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2 Biological Classification
CONTENTS NEET SYLLABUS

 Kingdom Monera
 Five kingdom classification
 Kingdom Protista
 salient features and
 Kingdom Fungi
classification of Monera
 Kingdom Plantae Protista and Fungi into
 Kingdom Animalia major groups

 Viruses, Viroids and Lichens  Viruses and Viroids.

 Lichens

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INTRODUCTION
 In this chpater we will study the broad classification of living organisms. This system was
proposed by Whittaker (1969) where in he suggested that 5 kingdom classification viz
Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
 Sr |12We
th must stress here that our understanding of the Plant kingdom and Animal kingdom
class BOTANY VOL-1
has changed over time. Fungi, and members of the Monera and Protista having cell
walls have now been excluded from Plantae though earlier classifications put them in
the same kingdom. So, the cyanobacteria that are also referred to as blue green
algae are not ‘algae’ any more. Unicellular, Eucaryotic organisms have been separated
from animalia and they are put in Protista. We will study how the evolution of
organisms has taken place from simple to complex forms and how the study of
these organisms has been simplified by classification.
* Since the dawn of civilisation, there have been many attempts to classify living
organisms. It was done instinctively not using criteria that were scientific but borne
out of a need to use organisms for our own use – for food, shelter and clothing.
* Aristotle was the earliest to attempt a more scientific basis for classification. He used
simple morphological characters to classify plants into trees, shrubs and herbs. He
also divided animals into two groups, those which had red blood (Aeimia) and those
that did not (Aneimia).
TWO KINGDOM SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION
* In Linnaeus’ time, Two Kingdom system of classification with Plantae and Animalia
kingdoms was developed that included all plants and animals respectively. This system
was used till very recently.
* DEMERITS :This system did not distinguish between the eukaryotes and prokaryotes,
unicellular and multicellular organisms and photosynthetic (green algae) and non-
photosynthetic (fungi) organisms.
* Merits:Classification of organisms into plants and animals was easily done and was
easy to understand, inspite, a large number of organisms did not fall into either
category. Hence the two kingdom classification used for a long time was found
inadequate.
* A need was also felt for including, besides gross morphology, other characteristics like
cell structure, nature of wall, mode of nutrition, habitat, methods of reproduction,
evolutionary relationships, etc.Classification systems for the living organisms have
hence, undergone several changes over time.
* Though plant and animal kingdoms have been a constant under all different systems,
the understanding of what groups/organisms be included under these kingdoms
have been changing; the number and nature of other kingdoms have also been
understood differently by different scientists over time.
 Three kingdom system of classification
Ernst Haeckel (1866), a German zoologist suggested that a third kingdom, Protista
should be created to include those unicellular microorganisms that are typically neither
plants nor animals. He included bacteria, algae, fungi and protozoa under Protista.
* Three kingdoms according to Haeckel are Protista, Plantae and Animalia.

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 FOUR KINGDOM SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

Copeland (1956) suggested that all prokaryotes. i.e., bacteria, cyanobacteria, etc., be placed
under kingdom Monera (= Mychota). According to Copeland, four kingdoms are Monera (=
Mychota), Protista, Plantae and Animalia.
* The main drawback of this system is that fungi are not properly placed.
* R.H. Whittaker (1969) proposed a Five Kingdom Classification. The kingdoms
defined by him were named Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae and Animalia.
* The main criteria for classification used by him include cell structure, thallus
organisation, mode of nutrition, reproduction and phylogenetic relationships.
* The table below gives a comparative account of different characteristics of the five
kingdoms.
Living World

Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Characteristics of the Five Kingdome

Chara- Five Kingdoms

cters Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia
Cell type Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic
Cell wall Noncellulosic Present in Present Present Absent
(Polysaccharide Some (without (cellulose)
+ amino acid) cellulose)
Nuclear
Absent Present Present Present Present
membrane
Body Cellular Cellular Multiceullar/ Tissue/ Tissue/organ/
organis- loose tissue organ organ system
ation
Mode of Autotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic Autotrophic Heterotrophic
nutrition (chemosyn- (Photosynth- (Saprophytic/ (Photosynthetic) ( H o l o z o i c /
thetic & etic) and Parasitic) Saprophytic
photosynthetic) Heterotrophic etc.)
and Heterotr-
ophic
(saprophytic/
Parasitic

Need for five kingdom classification was felt due to following reasons
* Earlier classification systems included bacteria, blue green algae, fungi, mosses, ferns,
gymnosperms and the angiosperms under ‘Plants’.
* The character that unified this whole kingdom was that all the organisms included
had a cell wall in their cells. This placed together groups which widely differed in
other characterstics. It brought together the prokaryotic bacteria and the blue green
algae with other groups which were eukaryotic.

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* It also grouped together the unicellular organisms and the multicellular ones, say, for example,
Chlamydomonas and Spirogyra were placed together under algae.
* The classification did not differentiate between the heterotrophic group – fungi, and the
autotrophic green plants, though they also showed a characteristic difference in their walls
composition – the fungi had chitin in their walls while the green plants had a cellulosic cell wall.
Merits
Sr |12 th
classof fiveBOTANY
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classification:-
* Fungi were placed in a separate kingdom – Kingdom Fungi.
* All prokaryotic organisms were grouped together under Kingdom Monera and the
unicellular eukaryotic organisms were placed in Kingdom Protista.
* Kingdom Protista has brought together Chlamydomonas, Chlorella (earlier placed in
Algae within plants and both having cell walls) with Paramoecium and Amoeba
(which were earlier placed in the animal kingdom) which lack it. It has put together
organisms which, in earlier classifications, were placed in different kingdoms.
* This happened because the criteria for classification changed. This kind of changes will
take place in future too depending on the improvement in our understanding of
characteristics and evolutionary relationships.
* Over time, an attempt has been made to evolve a classification system which reflects
not only the morphological, physiological and reproductive similarities, but is also
phylogenetic, i.e., is based on evolutionary relationships.
Major
D. Ecological Decomposer Consumer
Producer
Role
Mode of Autotrophy Heterotrophy Heterotrophy
C. Nutrition Photosynthesis Absorption Ingestion

Kingdom Kingdom
Direction of Evolution

Kingdom Fungi Animalia

Protista

Complex
(Multicellular)
B. Complexity Kingdom
Simple Protista
of Organism
(Unicellular)

Eucaryotes
A. Complexity Procaryotes Kingdom
of Cell Autotrophy Monera
(Chemosynthesis)

 SIX KINGDOM SYSTEM OF CLASSIFICATION

 Carl Woese proposed six kingdom classification.
 These are Archebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
 The seperation of Arechaebacteria and Eubacteria was on the basis of some major differences such

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as absence of peptidoglycan cell wall. Correct answer is

