15 GRAMMAR Present perfect: affirmative I’ve lost my watch. ——— © We use present perfect when we describe a very recent event in the past without an exact time. The film has started. ‘© We often explain a present situation by saying what happened before it. We do not mention an exact time. Why are you late? I've lost my watch. ‘The past action (losing the watch) has a result in the present (I'm late). © We use the present perfect when we talk about our experiences in the past and do not mention an exact time, Ive lived in fifteen different countries. © We form the present perfect with [have/has + past participle Tve finished my homework. ‘Anna has Tost her watch Regular verbs With regular verbs, the past participle is the same as the past simple. Thave started hehas started we have started Tve started he’ started weve started youhavestarted she has started they have started you've started she’ started they've started it has started itt started Irregular verbs Each irregular verb has its own past participle. Sometimes the participle is the same as the past simple, sometimes it has a different form. Verb Past simple Past participle eat ate eaten leave left left drink drank drunk © There is a list of irregular verbs on page 248.GRAMMAR 15 PRESENT PERFECT: AFFIRMATIVE 1 Complete each sentence with has/have and a participle from the box. bought shed taken written happened .. my sandwich! her bag. Ym sorry. 1 Where's my di 1 2 a . your pen. 4 5. Were too late. The programme .. 6 a 8 9 Tina isn't here. She ... The police are ouside the school! Something awful your book! Here it is! five letters. some new shoes. Do you like them? 2. Complete the sentences with the present perfect form of the verbs in brackets. Maria and Helen (start) Frances (break) 1 (lose) .. 10 Max (take)... . at a new school her cup. my umbrella LHarry (0) weno MQS. 420 nue the housework. 2. Kate and Bill (find) .. anew flat 3. Nick (send) an email. 4 I (decide) to learn Japanese. 5 Sam and Dave (eat) all the sandwiches. 6 Carlos (buy)... adog. 7 8 9 - the dog for a walk. 3. Complete each sentence with the present perfect form of a verb from the box. arrive copy have make miss phone read see spend wash ! That's the last bus, and we ....nave.nsissed.. all the Harry Potter books. She likes them a lot! .-all of it! go to Big Burger's! the same as Jack’. I think you her hair, and she’ looking forthe hairdryer. Hurry up, Carol. Your tax. - It waiting outside. I'm sorry I (not) the travel agent. I've been very busy. Tu all the Lord of the Rings films five times. 10. Read this again. YOU so. Thaventt got any more money. 1 i : Your homework Maria... ..an idea! Let's earaueene some mistakes. 3940 6 = GRAMMAR Present perfect: negative haven't visited China. and questions Have you started? Negatives T haven't visited China before. This isthe first time. Thave not found my car keys. I'm still looking for them. have not = haven't has not = hasn't Regular Irregular Thaver't started wehaven'tstarted — Thaven'teaten _ we haver't eaten you haven't started they haven't started you haven't eaten they haven't eaten he hasnt started he hasn't eaten she hasnt started she hasn't eaten it hasn't started it hasn't eaten Questions Have you started your homework? Yes, I've finished it! Have you ever visited Cairo? Yes, I've been there twice. Regular Irregular Have started? Have westarted? Have I eaten? Have we eaten? Have you started? Have they started? Have you eaten? Have they eaten? Has he started? Has he eaten? Has she started? Has she eaten? Has it started? Has it eaten? SEE ALSO Grammar 18: Present perfect and past simple: time expressionsGRAMMAR 16 PRESENT PERFECT: NEGATIVE AND QUESTIONS 1 Read Nick's list of ‘Things to Do’ for his holiday. Write questions about it. Use the words in brackets. PERTTI Book hotel Check the timetable J Imite Tim K Borrow a gitide book V Loot at the map + Buy a ticket Pack my suitease X Choose my clothes K 1 (hotel) 2 (Tim) 3 (map) 4 (suitcase) 5 (timetable) 6 (guide book) 7 (ticket) 8 (clothes) Read Nick's list. Write statements and negative sentences. (hotel) Hes. bonkee. the, Jnotel (Tim) . (map) (suitcase) (timetable) (guide book) (ticket) (clothes) euaneone 3 Complete this letter. Use the correct verb form of the words in brackets. 