Kingdom Classification:

Need for classification: -

1) Aristotle, a Greek philosopher, was the first one to think of a universal
system of classification. He classified organisms by physical
characteristics like giving birth, laying eggs, having for legs etc. He
divided all living things into two parts, plants and animals. Naming in
biology is called taxonomy, which comes from two Greek words, taxis
meaning arrangement and nomos meaning rule or law.
2) Young botanists (experts of the scientific study of plants) and zoologists
(experts of the scientific studies of animals) used his scriptures to
become taxonomists (professionals who specialize in classifying and
sorting info)

Advantages of classification: -
1) It helps in identifying organisms and categorizing them into groups, they
help us get a systematic study of the living organisms.
2) They help us understand how organisms have evolved over time.
3) They tell us the relation b/w different groups and how complex
organisms evolved from simpler ones.
4) Enables placement of new species.
5) Provides info about plants and animals living in different regions.

Classification of living world: -

Carlos Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist developed another way to organize
organisms. He still proposed the 2 kingdom classification. He differentiated
organisms on the following points: -
1) Response to stimuli
2) Mode of nutrition
3) Locomotion
4) Presence or absence of cell wall
He standardized a naming system for organisms called binomial
nomenclature as taxonomy was disorganized and chaotic. It works by
putting a scientific name into 2 parts. The first, starting with capital letters,
is the genus (taxonomical rank) of the organisms name. The second part is
the species (a similar group of organisms that can reproduce among
themselves) of the organism. If they are handwritten, both are underlined
separately.
FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION
-Previously, bacteria were classified into plants but had features of plants
and animals too, while euglena were classified into plants which had animal
characteristics. Amoeba and paramecium were put in the animal kingdom.
-1969, Robert Whittaker proposed 5 kingdom classification. He suggested
(above info) should not be like that.

His Basis of classification was: -

1) Complexity of cell structure (Eukaryotic or Prokaryotic) Prokaryotic
meaning no well-defined nucleus and no membrane bound organelles,
while eukaryotes have a well-defined, membrane bound nucleus,
nucleolus and chromatin in its nucleoplasm.
2) Complexity of body organization (Multicellular or unicellular)
3) Mode of nutrition (Heterotrophic or Autotrophic) Autotrophic makes
its own food with the help of inorganic substances present in the
environment. Heterotrophic = Depend on other organisms for food.
DOMAIN IS DIVIDED INTO PROKARYOTIC AND EUKARYOTIC

KINGDOM MONERA
- Monerans are unicellular, either heterotrophic(cyanobacteria) or
autotrophic(humans). They are prokaryotic as well and their cell wall is
rigid. They possess a nucleoid.
- All bacteria are prokaryotic and are in Monera.
SHAPES OF BACTERIA
Coccus- Spherical or ovoid
Vibrio- Like comma
Bacillus- Rod shaped, occur in groups of two or three.
Spirillium- Spiral
 Uses of Bacteria:-
1) Production of medicines called antibiotics. For example, Streptomycin or
Tetracycline.
2) Production of vaccines like BCG (Bacillus- Calmette – Gerin) For
Tuberculosis and DPT.
3) To make curd, ferment rice batter. Curd can be prepared by using the
Lactobacillus in milk. Lactobacillus w/ Streptococcus is used to
commercially ferment milk and make cheese. These bacteria convert
Lactose (type of sugar) into lactic acid. This can also be used to convert
fruit juice/ vinigger into alcohol.
4) Tanning of leather
5) Retting of fibers (Jute fibers separated from stems of jute plants through
process of retting by bacteria.
6) Digestion of Cellulose
7) Recycling plant and animal waste (Methane)
8) Vitamins (B & K )
9) Increasing soil fertility: Some bacteria like rhizobium convert
atmospheric nitrogen into nitrates, a form that plants can use. The
bacteria are found in small swollen structures called nodules on the
roots of leguminous plants.
10)Recycling of nutrients (Food cycles)
==============================================================
Harmful Bacteria: -
1) Spoils food in suitable conditions.
2) Diseases
-Typhoid from Salmonella Typhi
-Cholera from Vibrio Cholerae
 -Diphtheria from Corynebacterium diphtheriae
-Tuberculosis from Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-Pneumonia from Streptococcus pneumoniae
KINGDOM PROTISTA
-Very small, unicellular, and eukaryotic. Some protists can move by
appendages like Cilia or Flagella. They show either autotrophic or
heterotrophic nutrition.
-Some are plant like because they have one or two chloroplasts which
can help them make food from solar energy. (Euglena or Diatoms)
THE AMOEBA
1) STRUCTURE
The amoeba does not have a fixed structure. It has an irregular shape.
The outer covering is the cell membrane. It has a prominent nucleus in
the center, surrounded by cytoplasm. It is a eukaryote, the cytoplasm
has a well defined nucleus surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
2) MOVEMENT
Amoeba use pseudopodia to move around. This movement is called
ameboid movement.
3) NUTRITION (Ingestion -> Digestion -> Absorption -> Assimilation ->
Egestion)
4) RESPIRATION
Exchange of gases takes place by diffusion across the cell membrane.
Dissolved oxygen in water diffuses into cell and CO2 is diffused out.
5) EXCRETION
Carbon dioxide and Ammonia are the main waste products in Amoeba.
They are excreted by diffusion through the body surface with the help of
contractile vacuoles. The waste materials enter the contractile vacuole
which moves to plasma membrane and bursts out to release outside the
body of Amoeba.