 Based on the sequence of 16S ribosomal (1) II, III, IV only (2) I, II, only
RNA genes, Woese included the six (3) III, IV only (4) I, II, III, IV
kingdoms into a natural cluster of three
main categories called the Domains. 5. What is the ratio of kingdoms of
 The three Domains are Bacteria, Archae whittaker having Eukaryotic organisms
and Eukarya, which are believed to be and multicellular organisms respectively?
originated from a common ancestor (1) 4:3 (2) 1:2
namely ‘Progenote’. (3) 3:4 (4) 1:1
 The domain Archea has more similarities 6. Unicellular eukaryotic alga -
with domain Eukarya Chlamydomonas was included in
this kingdom of Whittaker’s
classification
(1) Plantae (2) Protista
(3) Monera (4) Fungi
1. Classification of animals based on with 7. Both autotrophs and heterotrophs are
and with out blood was first made by included in these kingdoms of
(1) Linnaeus (2) Aristotle Whittaker’s classification
(3) Whittaker (4) Carl Woese (1) Monera, Plantae
2. The two kingdom classification can 2) Monera, Protista
differentiate (3) Monera, Fungi
(1) Autotrophs from heterotrophs (4) Monera, Animalia
(2) Prokaryotes from eukaryotes 8. In five kingdom classification, the
(3) Unicellular organisms from multicellular number of kingdoms with Eukaryotes
organisms is
(4) Plants from animals (1) 4 (2) 1 (3) 2 (4) 3
3. Identity the draw backs in two kingdom 9. Which are not included in the five
classification kingdom classification of Whittaker?
I) Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes were (1) Protista without cell walls
groupedtogether (2) Prokaryotes that lack cell wall
II) Unicellular & multicellular organisms (3) Branched filamentous bacteria
were grouped together (4) Lichens, viruses, viroids and prions
III) Heterotrophic fungi are not properly 10. In Whittaker’s five kingdom
placed classification the bounderies of which
(1) I only (2) I & II only kingdom is not well defined
(3) II & III only (4) I,II,III (1) Monera (2) Fungi
4. What are the main criteria used by (3) Archea (4) Protista
Whittaker for the classification of
11. Five kingdom system of classification is
organisms into five kingdoms
mainly based on
I) Reproduction and phylogenetic
relationships (1) Mode of nutrition
II) Mode of nutrition (2) Complexity of body organisation
III) Cell structure (3) Ecological role
IV) Thallus organisation (4) Complexity of cell structure

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12. In Whittaker’s five kingdom 18. Kingdom of unicellular eukaryotes is

classification, eukaryotes were
(1) Monera (2) Protista
assigned to
(3) Fungi (4) Cyanobacteria
(1) all the five kingdoms
19. Plant decomposers are under these
(2) two of the five kingdoms
kingdoms
(3) four of the five kingdoms
Sr |12th class BOTANY VOL-1 (1) Fungi and plantae
(4) only one of the five kingdoms
(2) Monera and fungi
13. Two kingdoms that are common to all
(3) Protists and Monera
biological classifications
(4) Protista and Plantae
(1) Monera and Plantae
20. Whittaker’s system of classification
(2) Plantae and Animalia
implies the unicellular eukaryotes are
(3) Protists and Monera primarily precusors of the
(4) Animalia and Fungi (1) plants (2) fungi
14. Earliest attempt to scientific basis for (3) animals (4) plants fungi and animals
classification is made by
21. Whittaker’s protista excludes
(1) Linnaeus (2) Whittaker
(1) some unicellular algae and fungi
(3) Aristotle (4) Theophrastus
(2) no unicellular organisms
15. Two kingdom classification was given by
(3) only unicellular prokaryotes
(1) Whittaker (2) Linnaeus
(4) all the above
(3) Copeland (4) Aristotle
16. Multicellular decomposers are
(1) Saprophytic plants
(2) Saprophytic bacteria
1. (2) 2. (4) 3. (4) 4. (4) 5. (1)
(3) Fungi (4) Monerans
6. (2) 7. (2) 8. (1) 9. (4) 10. (4)
17. In Whittaker’s classification
Archaebacteria and nitrogen fixing 11. (1) 12. (3) 13.(2) 14.(3) 15.( 2)
algae are placed under 16. (3) 17. (3) 18. (2) 19. (2) 20.(4)
(1) Plantae (2) Fungi 21.(3)
(3) Monera (4) Protista

KINGDOM MONERA
* Bacteria are the sole members of the Kingdom Monera.
* They are the most abundant among the micro-organisms.
* Bacteria occur almost everywhere (Ubiquitous). Billions of bacteria are present in a
handful of soil.
* They also live in extreme habitats such as hot springs, deserts, snow and deep
oceans where very few other life forms can survive.
* Many of them live in or on other organisms as parasites.
* Some of the bacteria are autotrophic, i.e., they synthesise their own food from
inorganic substrates.
* They may be photosynthetic autotrophic or chemosynthetic autotrophic. The vast

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majority of bacteria are heterotrophs, i.e., they do not synthesise their own food but
depend on other organisms or on dead organic matter for food.
 The kingdom Monera (monos-single; Dougherty and Allen, 1960) includes all prokaryotes.
 The kingdom Monera is divided into two major groups, the Eubacteria (true
bacteria) and the Archaebacteria (primitive bacteria). Eubacteria include several sub
groups, the most distinctive of which is Cyanobacteria (blue green algae)
 Other Monera members include Actinomycetes (filamentous bacteria), Mycoplasma,
Rickettsiae etc.
Archaebacteria
* These bacteria are special since they live in some of the most harsh habitats such
as extreme salty areas (halophiles), hot springs (thermoacidophiles) and marshy
areas (methanogens).
* Archaebacteria differ from other bacteria in having a different cellwall structure and
this feature is responsible for their survival in extreme conditions.
* Methanogens are present in the guts of several ruminant animals such as cows and
buffaloes and they are responsible for the production of methane (biogas) from the
dung of these animals.
 Methanogens – Methanobacterium, Methanobacillus, Methanosarcina and
Methanococcus.
 Halophiles – Holobacterium and Halococcus.
 Thermoacidophiles e.g. Sulfobolus, Thermoplasma, Thermoproteins.
Eubacteria
 Anton von Leeuwenhoek (1675), a Dutch naturalist discovered bacteria and
interestingly termed those as tiny animalcules. Linnaeus (1758) called them vermes.
 Bacteria were traditionally believed to be microscopic unicellular plants without
chlorophyll that reproduce by fission.
 Ehrenberg (1838) first of all coined the word Bacteria (Gk. Bakteron = small rod)
for these small organisms.
* Bacteria are grouped under four categories based on their shape:the spherical
Coccous (pl.: cocci), the rod-shaped Bacillus(pl.:bacilli),the comma-shaped Vibrium
(pl.:vibrio) and the spiral spirillum (pl.:spirilla)

Spore
Flagellum

Cocci Bacilli Spirilla Vibrio

Bacteria of different shapes

* Though the bacterial structure is very simple. They are very complex in behaviour,
compared to many other organisms.

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* Bacteria as a group show the most extensive metabolic deversity.

* Some of the bacteria are autotrophic. i.e they synthesise their own food from inorganic
substrates.
They may be photosynthetic autotrophic or chemosynthetic autorophic.
* The vast majority of bacteria are heterotrophs, i.e., they do not synthesise their own food
butth depend
Sr |12 class onBOTANY
other organisms
VOL-1 or on dead organic matter for food.
* Heterotrophic bacteria are the most aboundant in nature. The majority are important
decomposers.
* Many of them have a significant impact on human affairs. They are helpful in making
curd form milk, porduction of antibiotics, fixing nitrogen in legume roots, etc.
* Some are pathogens causing damage to human beings, crops, farms animals and pets,
* Different pathogenic bacteria causes human diseases like cholera, typhoid, tetanus etc and
plant dieseases like citrus canker, Blight of paddy, Crown gall of apple etc.
* Bacteria reproduce mainly by binary fission. Sometimes, under unfavourable conditions,they
produce endospores(bacillus sps).
Plasma
Prokaryotic membrane
chromosome
Cell wall

1 Duplication of chromosome
and separation of copies

Continued elongation of the

2 cell and movement of copies

3 Division into
two daughter cells

Binary fission in bacteria

* They also reproduce by sort of sexual reproduction by adopting a primitive type of DNA
transfer (conjugation, transformation, Transduction)form one bacterium to the other.
CYANOBACTERIA
 Cyanobacteria (Gk. Cyano = blue, bact = rod) or blue green algae are Gram negative photosynthetic
prokaryotes, being the most primitive organisms to have oxygenic photosynthesis. They are the
most successful and self dependent organisms on the earth and survived successfully for
more than three billion years. They added oxygen to the atmosphere, which is indispensible

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for the existence of aerobic forms of living organisms

