Magnetic Susceptibility. (7) “ = 0 Definition: Measure Of Capacity of a substance to take up magnetization in an applied magnetic field. a Mathematical Expression: Magnetic Flux Density, B = H + 4nI H- Strength of Magnetic field. I= Intensity of Magnetization 0 Now, B/H = Magnetic Permeablity of Substance. B =1+4a L = B =1+4aK «= Magnetic susceptibility per unit H H H volume.(Volume Susceptibility)Physical Significance FB aisam = © Magnetic Permeablity (B/H) gives the ratio of density of lines of force within the substance to the density of such lines in same region in absence of Substance., Gouy’s Method 0B Steps: 1. Finely powdered substance or solution is taken in pyrex glass tube (Gouy tube) © 2. Weigh the substance First without magnetic field Then in presence of magnetic field. Observation: If substance is paramagnetic, it will weigh more in presence of magnetic field than its absence. The increase in weight is measure of paramagnetisn of substance.Calculations — © The susceptibility can be easily calculated from the difference in weight of the sample when magnet is off and when it is on. © The force acting on gouy’s tube (Cylinder) is determined by weighing and is equal to 1 (Valid only for = SA” sneasurement in vaccum) A= Cross sectional Area of Cylinder H= Intensity of central homogenous part of magnetic field k = Volume susceptibility. For observation inair, = F = SAH «’= Volume susceptibility of airFS Ae-e iP co As gouy tube is hollow and made up of diamagnetic material, so there is a negative force acting on the sample due to tube, given by 5. So equation becomes, Fa SMe )H +5 © If sample is of constant length and cross sectional area, AH? is constant. And if density is introduced above equation is rewritten as: + Ww y= ae where a = constant allowing for the displaced air and is equal to 0.029 x specimen and is expressed in mg. w = weight of sample expressed in gram. F’ = Force on the sample and is equal to F - 8; both F and 8 are given in m: B= tube calibration constant.« [eoutoy a To calibrate the apparatus, we make measurements on a substance whose susceptibility is accurately known and from that B is calculated. a Standard substance chosen here is Mercury tetrathiocyanatocobaltate (Il), Hg[Co(CNS),] = 16.44x10%at20°CAdvantages and Disadvantages of Gouy’s foe method. Caan nen seen rere reer ee eee ee ee ©. The apparatus is simple and o easy to assemble. © Itis easy to handle and use. o © Since the amount of sample taken in the Gouy's tube is quite large, the forces are large and therefore, even a chemical balance can measure the changes in mass. It requires large amount of sample. It requires perfect uniform packing of the substance in the Gouy's tube. Correct results are not obtained if the Gouy's tube has not been packed uniformly.« frcHEadl Faraday Method ars = o Features > Gives specific susceptibility directly. » Uses very small amount of sample. > Sample is suspended in an inhomogeneous field such that Ho (Magnetic field gradient = 6H/5x) is constant over entire volume of sample. » Magnetic poles have been carefully shaped so that Hp is constant over entire region occupied by sample.Faraday Method — —— a » Asample (0.1-10mg) of the substance is placed in constant magnetic field gradient. » Force acting on sample is measured directly with the help of electro balance. \ soma (2) > The force can be measured by weighing the sample both in and out of field and difference between the two weights is equal to f.Frousay Faraday Method s —— 2 Practically, force is determined by using a substance of known susceptibilty. Mercury tetrathiocyanatocobaltate(I), Hg[Co(CNS) ,] % =16.44x10% at20°C a If same magnetic field and gradient are used for both standard (s) and unknown aS (u), we can calculate the value of 1 Sf fa =—, z= Lhe m2, M2, meAdvantages and Disadvantages of Faraday’s £ciey method. © Requires very small a Requires great measure quantity of sample. skills. oc Sample need not to be a Since only small amount of homogeneous. sample is used, any chemical reaction occurring at the surface of sample may lead to large errors. © Specific susceptibility can be measured directly.