AP® Chemistry

2002 Scoring Guidelines

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 1

Total Score 10 Points

® H+(aq) + OBr–(aq)
HOBr(aq) ¬ Ka = 2.3 ´10–9

1. Hypobromous acid, HOBr , is a weak acid that dissociates in water, as represented by the equation above.

(a) Calculate the value of [H+] in an HOBr solution that has a pH of 4.95.

pH = –log [H+]
[H+] = 10– 4.95 1 point earned for correct calculation
[H+] = 1.1 × 10–5 M

(b) Write the equilibrium constant expression for the ionization of HOBr in water, then calculate the
concentration of HOBr(aq) in an HOBr solution that has [H+] equal to 1.8 ´ 10–5M.

_
[H + ][OBr ] 1 point earned for correct
Ka = expression for Ka
[HOBr]

1 point earned for

If [H+] = 1.8 × 10−5 M, then [OBr−] = 1.8 × 10−5 M. [H+] = [OBr−]
Substituting,
[H + ][OBr − ] [1.8 × 10 −5 M ][1.8 × 10 −5 M ]
2.3 × 10−9 = =
[HOBr] [HOBr]
1 point earned for correct
−5 −5
[1.8 × 10 M ][1.8 × 10 M ] [HOBr]
[HOBr] = = 0.14 M
2.3 × 10 −9

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 1 (cont’d.)

(c) A solution of Ba(OH)2 is titrated into a solution of HOBr.

(i) Calculate the volume of 0.115 M Ba(OH)2(aq) needed to reach the equivalence point when
titrated into a 65.0 mL sample of 0.146 M HOBr(aq).

æ 0.146 mol HOBr ö æ 1 mol Ba(OH) 2 ö æ 1L ö 1 point earned for

0.0650 L çç ÷÷ ç ÷ çç ÷÷ stoichiometric ratio
è 1L ø è 2 mol HOBr ø è 0.115 mol Ba(OH) 2 ø

= 0.0413 L or 41.3 mL 1 point earned for

correct substitution
Another possible correct method for calculating the volume starts with and calculation
V M 1
the expression b b = .
Va M a 2

(ii) Indicate whether the pH at the equivalence point is less than 7, equal to 7, or greater than 7.
Explain.

The pH is greater than 7.

HOBr is a weak acid and OBr− is a weak base.
At the equivalence point, the OBr− in solution is the pH-determining
species and the hydrolysis reaction produces hydroxide ion:
® HOBr + OH−
OBr− + H2O ¬ 1 point earned for
explanation
OR
æ K ö æ 1.0 × 10 −14 ö
Kb(OBr−) = çç w
÷÷ = çç ÷ = 4.3 × 10−6
−9 ÷
K
è a ( HOBr) ø è 2.3 × 10 ø

OR

the calculated pH = 10.79

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 1 (cont’d.)

(d) Calculate the number of moles of NaOBr(s) that would have to be added to 125 mL of 0.160 M HOBr
to produce a buffer solution with [H+] = 5.00 × 10–9 M. Assume that volume change is negligible.

[H + ][OBr − ]
Ka = 1 point earned for [OBr –], the set-up,
[HOBr] and the substitution

[HOBr]·K a (0.160 M )(2.3 × 10 −9 )

[OBr –] = = 1 point earned for mol NaOBr
[H + ] 5.00 × 10 −9 M

[OBr –] = 0.074 M

æ 0.074 mol OBr − ö

nNaOBr = 0.125 L ç ÷ = 9.2 × 10–3 mol
ç 1L ÷
è ø

(e) HOBr is a weaker acid than HBrO3 . Account for this fact in terms of molecular structure.

1 point earned
The H-O bond is weakened or increasingly polarized by the additional oxygen
for a correct
atoms bonded to the central bromine atom in HBrO3.
explanation

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 2

Total Score 10 points

2. Answer parts (a) through (e) below, which relate to reactions involving silver ion, Ag+.

The reaction between silver ion and solid zinc is represented by the following equation.

2 Ag+(aq) + Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)

(a) A 1.50 g sample of Zn is combined with 250. mL of 0.110 M AgNO3 at 25ºC.