Heterocyst

Mucilagenous
sheath

A filamentous
blue-green alga-Nostoc
CELL STRUCTURE
* The cyanobacteria (also referred to as blue-green algae) have chlorophyll a similar to
green plants
. and are photosynthetic autotrophs.
* They often form blooms in polluted water bodies.
* The cyanobacteria are unicellular, colonial or filamentous, marine or terrestrial algae.
* Flagellated structure or stage is totally absent in the life cycle
* The colonies are generally surrounded by gelatinous sheath.
* Some of these organisms can fix atmospheric nitrogen in specialised cells called
heterocysts, e.g., Nostoc and Anabaena.
 The cell contains reserve food material in the form of special starch called cyanophycean
starch. Other granules present in a cyanobacterial cell are volutin granules and polyhedral
bodies.
 The characteristic feature of a cyanobacterial cell is the presence of a system of photosynthetic
lamellae called thylakoids, which make the structure more elaborate in comparison to that in
bacteria. The characteristic photosynthetic pigments present in the thylakoids are chlorophyll a and
phycobilins i.e., phycocyanin (blue coloured) allophycocyanin (blue) and phycoerythrin (red
coloured).
 Sometimes, the same species, when grown under different wavelengths of light, exhibits variations in
pigment composition. It is believed that by doing so, the alga is able to absorb maximum available
light for photosynthesis. This capacity to change colour with complementary effect towards light is
known as Gaidukov phenomenon (first given by Gaidukov) or complementary chromatic
adaptation. e.g,. Trichodesmium
Gas vaculoe

Lamellasome Thylakoid
Circular
chromosome
Oil drops
(food reserve)
Phycobilin pigment
granules

Polysaccharide reserve
Mucilagenous covering
Protein crystal
Cell wall

Ultrastructure of a cyanophycean cell

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* They are most self dependent organisms, because most of these are capable of converting
atmospheric nitrogen into ammonium compounds besides utilizing atmospheric CO2
for synthesis of organic food during photosynthesis. These are the first oxygenic
photosynthetic organisms.
* Nitrogen fixation under anaerobic conditions mainly occurs in specialized cells called
heterocysts. Heterocysts are large sized pale coloured mucilage free, thick walled cells
th
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Reproduction
 Cyanobacteria reproduce vegetatively and asexually. Typically sexual reproduction is absent.
Gene recombination is, however, reported to occur. Cyanobacteria multiply by
* Binary fission: It occurs in unicellular forms. The daughter cells formed by amitotic division,
immediately after the division.
* Fragmentation: It occurs in filamentous forms. The filament breaks up into short pieces or
fragments that grow to form new filaments.
* Hormogones: They are small trichome segments which separate from the parent due to
death of intervening cells (necridia).
* Akinetes: Vegetative cells are transformed into thick walled akinetes due to the deposition
of food
followed by the thickening of wall. On the arrival of favourable conditions, they germinate
to form new filaments.
MYCOPLASMAS (PPLO’s)
* The Mycoplasmas are organisms that completely lack a cell wall. They are the
smallest living cells known and can survive without oxygen.
* MLO (mycoplasma-like organisms) or PPLO (pleuropneumonia like organisms) were
discovered by Nocard and Roux (1898) in pleural fluid of cattle having bovine
pleuropneumonia.
* The Mycoplasmas are organisms that completely lack a cell wall and are pleomorphic.
* They can survive without oxygen (Obligate anaerobes).
* Many mycoplasmas are pathogenic in animals and plants. They were previously called
pleuropneumonia like organisms (PPLO).
Replicating disc
Plasma Membrane
Ribosomes

DNA
RNA
Protein
Particle
Enzymes

Granule

Fig : Ultrastructure of PPLO

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Mycoplasma cause various diseases in plants, animals and human beings. Some are given
below:
 Plant diseases : The mycoplasma diseases are generally transmitted through insects such
as leaf hopper, mites and flies.
(i) Witches’ broom (ii) Aster yellow (iii) Brinjal little leaf
(iv) Bunchy top of Papaya (v) Sesame phyllody (vi) Sandal spike
 Diseases in animals :
(i) Pleuropneumonia in cattle
(ii) Inflammation of genitals
(iii) Agalactia of sheep and goat
 Diseases in human beings
(i) Infertility in man
(ii) Primary atypical pneumonia
Actinomycetes
 Actinomycetes are mycelial (aseptate branched filaments) bacteria which form radiating
colonies in culture.Because of this, actinomycetes were formerly called ray fungi.
 Mycelial form is reduced in Mycobacterium and Corynebacterium. Mycelia have a diameter
of 1 m or less.
 Wall contains mycolic acid. The bacteria frm conidia and conidial chains, analogous to
some fungi. However, they are procaryotic. Fragmentation is quite common. Other modes
of reproduction are conidia, sporangiospores an arthrospores or oidia.
Economic importance of Actinomycetes
 Actinomycetes have been used extensively in preparation of antibiotics.
Table : Antibiotics obtained from Actinomycetes and Bacteria
Antibiotic Source
Streptomycin Streptomyces griseus
Terramycin or oxytetracycline S. ramosus
Erythromycin S. erythreus
Chloromycetin or chloramphenicol S. venezualae and
S. lavendulae
Neomycin S. fradiae

Frankia is the only Actinomycetes that fixes atmospheric nitrogen forming root nodule by
symbiotic association in non-leguminous plants like Alnus, Casuarina, Myristica, etc.

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29. Organisms which obtain energy by the

oxidation of reduced inorganic
compounds are
(1) Photo autotrophs
(2) Photo heterotrophs
th (3) Chemo heterotrophs
22. Sr |12 class
Biogas BOTANY
is produced VOL-1
by the members
(4) Chemo autotrophs
which belong to
30. The thickwalled spores formed during
(1) Eubacteria (2) Archaebacteria
asexual reproduction in heterocystous
(3) Mycoplasmas (4) Cyanobacteria cyanobacteria are
23. Cell organelle found in all prokaryotes (1) Hormogonia (2) Endospores
(1) Mesosomes (2) Chromatophores (3) Akinetes (4) Sporangiospores
(3) Ribosomes (4) Dictyosomes 31. Monera are
24. Peptidoglycan is a combination of (1) unicellular eukaryotes
(1) Glycolipid (2) Amino acid (2) Saprophytic eukaryotes
(3) Prokaryotes (4) All of these
(3) Polysaccharides (4) 2 & 3
32. Which kingdom incorporates
25. Which of the following is not the photoautotrophs, chaemoautotrophs
characteristic of Archaebacteria and heterotrophs?
(1) They are most primitive monerans (1) Protista (2) Archaebacteria
(2) Cell wall contains pseudomurein (3) Monera (4) Plantae
(3) Can toletate adverse conditions 33. Archaebacteria that live in marshy areas
(4) Presence of peptidoglycan are
26. The most wide spread group of (1) Halophiles (2) Methanogens
microorganisms on earth belong to (3) Acidophiles (4) Cryophiles
kingdom 34. Organisms found in extreme
(1) Monera (2) Protista temperatures are
(3) Fungi (4) Plantae (1) Eubacteria (2) Archaebacteria
27. Eubacteria which oxidise inorganic (3) Fungi (4) Cyanobacteria
chemicals such as Ammonia,nitrate 35.. Primitive type of DNA transfer occurs
nitrites are during sexual reproduction in
(1) Chemosyntheticautotrophic (1) Bacteria (2) Fungi
(2) Chemosynthetic heterotrophic (3) Slime moulds (4) Cyanobacteria
(3) Photosynthetic autotrophic 36. Most common method of reproduction
(4) Photosynthetic heterotrophic in bacteria is
28. The most primitive organisms showing (1) Endosproes (2) Fragmentation
oxygenic photosynthesis are (3) Binary fission (4) Conjugation
(1) Green algae 37. Bacterial cell membrane has
(2) Chrysophytes (1) Chitin (2) Cellulose
(3) Green and purple sulphur bacteria (3) Proteins and phospholipids
(4) Cyanobacteria (4) Acetyl glucosamine and muramic acid

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38. Bacteria lack 48. Organisms that often bloom in polluted

