
innovation in Japan which
roughly coincided with the
Third Industrial Revolution
Paperless office
Post–Cold War era
Telework
Timeline of electrical and
electronic engineering
Telecommunications
:
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External links

Wikibooks has a book on the

topic of: The Information Age
Virginia Heffernan (New York
:
 Times) - The Digital
Revolution ([Link]
[Link]/web/20110720215121/
[Link]
78/0/fiche___pagelibre/)
Virginia Heffernan (New York
Times), an interview (https://
[Link]/web/201107
20215134/[Link]
fr/00082720/0/fiche___page
libre/)
Digital Transformation
Reshaping The Business
Model ([Link]
[Link]/digital-transfor
:
 mation-reshaping-the-busine
ss-models/)
The Digital Revolution: A
Historical Perspective (https:/
/[Link]/digital-revolutio
n/)

Retrieved from
"[Link]
?
title=Digital_Revolution&oldid=11808
39940"

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October 2023, at 04:56 (UTC). •
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