412 Ve GRAMMAR Present perfect He's left. and past simple He left at 8.00. Contrast © Present perfect Sorry, he isn’t here. He's left. ‘We know that this is recent. We do not know when exactly he left Past simple Sorry, he isn't here. He left at 8.00. We know exactly when he left. © Present perfect Ronaldo has scored a goal! We are interested that he has scored! We are not interested in when he did this. Past simple Ronaldo scored a goal in the second minute of the match. ‘We are interested in the time when he scored. © Present perfect Tve broken my pen, Now I can't write. ‘This explains why we can't do something now. Past simple T broke my pen at school in the maths test. This explains what happened, where it happened and when it happened. © Present perfect Have you been to China? Yes. This is a question about our experiences in the past. Past simple When did you go to China? _I went in 1998. This is a question about exactly when we went to China. been and gone Kate has been to school. (She went there and came back. She’s at home now.) Kate has gone to school. (She's not at home now. She's at school.)GRAMMAR 17 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE 1 Choose the best picture (a-f) for each sentence (1-6). 1 [lived there for ten years, 2. Thave lived here for ten years. 3. Pat has gone shopping. 4 Pat has been shopping. 5 6 We've missed the bus. We missed the bus. 2 Underline the correct verb form in each sentence. Can I have another book? I've read / read this one. Tm not ready. I didn't finish | haven't finished my homework. I cant find my wallet. I think I've lost / lost it. Did you eat / Have you eaten spaghetti last night? Harry left / has left at 10.30. Hurry up, Jim! You didn’t start / haven't started! Did you see | Have you seen the match on TV last night? iS Naueune 3 Complete the sentences with the past simple or present perfect form of the verbs in brackets. ‘Where (you go) ....444.4%.9¢..... for your holidays last year? cant play any more. I (just hurt) my foot. Jane isa famous writer, and (write) over fifty books. “We had a great party last week? “Who (you, invite) Where (you, meet). Sam? Was it at the sports centre? Peter (not play) basketball for a month. 1 2 3 4. Sorry, I (not finish) .. .. my letters yet. 5 6 7 B18 GRAMMAR Present perfect and past simple: time expressions ever, just, yet, already, since, for, ago Present perfect We use the present perfect with: © ever, never (any time / not any time) Have you ever seen a lion? I've never seen a lion. © just (a short time ago) Is Peter here? No, he’s just gone out. There he is! © yet (not finished - with negatives and questions) Have you finished your homework yet? No, I'm still doing it © already (finished ~ with statements) Have a sandwich! No thanks, D've already eaten. I had lunch at 12.00. © since (a point in time) 2003 2008 NOW ee started living here I've lived in this town since 2008. (I live here now.) Present perfect or past simple © for (a period of time) -3 years -2years -l year Now I’ve lived in this town for three years. (I live here now.) 2003 2004 2005 NOW SS started I lived in that flat for two years, but I don't live there now. Past simple © ago Istarted learning English a year ago.GRAMMAR 18 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST SIMPLE: TIME EXPRESSIONS 1 Match each sentence (1-7) with an explanation (a-g). Vaueene Jim has just written a book. Has Jim written a book yet? Jim has already written a book. Jim wrote a book a year ago. Jim has never written a book. Has Jim ever written a book? Jim has written two books since 2006, This is not his first book, Does Jim write books? He finished his book last year. He finished a few days ago. Jim started writing in 2006 and has written two books between then and now. Jim doesn't write books. Has he finished a book? 2. Underline the correct word in each sentence. 1 Noauren 3. Complete each sentence with a time word from the box. Have you ever / yet visited Slovenia? ‘Tom has for / just come back from the USA. Ym not hungry. 've already / since eaten. Jane lived in Greece since / for fifteen years. Brian and Claire got married fen years ago / since ten years. I can't come out. I haver't done my homework already / yet. Mark has worked in Turkey ago / since 2008. Nauewene Sue has been on the beach ......f2K. I don't want to see this film. I've. Have you been to the Greek islands? Can you wait a moment? I haven't finished .. Ouch! An insect has .... George has Rick has lived in Japan..... ... an hour, but she hasn't had a swim yet. . seen it. bitten me! eaten Chinese food, so this is the first time for him! 2008. 45