(i) Identify the limiting reactant. Show calculations to support your answer.

1 mol Zn
nZn = 1.50 g Zn æ65.4 g Znö = 2.29 × 10–2 mol Zn
è ø

æ 0.110 mol Ag + ö
nAg+ = 0.250 L ç ÷ = 2.75 × 10–2 mol Ag+ 1 point earned for the
ç 1L ÷
è ø moles of one reactant and
the proper stoichiometry
æ 1 mol Zn ö æ 2 mol Ag + ö
nAg+ = 1.50 g Zn çç ÷÷ ç ÷ = 4.59 × 10–2 mol Ag+ required
ç 1 mol Zn ÷
è 65.4 g Zn ø è ø

Since only 2.75 × 10–2 mol Ag+ available, Ag+ is the limiting reactant. 1 point earned for the
limiting reactant and the
OR supporting calculation or
æ 0.110 mol Ag + ö explanation
nAg+ = 0.250 L ç ÷ = 2.75 × 10–2 mol Ag+
ç 1L ÷
è ø

æ 1 mol Zn ö
nZn = 2.75 × 10–2 mol Ag+ ç ÷ = 1.38 × 10–2 mol Zn required
ç 2 mol Ag + ÷
è ø

Since 2.29 × 10–2 mol Zn are available, more is available than required, so Zn
is in excess and Ag+ is limiting.

(Correct solutions other than shown above earn both points.)

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 2 (cont’d.)

(ii) On the basis of the limiting reactant that you identified in part (i), determine the value of [Zn2+]
after the reaction is complete. Assume that volume change is negligible.

æ 1 mol Zn 2+ ö 1 point earned for mol Zn2+

nZn2+ = 2.75 × 10–2 mol Ag+ ç ÷ = 1.38 × 10–2 mol Zn2+
ç 2 mol Ag + ÷
è ø 1 point earned for [Zn2+]

1.38 × 10−2 mol Zn 2+

= 0.0550 M Zn2+
0.250 L

OR OR

1
[Ag+]initial = 0.110 M , therefore [Zn2+] = (0.110 M) = 0.0550 M 2 points earned for [Zn2+]
2
********************************************************** **********************
If the student concludes Zn is the limiting reactant, then
1 point earned for mol Zn2+
1 mol Zn æ 1 mol Zn 2+ ö
1.50 g Zn æ 65.4 g ö ç ÷ = 2.29 × 10–2 mol Zn2+ formed
è ø çè 1 mol Zn ÷
ø 1 point earned for [Zn2+]
−2 2+
2.29 × 10 mol Zn
= 0.0916 M Zn2+
0.250 L

Note: There must be consistency between parts (a) (i) and (a) (ii).

(b) Determine the value of the standard potential, E ˚, for a galvanic cell based on the reaction between
AgNO3(aq) and solid Zn at 25˚C.

E°cell = E°(reduction) − E°(reduction)

= (0.80 V) − (−0.76 V)
= 1.56 V
2 Ag (aq) + Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s)
+ +1.56 V
1 point earned
for correct E˚
OR
E˚
Ag+(aq) + e− → Ag(s) +0.80 V
Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2 e− +0.76 V
2 Ag+(aq) + Zn(s) → Zn2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s) +1.56 V

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 2 (cont’d.)

Another galvanic cell is based on the reaction between Ag+(aq) and Cu(s), represented by the equation
below. At 25°C, the standard potential, E °, for the cell is 0.46 V.
2 Ag+(aq) + Cu(s) → Cu2+ (aq) + 2 Ag(s)
(c) Determine the value of the standard free-energy change, ∆G°, for the reaction between Ag+(aq) and
Cu(s) at 25°C.

∆G˚ = –nFE˚ 1 point earned for n and E° in the

− J correct equation
∆G˚ = (–2 mol e )( 96,500 )(+0.46 V)
V mol
1 point earned for correct value and
∆G˚ = – 89,000 J or – 89 kJ (units required)
sign of ∆G˚

(d) The cell is constructed so that [Cu2+] is 0.045 M and [Ag+] is 0.010 M . Calculate the value of the
potential, E°, for the cell.