6) REPRODUCTION
BINARY FISSION ( BINARY = TWO, FISSION = DIVISION)
MULTIPLE FISSION
-Amoeba turns into small rounder specks by withdrawing their
pseudopodia. Then they form a thick wall called cyst around themselves.
Inside the cyst, the nucleus divided to form daughter nuclei. In favorable
conditions, cyst bursts.
KINGDOM FUNGI
-Eukaryotic, Mostly multicellular except yeasts. Fungi don’t have
Chlorophyll and cannot prepare their own food. They live on dead and
decaying matter and are called saphrophytes. Teir cell wall is made up of
chitin.

Rhizopus (Bread Mold)

-Generally made up of thin, thread like structures called hyphae which grow
horizontally over the substance. A network of hyphae is called mycelium.
-Aerobic respiration.
USES OF FUNGI
-Decomposition
-Breweries
-Penicillin
-Bread
-Food for humans
HARMFUL FUNGI
-Poisonous to humans
-Can grow on leather items
-Grow on stored grains
-Diseases like Canker and Mildew in plants, and Athlete’s foot and
Ringworm in Humans.

KINGDOM PLANTAE
-Second Largest
-Multicellular, Autotrophic, Eukaryotic. Cell walls of cellulose.
-Reproduction by vegetative propagation or by pollination and fertilization.

KINGDOM ANIMALIA
-Multicellular, Heterotrophic and Eukaryotic with no cell wall but well
defined nucleus. Animals depend on plants for nutrition indirectly or
directly.
-Reproduce by fusion of male and female cells (Sexual Reproduction).
 -Complex body.

INVERTEBRATES
1) Phylum Porifera
-Huge number of pores on body.
-Mostly marine, rarely found in freshwater.
-Multicellular and sedentary with cylindrical and asymmetrical bodies.
-Water exits the body through pores called ostia and exits from one of
bigger pores called osculum.
EX : - Sponges, Spongilla, Sycon
2) Phylum Coelentereta OR Cnidaria
(Without body cavity and with stinging cells)
-One opening, the mouth
-Finger like projections around mouth used for catching food.
The tentacles have stinging cells that help them defend themselves.
-Radially symmetrical, meaning can be separated into two equal parts
on any linear plane.
EX : - Jellyfish, Sea Anemone, Hydra
3) Platyhelminthes (flatworms)
-Called flatworms because they are thin, flat and segmented.
-Hollow body
-Bilaterally Symmetrical.
EX: - Tapeworms, Planaria, Liver Fluke.
4) Phylum Nematoda/ Aschelminthes (Roundworms)
-Elongated, Cylindrical, Bilaterally Symmetrical and unsegmented thread
like body
-Many are parasites and live in human intestines
EX : - Ascaris, Pinworm, Whipworm
5) Phylum Annelida (segmented worms)
-Called segmented worms as their whole body is composed of rings and
segments which help them in locomotion.
-Found in moist soil and pond water.
-Have a body cavity.
-Special organs for excretion called nephridia.
EX : - Earthworm, Leech
6) Phylum Arthropoda (Jointed Legs)
-Jointed legs and segmented bodies.
-Bilaterally Symmetrical
 -Head, Thorax and Abdomen.
-Body covered by tough covering of chitin called exoskeleton
CLASSIFICATION OF ARTHROPODA
1) Crustacea
-Head and thorax fused to form cephalothorax.
-Have many jointed legs, two pairs of antennae extending from head.
-EX : - Crab, shrimp, lobster
2) Myriapoda
-Divided into large no of segments.
-Each segment has one or two pairs of legs and two pairs of
wings.
-EX : -Centipedes, Milipedes
3) Insecta
-Body is divided into head, thorax and abdomen.
-Have three pairs of legs and two pairs of wings.
-Have a pair of antennae or feelers, and mouth parts.
EX : -Ant, Butterfly, Housefly
4) Arachnida
-Head and thorax are fused.
-Have four pairs of legs and no wings
-No Antennae
-EX : - Spiders, ticks, scorpions.

7) Phylum Mollusca (soft bodied shelled animals)

-Soft, unsegmented, bilaterally symmetrical body.
-Body covered by hard internal or external shell for protection,
- Have toothed tongue called radula and a muscular foot for
locomotion
-EX : - Snails, slugs, pearl oysters, octopus.

8) Phylum Echinodermata (spiny skin)

- No body cavity
-Exist in different body shaped
-Show radial or bilateral symmetry.
-Don’t have head but have tube feet or tentacles.
-Always found in marine water.
EX: -Starfish, sea urchins, sea cucumbers.
VERTEBRATE
1)Pisces (water animals)
-Aquatic, streamlined body
-Use fins to swim
-Use gills to breathe
-Cold blooded
-Skeleton of cartilage, as in sharks, in bones such as in salmon

2)Amphibia (both land and water living)

-Lay eggs in water
-Slippery and smooth skin
-Use lungs/moist skin to breathe on land and gills to breathe
underwater
-Cold blooded
EX:- Frogs, salamanders and toads.

3)Reptilia (crawling)
-Terrestrial
-Skin is dry and scaly
-Lay soft eggs on land
-Use lungs to breathe.
-Cold blooded
EX:- Lizards, Snakes, Crocs.

4)Aves (Feathered)
-Aerial
-Covered with feathers
-Forelimbs modified into wings
-Bones are hollow and lightweight
-Lay eggs with hard shells
-Different types of beaks, no tooth.
-Warm blooded

5)Mammalia (milk-producing animals)

-Terrestrial
-Mammals
-Have mammary glands to feed young ones with milk.
-Body covered with hair, usually have tail and four limbs.
-Warm blooded animals
-Produce milk
-Breath through lungs