(1) Cell wall (2) Cell membrane water bodies
(3) Ribosomes (4) Mitochondria (1) Archaebacteria (2) Eubacteria
39. Nitrogen fixing Cyanobacterium is (3) Mycoplasma (4) Cyanobacteria
(1) Rhizobium (2) Nostoc 49. Function of heterocysts in cyanobacterium
(3) Chlorella (4) Methanogens (1) Perennation (2) Assimilation
40. Heterocysts are Specialised in
(3) Spore production (4) Nitrogen fixation
(1) Nitrogen fixation under aerobic
conditions 50. Unicellular organisms that divide by
(2) Nitrogen fixation under anaerobic binary fission are
conditions (1) Viruses
(3) Formation of internal hormogones (2) An independent group between viruses
(4) Saprotrophism and bacteria
41. One of the reasons to include (3) Fungi (4) Bacteria
cyanophyceae (cyanobacteria) in 51. During Gram’s stain
prokaryote is (1) all bacteria, Gram +ve or -ve, take crystal
(1) presence of mucilage sheath violet stain.
(2) absence of nuclear membrane (2) only gram +ve bacteria take crystal violet
(3) presence of sexuality stain.
(4) absence of flagellation (3) only Gram -ve bacteria take crystal violet
42. Monerans that do not have cell wall and stain
smaller known organisms are (4) Gram(+)ve bacteria lose this stain after
(1) Methanogens (2) Archaebaceteria alcohol treatment and take red stain of
safranin.
(3) Mycoplasma (4) Cyanobacteria
43. Monera are evolved from 52. When a spiral bacterium has only one
curve and is comma like, it is called
(1) Progenote (2) Protista
(1) spirillum (2) vibrio
(3) Viruses (4) All the above
44. Halophiles are (3) bacillus (4) spirochaete
(1) Chemoautotrophs 53. The major part of cell wall of monerans
(2) Photoautotrophs (Bacteria and Cyanobacteria) is made up
of a polymer called
(3) Chemo heterotrophs
(1) Peptidoglycan (2) Mucopeptide
(4) Photo heterotrophs
45. Identify a bacterial disease from the (3) Glycopeptide or murein
following (4) All the above
(1) Polio (2) Mumps
54. On the basis of shape and staining
(3) Cholera (4) Small pox
Eschereichia coli is
46. Citrus canker disease is caused by
(1) Virus (2) Fungus (1) Bacillus, Gram -ve
(3) Bacteria (4) Mycoplasma (2) Coccus, Gram -ve
47. Cyanobacteria are (3) Spirillum, Gram +ve
(1) Producers (2) Decomposers (4) Vibrio, Gram +ve
(3) Consumers (4) All the above

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55. Mesosomes in bacteria are considered A B

equivalent to mitochondria. What is
(1) Oxygenation Protection
correct for mesosomes?
(1) They contain respiratory enzymes like (2) Nitrogen Respiration
cytochrome oxidase and dehydrogenase fixation
(2) They are infoldings of cell membrane to (3) Nitrogen Retentionof moisture
th
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class surface
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(4) Protection Nitrogen fixation
(3) They are attached to nucleoid to provide
energy during binary fission, and help in
nucleoid separation and septa formation.
(4) All of the above
56. Peptidoglycan (Murein) and amino acids
in cell wall are found in 22) 2 23) 3 24) 4 25) 4 26) 1 27) 1
(1) Archaebacteria and Eukaryotes 28) 4 29) 4 30) 3 31) 3 32) 3 33) 2
(2) Eubacteria and Protista 34) 2 35) 1 36) 3 37) 3 38) 4 39) 2
(3) Monera and Protista 40) 2 41) 2 42) 3 43) 1 44) 3 45) 3
(4) Bacteria and Cyanobacteria 46) 3 47) 1 48) 4 49) 4 50) 4 51) 1
57. Identify the type of bacteria from the 52) 2 53) 4 54) 1 55) 4 56) 4 57) 3
following diagram 58) 3

KINGDOM PROTISTA
* All single-celled eukaryotes are placed
under Protista,
* The boundaries of this kingdom are not
well defined. What may be ‘a
(1) Bacilli (2) Cocci photosynthetic protistan’ to one biologist
(3) Vibrio (4) Spirilla may be ‘a plant’ to another.
58. Given is the structure of a blue gree * Members of Protista are primarily aquatic.
alga. Identify the function of the * This kingdom forms a link with the
marked region A and B. others dealing with plants, animals and
fungi.
A * Being eukaryotes, the protistan cell body
contains a well defined nucleus and other
B membrane-bound organelles.
* Some have flagella or cilia.
* Protists reproduce asexually and sexually
by a process involving cell fusion and
zygote formation.
* Chrysophytes, Dianoflagellates,
Euglenoids, Slime moulds and
Protozoans are included in Protista.

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 37
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

Chrysophytes
DIATOMS (GK. DIA - THROUGH, TEMNEIN - TO CUT)
* This group includes diatoms and desmids (golden algae).
* They are found in fresh water as well as in marine environments.
* They are microscopic and float passively in water currents (plankton).
* In diatoms the cell walls form two thin overlapping shells, which fit together as in a soap
box.
 The body is covered by a transparent siliceous shell known as frustule. The frustule is
made of two valves, epitheca and hypotheca.
* The walls are embedded with silica and thus the walls are indestructible.
* Most of them are photosynthetic. Photosynthetic pigments chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-
c,  -carotene, fucoxanthin etc..
 The food reserve is in the form of oils and leucosin or chrysolaminarin (polysaccharide,
 -1, 3 glucan),
Volutin globules (proteinaceous in nature) are also present.
 The common mode of multiplication is by binary fission. Each daughter retains one valve
of the parent as epitheca and secretes a new hypotheca. As a result, one of the two
daughter is slightly smaller than the parent. Over the generations there would be considerable
reduction in size. The normal size is restored by the formation of rejuvenescent zygote
called auxospore.

 TYPES OF DIATOMS
a) Pennales type having bilateral symmetry e.g. Navicula
b) Centrales type having radial symmetry e.g. Melosira.
Importance of diatoms
* Thus, diatoms have left behind large amount of cell wall deposits in their habitat;
this accumulation over billions of years is referred to as ‘diatomaceous earth’
(keiselghur)
* Being gritty this soil is used in polishing, filtration of oils and syrups.
* Diatoms are the chief ‘producers’ in the oceans.

38 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

Dianoflagellates
 They are golden brown photosynthetic protists.
* These are mostly marine and photosynthetic forms.
* They appear yellow, green, brown, blue or red depending on the main pigments present
in their cells.
* Theth class
Sr |12 BOTANY
cell wall has VOL-1 plates on the outer surface called theca or lorica. The
stiff cellulose
theca contains two groves-the longitudinal groove called the sulcus and the transverse
groove known as the cingulum or annulus or girdle.
 Reserve food is stored in the form of starch in fresh water forms and oils in marine
forms.
* Most of them have two unequal flagella (hetrokont). One long flagellum lies
vertically in sulcus the other short flagellum arranged perpendicular to long flagellum
in transverse groove. Due to presence of two flagella at right angles to each other,
the dinoflagellates show peculiar spinning movement. Hencce they are called
whirling whips.
* Very often, red dianoflagellates (Example: Gonyaulax) undergo such rapid
multiplication that they make the tides appear red (red tides).
* The toxins called ‘Saxi toxins’ are produced by dinoflagellates. Consumption of
dinoflagellates with these toxins may even kill small marine animals including fishes.