RT RT [Cu2+] o .0592 [Cu2+]

Ecell = E˚ – nF ln Q = E˚ – nF ln = E − log
[Ag+]2 n [Ag+]2

Note: Q must include only ion concentrations

1 point earned for correct
J
8.314 substitution
mol · K · 298 K [0.045]
Ecell = +0.46 V – ln
J [0.010]2
2 mol e- · 96500
V · mol

Ecell = +0.46 V – 0.0128 V ln 450

Ecell = +0.46 V – 0.0128 V · 6.11
Ecell = +0.46 V – 0.0782 V
1 point earned for correct answer
Ecell = +0.38 V

(e) Under the conditions specified in part (d), is the reaction in the cell spontaneous? Justify your answer.

Ecell = +0.38 V 1 point earned for correct

answer and correct
The cell potential under the non-standard conditions in part (d) is positive.
explanation
Therefore the reaction is spontaneous under the conditions stated in part (d).
A correct reference (from answer in part (d)) to a negative ∆G (not ∆G˚) is
acceptable. If no answer to (d) is given, students must make an assumption
or a general statement about Ecell , not E°.

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 3

Total Score 10 points

3. Consider the hydrocarbon pentane, C5H12 (molar mass 72.15 g).

(a) Write the balanced equation for the combustion of pentane to yield carbon dioxide and water.

1 point earned for showing O2 as

C5H12 + 8 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O a reactant and having the equation
balanced correctly.

(b) What volume of dry carbon dioxide, measured at 25°C and 785 mm Hg, will result from the complete
combustion of 2.50 g of pentane?

æ 1 mol C 5 H12 ö 1 point earned for correct

nC5H12 = 2.50 g C5H12 çç ÷÷ = 0.0347 mol C5H12 mol of CO2
è 72.15 g C 5 H12 ø
1 point earned for correct
æ 5 mol CO2 ö substitution of T, P, and R
nCO2 = 0.0347 mol C5H12 ç ÷ = 0.173 mol CO2 and the calculation of V
è 1 mol C5 H12 ø
1 point earned for correct
L atm value for V
0.173 mol · 0.0821
æ nRT ö mol K · 298 K
V= ç ÷= = 4.10 L
è P ø 785 mm Hg
760 mm Hg

(c) The complete combustion of 5.00 g of pentane releases 243 kJ of heat. On the basis of this information,
calculate the value of H for the complete combustion of one mole of pentane.

æ 1 mol C5 H12 ö 1 point earned for correct value

(5.00 g C5H12) ç ÷ = 0.0693 mol C5H12 of mol C5H12
è 72.15 g C 5 H12 ø

æ 243 kJ ö 1 point earned for correct

ç ÷ = 3.51 × 103 kJ mol−1 substitution and calculation of ∆H
è 0.0693 mol C H
5 12 ø
(Sign required; if units given, they
must be correct)
∆H = – 3.51 × 103 kJ mol−1

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 3 (cont’d.)

(d) Under identical conditions, a sample of an unknown gas effuses into a vacuum at twice the rate
that a sample of pentane gas effuses. Calculate the molar mass of the unknown gas.

rate unknown 72.15 g mol -1 1 point earned for correct

= substitution
rate C5 H12 MM unknown

2 × rateC5H12 72.15 g mol-1

= 2 =
rateC5H12 MM unknown

−1
72.15 g mol
22 = = 4
MM unknown
1 point earned for correct
72.15 g mol
−1 value of MM
MMunknown = = 18.04 g mol−1
4

(e) The structural formula of one isomer of pentane is shown below. Draw the structural formulas for the
other two isomers of pentane. Be sure to include all atoms of hydrogen and carbon in your structures.

1 point earned for each correct structural formula

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 4

Total Score 15 points

Note: for reactions with three products, 1 product point is earned for one or two of
the products

(a) A solution of sodium iodide is added to a solution of lead(II) acetate.

I − + Pb2+ → PbI2 3 points

(b) Pure solid phosphorus (white form) is burned in air.

P4 + O2 → P4O10 3 points

Note: products other than P4O10 showing correct oxidation states are acceptable

(c) Solid cesium oxide is added to water.

