1.

Memory and Storage Constraints:

Example: K-Nearest Neighbours (KNN) algorithm requires storing all the
training data points in memory to make predictions for new data points.
When dealing with large datasets, this can lead to high memory
consumption.
Alternative: Approximate Nearest Neighbours algorithms, such as
Locality-Sensitive Hashing (LSH) or KD-Trees, can be used as memory-
efficient alternatives to KNN. These techniques reduce the memory
overhead by sacrificing a bit of accuracy in the nearest neighbour search.
2. Computational Time:
Example: Support Vector Machines (SVM) can have high computational
time complexity, especially for large datasets with a high number of
features.
Alternative: Stochastic Gradient Descent (SGD) is a popular optimization
algorithm used to train large-scale SVM models. It updates the model
parameters using a subset (mini-batch) of data at each iteration, making it
faster and more scalable for big data.
3. Scalability:
Example: Decision Trees are simple and interpretable models, but their
scalability is limited when handling big datasets with millions of data
points.
Alternative: Random Forest is an ensemble method that combines multiple
decision trees. It can be easily parallelized, allowing for distributed
computation, and offers improved scalability compared to a single decision
tree.
4. Data Distribution:
Example: K-Means clustering algorithm typically requires all data points
to be available at once for calculating cluster centroids. This can be a
challenge when the data is distributed across multiple machines.
Alternative: Mini-batch K-Means is a variant of K-Means that processes
subsets (mini-batches) of data at each iteration. It makes the algorithm
more scalable and suitable for distributed environments.
5. Real-time and Streaming Data:
Example: Naive Bayes classifiers require all training data to be present
during model training. In real-time or streaming scenarios, this might not
be practical.
Alternative: Online learning algorithms, such as Online Naive Bayes, can
continuously update the model as new data arrives, making them suitable
for real-time and streaming applications.
6. Feature Engineering:
Example: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is widely used for
dimensionality reduction, but it might not be the best choice for handling
high-dimensional big data with complex feature interactions.
Alternative: Non-linear dimensionality reduction techniques like t-
distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) or UMAP (Uniform
Manifold Approximation and Projection) can handle high-dimensional
data while preserving local and global structures more effectively.
7. Data Privacy and Security:
Example: Logistic Regression is a popular algorithm, but it might not be
suitable for analysing sensitive data without proper privacy measures.
Alternative: Differential Privacy is a framework that adds noise to the data
before analysis to protect individual privacy while still providing useful
aggregate information. It can be applied to various machine learning
algorithms to ensure privacy and security.