Theca

Girdle Flagellum

Spiral Girdle

Sulcus
Longitudinal
fiagellus

A Dinoflagellate
* Some marine dinoflgellates show bioluminescence, e.g., Gonyaulax, Noctiluca, Pyrocystis,
Pyrodinium, etc.
* Dinoflagellates reproduce either asexually or sexually.
* Asexual reproduction occurs by cell division, spores and cysts.
* Sexual reproduction is isogamous or anisogamous.
* The life cycle involves zygotic meiosis. Gametic meiosis occurs in Noctiluca.
EUGLENOIDS
* Majority of them are fresh water organisms found in stagnant water.
* Instead of a cell wall, they have a protein rich layer called pellicle which makes
their body flexible.
* The anterior end bears an invagination having three parts-cytostome, cytopharynx
and reservoir.
* Two flagella, a short and a long one are loacted in the anterior groove.

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 39
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

* An orange-red eye spot or stigma contains red pigment astaxanthin present adjascent to
reservoir.
* The pigments of euglenoids are chlorophyll- a, chlorophyll-b,  - carotene and
xanthophylls which are identical to those present in higher plants.
 They can also perform creeping movements by expansion and contraction of their body.
The phenomenon is called metaboly.
* Though they are photosynthetic in the presence of sunlight, when deprived of
sunlight they behave like heterotrophs by predating on other smaller organisms.(
Mixotrophic nutrition)
* They store their carbohydrates as paramylum bodies.
* Under favourable conditions, they multiply by longitudinal binary fission.
* During unfavourable conditions they reproduce by formation of resting stage called palmella
stage.
* Sexual reproduction has not yet been definitely proven.

reservoir
eyespot
contractile vacuole

flagellum

Paramylon body
chloroplast

nucleus

Pellicle

Euglena
SLIME MOULDS (Consumer Decomposer Protistans)
* Slime moulds are saprophytic protists. ( protistan fungi)
* The body moves along decaying twigs and leaves engulfing organic material.
* Under suitable conditions, they form an aggregation called plasmodium which may
grow and spread over several feet.
* During unfavourable conditions, the plasmodium differentiates and forms fruiting
bodies bearing spores at their tips.
* The spores possess true walls. They are extremely resistant and survive for many
years, even under adverse conditions.
* The spores are dispersed by air currents.
 Slime moulds are two types
Acellular slime moulds - Physaram, Physarella, Fuligo
Cellular slime moulds - Dictyostelium, Polysphondhlium

40 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

PROTOZOANS
* All protozoans are heterotrophs and live as predators or parasites.
* They are believed to be primitive relatives of animals. There are four major groups
of protozoans. They are
* a) Amoeboid protozoans: These organisms live in fresh water, sea water or moist soil.
th
Sr |12
Theyclass
moveandBOTANY VOL-1
capture their prey by putting out pseudopodia.
Marine forms have silica shells on their surface.
Ex : Amoeba, Entamoeba.
* b) Flagellated protozoans: The members of this group are either free-living or parasitic.
They have flagella.
The parasitic forms cause diaseases such as sleeping sickness.
Ex: Trypanosoma.
* c) Ciliated protozoans: These are aquatic, actively moving organisms because of the
presence of thousands of cilia.
They have a cavity (gullet) that opens to the outside of the cell surface.
The coordinated movement of rows of cilia causes the water laden with food to be
steered into the gullet.
Ex: Paramoecium.
* d) Sporozoans: This includes diverse organisms that have an infectious spore-like
stage in their life cycle.
The most notorious is Plasmodium (malarial parasite) which causes malaria which
has a staggering effect on human population.
))))))(((((((
))) (
)

Pellicle
(((
))))

((((((

Cilia
))))))))))))))))))

Anterior
(((((((((( ((((((((((((((((((

contractile
vacuole
(
))))))))

Micronucleus
))))))))))))))))

Macronucleus
Oral groove
(((((((((((((((((((((

Cytostome
Cytopharynx
)))))))

Food vacuole
)))))))

(((

Posterior contractile
)))

(
)

vacuole
)

(
)

(
)

(
)

( ((
)

Cytopyge
) ) ))

((((
) )
))))

(((
(

((( )))
( ))

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 41
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

(3) Euglenoids, Slime moulds,

Protozoans
(4) Diatoms,Dinoflagellates,Euglenoids
66. Characteristic spores of diatoms are
(1) Zoospores (2) Ascospores
59. All eukaryotic unicellular organisms
belong to (3) Auxospores (4) Basidiospores
(1) Monera (2) Protista 67. Red tides in Medeterranian sea are
(3) Fungi (4) Bacteria caused by
60. The first Eukaryotes to evolve are (1) Chrysophytes (2) Monerans
(1) Bryophytes (3) Dinoflagellates (4) Mycoplasmas
(2) Green Algae 68. Mesokaryon is
(3) Blue - green Algae (4) Protistans
(1) A dikaryon
61. Find the correct statement
(2) Centroplasm of bluegreen algae
(1) Centrale diatoms are bilaterally
symmetrical (3) Intermediate stage between a
dikaryon and synkaryon
(2) Pennale diatoms are radially
symmetrices (4) The nucleus of dinoflagellates which
(3) Auxospores are rejuvenatory spores has condensed chromosomes even in
interphase and donot have histones.
(4) Dinoflagellates are mostly fresh water
organisms 69. Protistans are connecting link between
62. Auxospores and heterocysts are formed (1) Fungi and animals
respectively by (2) Plants and animals
(1) Some diatoms and several (3) Monerans and kingdoms of
cyanobacteria multicellular organisms
(2) All cyanobacteria and diatoms (3) Bacteria and plants
(3) Several cyanobacteria and several 70. Kingdom Protista does not include
diatoms (1) Photosynthetic algae
(4) Several diatoms and some (2) Blue green algae
cyanobacteria (3) Slime moulds (4) Chrysophytes
63. Chief producers of the ocean are 71. Chief producers in the ocean are
(1) Chrysophytes (2) Dinoflagellates
(1) Slime moulds (2) Bacteria
(3) Euglenoids (4) Eubacteria
(3) Green algae (4) Diatoms
64. Diatomaceous earth is used in
72. Soap box like overlapping shells are
1) Polishing found in the cell walls of
2) Filtration of oils and syrups
(1) Dinoflagellates (2) Protozoan protists
3) Production of Antibiotics
(3) Diatoms (4) Euglenoids
4) 1 and 2
73. Auxospores or rejuvenescent cells are
65. Photosythetic protists (or) protistan characteristic of which of the
algae include. followings?
(1) Flagellated protozoans, Slime moulds, (1) Dinoflagellates (2) Diatoms
Chrysophytes
(3) Zooflagellates (4) Sporotozoans
(2) Amoeboid protozoans, Diatoms,
Euglenoids