Cs2O + H2O → Cs+ + OH − 3 points

Note: CsOH earns 1 product point if no additional incorrect species are included in
the product

(d) Excess concentrated hydrochloric acid is added to a 1.0 M solution of cobalt(II) chloride.

Cl − + Co(H2O)62+ → H2O + CoCl42−

OR 3 points
Cl − + Co2+ → CoCl42−

Note: Other species, such as Co(H2O)42+ as a reactant or CoCl3− as a product,

are acceptable

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 4 (cont’d.)

(e) Solid sodium hydrogen carbonate (sodium bicarbonate) is strongly heated.

NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2 3 points

(f) An excess of hydrochloric acid is added to solid zinc sulfide.

H+ + ZnS → Zn2+ + H2S 3 points

(g) Acidified solutions of potassium permanganate and iron(II) nitrate are mixed together.

MnO4− + H+ + Fe2+ → H2O + Fe3+ + Mn2+ 3 points

(h) A solution of potassium hydroxide is added to solid ammonium chloride.

NH4Cl + OH− → NH3 + Cl− + H2O 3 points

Note: no product points are earned for NH4OH

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 5

Total Score 10 Points

H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O(l)

5. A student is asked to determine the molar enthalpy of neutralization, ∆Hneut , for the reaction
represented above. The student combines equal volumes of 1.0 M HCl and 1.0 M NaOH in an
open polystyrene cup calorimeter. The heat released by the reaction is determined by using the
equation q = mc∆T .

Assume the following.

• Both solutions are at the same temperature before they are combined.
• The densities of all the solutions are the same as that of water.
• Any heat lost to the calorimeter or to the air is negligible.
• The specific heat capacity of the combined solutions is the same as that of water.

(a) Give appropriate units for each of the terms in the equation q = mc∆T .

q has units of joules (or kilojoules or calories or kilocalories)

1 point earned for any two units
m has units of grams or kilograms
2 points earned for all four units
c has units of J g−1 °C−1 or J g−1 K−1 (calories or kilograms
acceptable alternatives)
T has units of °C or K

(b) List the measurements that must be made in order to obtain the value of q .

• volume or mass of the HCl or NaOH solutions 1 point earned for any volume
(mass of reactant)
• initial temperature of HCl or NaOH before mixing
1 point earned for initial and final
• final (highest) temperature of solution after mixing (highest) temperature
(∆T is not a measurement)

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 5 (cont’d.)

(c) Explain how to calculate each of the following.

(i) The number of moles of water formed during the experiment

Since there is mixing of equal volumes of the same concentration

and the reaction has 1:1 stoichiometry, moles of H2O = moles of
HCl = moles NaOH. To determine the number of moles of HCl: 1 point earned for the number
of moles of H2O using the
æ mol HCl ö æ 1 mol H 2 O ö
(volume HCl) ç ÷ ç ÷ = mol H2O stoichiometric relationship
è 1L ø è 1 mol HCl ø between HCl (or NaOH)
OR and H2O
æ 1.0 mol NaOH ö æ 1 mol H 2 O ö
(volume NaOH) çç ÷÷ çç ÷÷ = mol H2O
è 1 L ø è 1 mol NaOH ø
OR
nH 2O = nHCl = nNaOH = VHCl × 1 M = VNaOH × 1 M

(ii) The value of the molar enthalpy of neutralization, ∆Hneut , for the reaction between HCl(aq)
and NaOH(aq)

Determine the quantity of the heat produced, q, from

q = mc∆T, where m = total mass of solution; divide q by mol H2O 1 point earned for q
determined in part (c) (i) to determine ∆Hneut :
−q q
∆H neut = OR 1 point earned for ∆Hneut
mol H 2 O mol H 2 O
(mol reactant can substitute for mol H2O)

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 5 (cont’d.)

(d) The student repeats the experiment with the same equal volumes as before, but this time uses
2.0 M HCl and 2.0 M NaOH.

(i) Indicate whether the value of q increases, decreases, or stays the same when compared to the
first experiment. Justify your prediction.

The ∆T will be greater, so q increases. There are more moles

1 point earned for direction and
of HCl and NaOH reacting so the final temperature of the mixture
explanation
will be higher.

Note: Arguments about increased mass are not acceptable because the total mass increase is negligible (the solutions
have virtually the same density) and is not the driving force for increases in q.

(ii) Indicate whether the value of the molar enthalpy of neutralization, ∆Hneut , increases, decreases, or stays
the same when compared to the first experiment. Justify your prediction.

Both q and mol H2O increase proportionately. However,

1 point earned for correct
when the quotient is determined, there is no change in ∆Hneut
direction and explanation
Molar enthalpy is defined as per mole of reaction, therefore it will not
change when the number of moles is doubled.

(e) Suppose that a significant amount of heat were lost to the air during the experiment. What effect
would this have on the calculated value of the molar enthalpy of neutralization, ∆Hneut ? Justify
your answer.

Heat lost to the air will produce a smaller ∆T. In the equation
q = mc∆T a smaller ∆T will produce a smaller value for q (heat
1 point earned for correct
released) than it should. In the equation
direction and explanation
−q
∆Hneut =
mol H 2 O
the smaller magnitude of q and the constant mol H2O means that
∆Hneut will be less negative (more positive).

Notes: ∆H decreases because q decreases earns 1 point

∆T decreases because ∆H decreases earns 1 point
No points earned for ∆T decreases therefore q decreases

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 6

Total Score 8 Points

6. Use the principles of atomic structure and/or chemical bonding to explain each of the following. In each part,
your answer must include references to both substances.

(a) The atomic radius of Li is larger than that of Be.

1 point earned for indicating that Be

Both Li and Be have their outer electrons in the same shell (and/or they has more protons than Li
have the same number of inner core electrons shielding the valence
electrons from the nucleus). However, Be has four protons and Li has 1 point earned for indicating that
only three protons. Therefore, the effective nuclear charge experienced since the electrons are at about the
(attraction experienced) by the valence (outer) electrons is greater in Be same distance from the nucleus, there
than in Li, so Be has a smaller atomic radius. is more attraction in Be as a result of
the larger number of protons

(b) The second ionization energy of K is greater than the second ionization energy of Ca .

1 point earned for saying that electrons are

The second electron removed from a potassium atom comes removed from an inner (third) level in
from the third level (inner core). The second electron potassium but one level higher, (fourth level)
removed from a calcium atom comes from the fourth level in calcium
(valence level). The electrons in the third level are closer to 1 point earned for saying that the distance to the
the nucleus so the attraction is much greater than for electrons nucleus is less for the third level, so attraction is
in the fourth level. greater and more energy is needed to remove an
electron

(c) The carbon-to-carbon bond energy in C2H4 is greater than it is in C2H6 .

1 point earned for indicating that C2H4 has a double

C2H4 has a double bond between the two carbon bond and C2H6 has a single bond
atoms, whereas C2H6 has a carbon-carbon single bond.
More energy is required to break a double bond in 1 point earned for indicating that the carbon-carbon
C2H4 than to break a single bond in C2H6; therefore, double bond in C2H4 requires more energy to break (is
the carbon-to-carbon bond energy in C2H4 is greater. stronger) than the carbon- carbon bond in C2H6

Note: Restatement of the prompt does not earn the second point

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 6 (cont’d.)

(d) The boiling point of Cl2 is lower than the boiling point of Br2 .

1 point earned for indicating that Cl2 and Br2

Both Cl2 and Br2 are nonpolar, and the only intermolecular
are both nonpolar and/or have only London
attractive forces are London dispersion forces. Since Br2 has
dispersion forces (or van der Waals).
more electrons than Cl2, the valence electrons in Br2 are more
1 point for indicating that the more electrons,
polarizable. The more polarizable the valence electrons, the
the more polarizable, the greater the dispersion
greater the dispersion forces and the higher the boiling point.
forces, and the higher the boiling point.

Notes: Stating that the bromine electrons are more loosely bound, and thus lead to stronger London dispersion
forces is acceptable. The word “polarizable” is not required. Greater mass is not acceptable.
No credit earned if the student implies that covalent bonds break during boiling.