42 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

74. The outer covering of which organism is 84. Saprophytic protists that form
used as abrasive for metal polishing? plasmodium are
(1) Dinoflagellates (2) Radiolarinas (1) Fungi (2) Slime moulds
(3) Sponge (4) Diatoms (3) Sporozoans (4) Ciliates
75. In Noctiluca, mesokaryotic stage appears 85. Sleeping sickness is caused by
in (1) Entamoeba (2) Paramoecium
Sr |12th class BOTANY VOL-1 (3) Trypanosoma (4) Plasmodium
(1) somatic stage
(2) at the time of first binary fission 86. Amoeba moves with the help of
(3) after a few binary fissions (1) Flagella (2) Pseudoplasmodia
(3) Cilia (4) Pseudopodia
(4) midway during gametogenesis
87. .......... protozoan caused malaria possess
76. Major photosynthetic planktons are
true walls in slime moulds
(1) Chrysophytes (2) Dinoflagellates
(1) Plasmodium (2) Virus
(3) Green algae (4) 1 and 2 (3) Bacteria (4) Fungus
77. Cell wall has stiff cellulose plates on the 88. The non-photosynthetic protists are
surface of cells in (1) Ciliates, sporozoans, slime moulds
(1) Gonyaulax (2) Euglena (2) Euglenoids, diatoms and dinoflagellates
(3) Diatoms (4) Slime moulds (3) Sarcodines, dinoflagellates and slime
78. Which species of protists are known as moulds
the whirling whips ? (4) Sarcodines, dinoflagellates and
(1) Diatoms (2) Chrysophytes euglenoids
(3) Dinoflagellates (4) Euglenoids 89. Decomposer protists are
79. Which colourless protistan shows (1) Dinoflagellates (2) Protozoans
bioluminescence? (3) Chrysophrytes (4) Slime moulds
(1) Navicula (2) Noctiluca 90. Diatomaccous earth is indestructible
(3) Dictyostelium (4) Physarum due to cell walls embedded by
80. Difference between a Red colour to the (1) Calcium (2) Silica
red sea and Red tides in the sea is (3) Zinc (4) Phosphorus
(1) Red tide takes place in Red sea 91. Holophytic nutrition occurs in
(2) Associated with a cyanobacteria and (1) Slime moulds (2) Paramoecium
protist respectively (3) Diatoms (4) Amoeba
(3) One is by virus and other by bacteria 92. Characters of both animals and plants
are found in
(4) Associated with Rhodophyceae and
(1) Viruses (2) Bacteria
diatoms respectively
(3) Euglena (4) Mycoplasma
81. Euglenoids have ....... instead of cell
wall. 93. Slime moulds are ecologically
(1) Siliceous frustule (2) Pellicle (1) Producers
(2) Consumer decomposers
(3) Capsule (4) Cell membrane
(3) Decomposers (4) Carnivores
82. Mixotrophic nutrition is found in
(1) Amoeba (2) Navicula 94. Plasmodium is
(1) Captures the prey by pseudopodia
(3) Plasmodium (4) Euglena
(2) Free living protozoan
83. Longitudinal binary fission is found in
(3) Parasitic protozoan
(1) Amoeba (2) Paramecium
(4) Ciliated protozoan
(3) Euglena (4) None

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 43
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

95. Protists that form plasmodium are 105. Diatomaccous earth is used in
(1) Euglenoids (2) Slime moulds (1) Purification of uranium
(3) Protozoans (4) Diatoms (2) Filtration and purification of liquids
96. Malarial parasite plasmodium is (3) Insulation and sound proofing
included in this kingdom (4) Both 2 and 3
(1) Fungi (2) Monera 106. Protist with true cell wall
(3) Protista (4) Animalia (1) Diatoms (2)Dinoflagellates
97. Autotrophs belongs to (3) 1 and 2 (4) Euglena
(1) Protista (2) Monera 107. Which one of the following organisms
(3) Plantae (4) All of these act as connecting link in possessing
98. The kingdom Protista includes characters of plants and animals?
(1) Photosynthetic forms (1) Euglena (2) Bacteria
(2) Decomposers (3) Mycoplasma (4) Paramecium
(3) Porotozoans (4) All of these 108. The cell wall is absent in
99. Locomotory organelles in the protista (1) dinoflagellates (2) diatoms
are (3) euglenoids (4) none of these
(1) Flagella (2) Cilia 109. Flagellation in Euglena is
(3) Pseudopodia (4) All of these (1) Uniflagellate and stichonematic
100. Kingdom protista includes (2) Isokont and whiplash type
(1) life cycle showing zygotic meiosis (3) Heterokont and whiplash type
(2) life cycle showing gametic meiosis (4) Heterokont and stichonematic
(3) life cycle showing sporic meiosis 110. Slime moulds are included in protista,
otherwise these are close to
(4) both 1 and 2
(1) plants (2) fungi
101. Protists which are diploid reproduce
(3) algae (4) bacteria
sexually by the process of
(1) zygotic meiosis (2) cyst formation 111. During binary fission nucleus divides
(3) binary fission (4) gametic meiosis (1) mitotically (2) meiotically
102. The alga or protist used for the (3) amitotically (4) none of these
construction of sound proof room is
(1) Diatoms (2) Chara
(3) Volvox (4) Fucus
103. Diatomaceous earth is often
accompanied by 59) 2 60) 4 61) 3 62) 4 63) 1
(1) reserved carbohydrates 64) 4 65) 4 66) 3 67) 3 68) 4
(2) deposits of stones 69) 3 70) 2 71) 4 72) 3 73) 2
(3) petroleum fields 74) 4 75) 1 76) 4 77) 1 78) 3
(4) deposits of coal 79) 2 80) 2 81) 2 82) 4 83) 3
104. The average size of diatoms go on
84) 2 85) 3 86) 4 87) 1 88) 1
decreasing as divisions progress. The
89) 4 90) 2 91) 3 92) 3 93) 2
original size is restored by
94) 3 95) 2 96) 3 97) 4 98) 4
(1) statospores
99) 4 100) 4 101) 4 102) 1 103) 3
(2) auxospores
(3) zoospores 104) 2 105) 4 106) 3 107) 1 108) 3
(4) microspores 109) 3 110 ) 2 111) 3

44 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

KINGDOM FUNGI
 The term fungus (plural : fungi) is a Latin word meaning mushroom, and this term was coined
by Gaspard Bauhin (1560-1624). The science of study of fungi is known as mycology (Greek,
mykes : mushroom; logos: study) or mycetology.
th
 Sr |12Father
classof Mycology:
BOTANY Pier’VOL-1
Antonio Micheli.
Father of Systematic Mycology : E. M. Fries.
 Father of Modern Mycology and Plant
pathology: H. A. de Bary.
 Father of Indian Mycology and Plant Pathology: E. J. Butler.
* The fungi constitute a unique kingdom of heterotrophic organisms.
* They show a great diversity in morphology and habitat.
* When your bread develops a mould or your orange rots it is because of fungi.
* The common mushroom you eat and toadstools are also fungi.
* White spots seen on mustard leaves are due to a parasitic fungus.
* Some unicellular fungi, e.g., yeast are used to make bread and beer.
* Other fungi cause diseases in plants and animals; wheat rust-causing Puccinia is an
important example.
* Some are the source of antibiotics, e.g., Penicillium.
* Fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in air, water, soil and on animals and plants. They
prefer togrow in warm and humid places.
* Food is kept in refrigerator to prevent food from going bad due to bacterial or fungal
infections.
* With the exception of yeasts which are
unicellular, fungi are filamentous.
* Their bodies consist of long, slender thread like structures called hyphae. The network
of hyphae is known as mycelium.
* Some hyphae are continuous tubes filled with multinucleated cytoplasm – these are
called coenocytichyphae. Others have septae or cross walls in their hyphae. The cell
walls of fungi are composed of chitin and polysaccharides.
* Most fungi are heterotrophic and absorb soluble organic matter from dead substrates
and hence are called saprophytes. Those that depend on living plants and animals are
called parasites. They can also live as symbionts – in association with algae as lichens
and with roots of higher plants
as mycorrhiza.
* Reproduction in fungi can take place by vegetative means – fragmentation, fission and
budding.
* Asexual reproduction is by spores called conidia or sporangiospores or zoospores.
* Sexual reproduction is by oospores, ascospores and basidiospores.
* The sexual cycle involves the following three steps:
(i) Fusion of protoplasms between two motile or non-motile gametes called plasmogamy.

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 45
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

(ii) Fusion of two nuclei called karyogamy.

(iii) Meiosis in zygote resulting in haploid spores. When a fungus reproduces sexually, two
haploid hyphae of compatible mating types come together and fuse.
* In some fungi the fusion of two haploid cells immediately results in diploid cells (2n).
* In other fungi (ascomycetes and basidiomycetes), an intervening dikaryotic stage (+st, -st)
with two nuclei per cell. Such condition is called a dikaryotic stage . Later, the parental
nuclei fuse (Karyogamy) and the cells become diploid.
* Fruiting bodies called ascocarps and besidiocarps are formed, in which reduction division
occurs, leading to formation of haploid sexual spores.
* The kingdom Fungi is classified into different classes based on the morphology of the
mycelium, mode of spore formation and fruiting bodies

Kingdom : Fungi

Sexual Sexual
reproduction absent reproduction present

Fungi Imperfecti Mycelium aseptate Mycelium septate

or Deuteromycetes Oomycota (lower fungi) Eumycota (higher fungi)

Phycomycetes Zygomycetes Ascomycetes Basidiomycetes

(Oomycetes, aquatic (Conjugation (Sac fungi) (Club fungi)
or algal fungi) fungi)

PHYCOMYCETES (ALGAL FUNGI)

* Members of Phycomycetes are found in aquatic habitats and on decaying wood in
moist and damp places or as obligate parasites on plants.
* The mycelium is aseptate and coenocytic.
* Asexual reproduction takes place by zoospores (motile) or by aplanospores (non-
motile) or resting spores chlamydospores and akinites
* Aplanospores are endogeneously produced inside the sporangium.
* Zygospores or oospores are formed in sexual reproduction- Gametangial copulation
or Gametangial contact.
Economic Importance
(1) Phytophthora - Causes the “late blight of potato”. This disease is known as “Famine of
Ireland” - 1845.