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 7

Total Score 8 points

7. An environmental concern is the depletion of O3 in Earth’s upper atmosphere, where O3 is normally in

equilibrium with O2 and O . A proposed mechanism for the depletion of O3 in the upper atmosphere is
shown below.
Step I O3 + Cl → O2 + ClO
Step II ClO + O → Cl + O2

(a) Write a balanced equation for the overall reaction represented by Step I and Step II above.

O3 + O → 2 O2 1 point earned for correct overall reaction

(b) Clearly identify the catalyst in the mechanism above. Justify your answer.

Cl is the catalyst in the reaction. It is a reactant 1 point earned for identifying Cl as the catalyst
in Step I and reappears as a product in Step II. 1 point earned for justifying Cl as the catalyst

(c) Clearly identify the intermediate in the mechanism above. Justify your answer.

ClO is the intermediate in the reaction. It is a 1 point earned for identifying ClO as
product in Step I and reappears as a reactant in the intermediate
Step II. 1 point earned for justifying of ClO as
the intermediate

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 7 (cont’d.)

(d) If the rate law for the overall reaction is found to be rate = k[O3][Cl] , determine the following.
(i) The overall order of the reaction
(ii) Appropriate units for the rate constant, k
(iii) The rate-determining step of the reaction, along with justification for your answer

(i) overall order is 1 + 1 = 2 1 point earned for overall order

rate M time −1 1 point earned for correct units
(ii) k = = = M-1 time-1
[O3][Cl] M 2

(iii) Step I is the rate-determining step in the mechanism.

The coefficients of the reactants in Step I correspond
1 point earned for the correct
to the exponents of the species concentrations in the
step and justification
rate law equation.
OR
The reaction rate is affected by the concentrations of [O3] and
[Cl], both appearing only in Step I.

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

Question 8

Total Score 8 Points

® 2 CO(g)
C(s) + CO2(g) ¬

8. Carbon (graphite), carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide form an equilibrium mixture, as represented by the
equation above.

(a) Predict the sign for the change in entropy, ∆S, for the reaction. Justify your prediction.

∆S = + 1 point earned for indicating that

∆S is positive
There is more disorder in a gas than in a solid, so the
product is more disordered than the reactants. The
change in entropy is therefore positive. 1 point earned for explanation
OR
There is 1 mole of gas in the reactants and 2 moles
of gas in the product.

(b) In the table below are data that show the percent of CO in the equilibrium mixture at two different
temperatures. Predict the sign for the change in enthalpy, ∆H, for the reaction. Justify your prediction.

Temperature % CO
700°C 60
850°C 94

1 point earned for indicating that

∆H = +
∆H is positive
More CO at the higher temperature indicates that
the reaction shifts to the right with increasing 1 point earned for explanation
temperature. For this to occur, the reaction must
be endothermic.

Copyright © 2002 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved.

Advanced Placement Program and AP are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board.

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 AP® CHEMISTRY
2002 SCORING GUIDELINES

(c) Appropriately complete the potential energy diagram for the reaction by finishing the curve on the graph
below. Also, clearly indicate ∆H for the reaction on the graph.

1 point earned for completing the graph according to the information in part (b)
1 point earned for appropriately labeling ∆Hrxn for the reaction as drawn

(d) If the initial amount of C(s) were doubled, what would be the effect on the percent of CO in the
equilibrium mixture? Justify your answer.

An increase in the amount of C(s) has no effect. 1 point earned for indicating
no effect
Solids do not appear in the equilibrium expression, so adding
more C(s) will not affect the percent of CO in the equilibrium 1 point earned for explanation
mixture.

Note: Since the question asks about “percent of CO” a student might think of % by mass or % by mole.
Adding carbon will not shift the equilibrium, so PCO and PCO2 stay the same. The % CO then decreases, because
now there are more total moles in the system: % CO = nCO/(nCO + nCO2 + nC)
As nC is raised, the denominator increases, and % CO decreases.

Copyright © 2002 by College Entrance Examination Board. All rights reserved.

Advanced Placement Program and AP are registered trademarks of the College Entrance Examination Board.

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