46 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

(2) Pythium spp. - Causes “Damping off” disease in tobacoo and “vegetable crops”.
(3) Albugo candida or Cystopus candidus - It causes “White rust disease” in the members of
Cruciferae.
(4) Rhizopus - It is known as bread mould - Mucor- It is know as pickel mould. The tip of
mycelium of Rhizopus is also known as black mould, pin mould and weed of the laboratory.
Sr |12th class BOTANY VOL-1
LIFE CYCLE OF RHIZOPUS:

Sporangiospores

Sporangium
Columella
Collarette
Apophysis Spores

Nuclic Spore
Sporangiophore
Vacuole

ore
Aerial branch germ tube
Stolon

f sp
Sporangium

no
tio
ina
rm
Rhizoids

Ge
ASCOMYCETES (SAC FUNGI)
* The Ascomycetes fungi are unicellular (yeasts- Sacharomyces) or multicellular filamentous
(Penicillium).
 The Ascomycetes include pigmented moulds (brown, green, blue, pink), powdery
mildews (Erysiphe), yeasts, cup fungi (Peziza), Ergot pathogen (Claviceps) morels and
truffles (Morchella).
* They are saprophytic or decomposers or parasitic or coprophilous (growing on dung).
* Mycelium is branched and septate.
* They produce asexual spores called conidia exogenously on the special hyphae called
conidiophores.
* Conidium on germination produces mycelium.
* Sexual spores are called ascospores which are produced endogenously in sac like asci.
* The asci may occur freely or get aggregated into specific fructifications called ascocarps.
 Ascocarps are - apothecium (cup like, e.g., Peziza), perithecium (flask shaped
e.g.,Neurospora) or cleistothecium (closed e.g., Penicillium).
* The fructifications of some Ascomycetes are edible in morels and truffles

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 47
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

Conidia
in chains

Conidia

Sterigma

Conidiophore

Fig : Penicillium
BASIDIOMYCETES (Club Fungi)
* Basidiomycetes includes mushrooms, bracket fungi, puffballs, rusts, smuts, etc.
* They grow in soil, on decaying wood logs and tree stumps and in living plant bodies as
parasites, e.g., rusts and smuts.
LIFE CYCLE OF AGARICUS (MUSHROOM)
basidiospores (n)
Pair of diploid nucleus
nuclei undergoes meiosis
basidium fuse
Zygote (2n) basidium

basidium
portion
of gill Primary
mycelium

cap
spore
gill
secondary spore
mycelium
button
stipe
Primary
mycelium

Agaricus : Topographical representation of life cycle

* The mycelium is multicellular, branched, septate and primary or secondary mycelium.
* The asexual spores are generally not found, but vegetative reproduction by fragmentation.
* The sex organs are absent. Sexual reproduction takes place by fusion of two vegetative or
somatic hyphae of different strains or genotypes (+st, -st) called somatogamy and
dikaryotization.
* The resultant structure is dikaryotic or secondary mycelium which ultimately gives rise
to sexual fruit body called basidiocarp with fertile club shaped structures basidia.

48 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

* Karyogamy and meiosis take place in the basidium which results in the production of
four basidiospores at the tip
* The basidiospores are exogenous, haploid sexual meiospores produced on the basidium
(pl.: basidia).
DEUTEROMYCETES (FUNGI IMPERFECTI)
* Members of Deuteromycetes are commonly known as imperfect fungi because only the
th
Sr |12
asexualclassor vegetative
BOTANY phases
VOL-1of these fungi are known.
* When the sexual forms of these fungi were discovered, they were moved into the classes
either Ascomycets or Basidiomycetes.
* It is also possible that the asexual and vegetative stage have been given one name (and
placed under deuteromycetes) and the sexual stage another (and placed under another
class).
* Later when the linkages were established, the fungi were correctly identified and moved
out of deuteromycetes.
* Once perfect (sexual) stages of members of dueteromycetes were discovered they were
often moved to ascomycetes and basidiomycetes.
* The deuteromycetes reproduce only by asexual spores known as conidia.
* The mycelium is septate and branched. Some members are saprophytes or parasites
while a large number of them are decomposers of litter and help in mineral cycling.
* Some examples are Alternaria, Colletotrichum and Trichoderma.
S.No. Fungi Disease
1 Alternaria solani Early blight of Potato
2 Cercospora personata Tikka disease of groundnut
3 Colletotrichum falcatum Red rot of sugarcane
4 Helminthosporium Leaf spot of Rice
5 Fusarium udum Wilt of pigeon pea

113. The cell walls of fungi are composed of

(1) Chitin and Proteins
(2) Chitin only
(3) Chitin and Polysaccharides
(4) Chitin and Sucrose
114. White spots on mustard leaves
infection is caused by
112. Glycogen is the stored food in which the
following kingdoms ? (1) Toad stools (2) Albugo
(1) Monera and protista (3) Puccinia (4) Ustilago
115. Mucor, Rhizopus and Albugo are
(2) Protista and Fungi
placed in
(3) Fungi and Animalia (1) Phycomycetes (2) Ascomycetes
(4) Animalia and plantae (3) Basidiomycetes (4) Deuteromycetes

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 49
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

116. Oospores are formed in the members of 124. As regards the mode of nutrition is
(1) Ascomycetes concerned Bread mould is considered
(2) Basidiomycetes to be a
(3) Phycomycetes (1) parasite (2) saprophyte
(4) Deuteromy cetes (3) shows mutualism (4) epiphyte
117. Incorrect about fruit bodies of sac 125. Mycelium is coenocytic in
fungi (1) Phycomycetes (2) Deuteromycetes
(1) Flask shaped with an apical opening (3) Ascomycetes (4) Basidiomycetes
- perithecium
126. Brown rust of wheat is caused by
(2) Globose without opening -
(1) Puccinia (2) Sclerospora
cleistothecium
(3) Phytophthora (4) Pythium
(3) Umbrella shaped with stalk called
stipe - basidiocarp 127. Fungus that is extensively used in
(4) Saucer shaped - apothecium biochemical and genetic work
118. Perithecium refers to (1) Neurospora (2) Ustilago
(1) Flask shaped ascocarp with apical (3) Colletotrichum (4) Saccharomyces
opening. 128. Morels and truffles belong to
(2) Cup shaped ascocarp (1) Deuteromycetes (2) Phycomycetes
(3) Fruiting body of basidiomycetes (3) Basidiomycetes (4) Ascomycetes
(4) Eye spot of euglenoids 129. Ascomycetes members are known as
119. The production of asexual spores in (1) Club fungi (2) Sac fungi
Phycomycetes and Ascomycetes (3) Fungi imperfecti (4) Fission fungi
respectively 130. Yeasts differ from bacteria in being
(1) Endogenously and exogenously (1) unicellular (2) eukaryotic
(2) Exogenously and endogenously (3) prokaryotic (4) akaryotic
(3) Exogenously and exogenously 131. An ascomycetes fungus is
(4) Endogenously and endogenously (1) Yeast (2) Phytophthora
120. Sexual spores are exogenously
(3) Pleurotes (4) Agaricus
produced in
132. Rust fungus is included in the class
(1) Albugo (2) Penicillium
(1) Deuteromycetes (2) Phycomycetes
(3) Colletotrichum (4) Agaricus
(3) Ascomycetes (4) Basidiomycetes
121. Plant body is mycelium in this kingdom
(1) Protista (2) Fungi 133. Protein rich edible fruiting bodies are
produced by
(3) Monera (4) Plantae
(1) Puccinia (2) Saccharomyces
122. In fungi, the cell wall is mainly
composed of (3) Agaricus (4) Penicillium
(1) Pectin (2) Cellulose 134. In mushrooms and puffballs, edible
(3) Hemicellulose (4) Chitin part represents
123. Absorptive nutrition/heterotrophic (1) mycelium (2) ascocarp
nutrition/extra cellular digestion is (3) basidiocarp (4) rhizomorph
exhibited by 135. Deuteromycetes reproduce by
(1) Algae (2) Fungi 1) Gametes 2) Mottile spores
(3) Bryophytes (4) Pteridophytes 3) Conidia 4) Somatogamy

50 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

136. Dikaryoticphase occurs in 146. One of the following is a

(1) Ascomycetes (2) Phycomycetes Deuteromycetes fungus
(3) Basidiomycetes (4) 1 and 3 (1) Aspergillus (2) Agaricus
137. Kingdom fungi includes organisms that (3) Alternaria (4) Albugo
are 147. Majority of members are decomposers
th
Sr |12 class BOTANY
(1) Achlorophyllous VOL-1
(2) Non vascular of litter and help in mineral recycling in
(3) Flower bearing (4) 1 and 2 this class of fungus
138. A fungus Albugo that lives as a parasite (1) Ascomycetes (2)Deuteromcyetes
on mustard belongs to class (3) Phycomycetes (4) Basidiomycetes
(1) Ascomcyetes (2) Basidiomycetes 148. The mode of nutrition in all fungi is
(3) Phycomycetes (4) Deuteromcyet always
139. Ascomycetes members are commonly (1) autotrohic (2) saprophytic
called
(3) parasitic (4) heterotrophic
(1) Fission fungi (2) Club-fungi
149. Fungi differ from other kingdoms in
(3) Sac fungi (4) Bread mould being
140. Agaricus belongs to the class (1) unicellular decomposers
(1) Ascomycetes (2) Phycomycetes (2) unicellular consumers
(3) Basidiomycetes (4) Deuteromycetes
(3) multicellular decomposers
141. A unicellular ascomycetes member is (4) multicellular consumers
(1) Phytophthora (2) Saccharomyces 150. A multicellular mass of filaments that
(3) Sclerospora (4) Rhizopus spreads through the organic matter
142. A fungus that produce an antibiotic formed by fungi is called
penicillin belongs to this class (1) mycelium (2) hyphae
(1) Deuteromycetes (2) Ascomycetes (3) ascocarp (4) fruiting body
(3) Basidiomycetes (4) Phycomycetes 151. Homothallism is a kind of
143. Fruiting body in Penicillium is known as (1) Physiological anisogamy
(2) Isogamy
(1) Cleistothecium (2) Apothecium
(2) Anisogamy (3) Siphonogamy
(3) Perithecium (4) Hysterothecium
152. Coenocytic, multinucleated, aseptate
144. Puccinia is mycelium is found in
(1) a fungus that produces antibiotic (1) Ascomyetes (2) Basidiomycetes
(2) a fungus of class phycomycetes (3) Deuteromycetes (4) Phycomycetes
(3) a fungus that causes rust disease 153. In which group of fungi, spores are
(4) an imperfect fungus flagellated?
145. A dikaryotic phase is most commonly (1) Ascomycetes
seen in the life history of these fungi (2) Zygomycetes
(1) Phycomycetes (2) Deuteromycetes (3) Phycomycetes
(3) Basidomycetes (4) All the above (4) Basidiomycetes

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 51
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

154. Fungi lacking cross walls in mycelium 161. The non mycelial unicellular ascomycetes
belong to having no fruiting bodies are known as
(1) Yeasts (2) Blue molds
(1) Phycomycetes (2) Ascomycetes
(3) Lichens (4) Mushrooms
(3) Basidiomycetes (4) Deuteromycetes
162. Guinea pig of plant kingdom is
155. The term “Black mould” indicate the (1) Neurospora (2) Chara
presence of (3) Aspergillus (4) Pencillium
(1) black coloured hyphae in Rhizopus 163. Dikaryotization (n + n) in Agaricus is
(2) black coloured pigments in hyphae brought about by
(1) clamp connections
(3) black pin head like structures present
on the mycelium of Rhizopus (2) somatogamy between two hyphae of
different strains
(4) black coloured rhizoidal hyphae (3) both correct (4) basidiospores
156. The hyphae of Rhizopus which help in 164. Deadliest mushroom is
spreading of the mycelium on bread (1) Pleurotus (2) Amanita
are known as
(3) Volvariella (4) Agaricus
(1) zygophores (2) sporangiophores 165. The name Club fungi is given to
(3) stoloniferous hyphae basidiomycetes due to the presence of
(1) club shaped basidia
(4) rhizoidal hyphae
(2) sac shaped basidia
157. The negatively geotrophic and
(3) hymenium of basidia
unbranched hyphae in Rhizopus are
known as (4) water droplet mechanism for
dehiscence of basidiospores
(1) sporangiophores (2) zygophores 166. The stalk of the basidiocarp of
(3) stoloniferous (4) rhizoids Agaricus is known as
158. In Rhizopus and Spirogyra meiosis (1) stipe (2) gill
occurs at the time of (3) hymenium (4) pileus
(1) Zoospore formation
(2) Gamete formation’
(3) Akinete formation 112) 3 113) 3 114) 2 115) 1 116) 3 117) 3
(4) Germination of Zygospore 118) 1 119) 1 120) 4 121) 2 122) 4 123) 2
124) 2 125) 1 126) 1 127) 1 128) 4 129) 2
159. Blue green mould is known as
130) 2 131) 1 132) 4 133) 3 134) 3 135) 3
(1) Rhizopus (2) Mucor
136) 4 137) 4 138) 3 139) 3 140) 3 141) 2
(3) Penicillium (4) Agaricus 142) 2 143) 1 144) 3 145) 3 146) 3 147) 2
160 Which of the following is not 148) 4 149) 3 150) 1 151) 2 152) 4 153) 3
pathogenic? 154) 1 155) 3 156) 3 157) 1 158) 4 159) 3
(1) Yeast (2) Albugo 160) 1 161) 1 162) 1 163) 2 164) 2 165) 1
(3) Alternaria (4) Ustilago 166) 1

52 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

KINGDOM PLANTAE
* Kingdom Plantae includes all eukaryotic chlorophyll-containing organisms commonly
called plants.
* A few members are partially heterotrophic such as the insectivorous plants or
parasites.
* Bladderwort and Venus fly trap are examples of insectivorous plants and Cuscuta is
Sr |12th class BOTANY VOL-1
a parasite.
* The plant cells have an eukaryotic structure with prominent chloroplasts and cell
wall mainly made of cellulose.
* Plantae includes algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms.
* Life cycle of plants has two distinct phases – the diploid sporophytic and the
haploid gametophytic – that alternate with each other.
 The phenomenon of occurence of diploid sporophytic generation and haploid
gametophytic generation regularly one after the other in the life cycle of a plant is
called alternation of generations.
 The alternation of generations were discovered and named by Hofmeister in mosses
and ferns.
KINGDOM ANIMALIA
* This kingdom is characterised by heterotrophic eukaryotic organisms that are multicellular
and their cells lack cell walls.
* They directly or indirectly depend on plants for food.
* They digest their food in an internal cavity and store food reserves as glycogen or fat.
* Their mode of nutrition is holozoic – by ingestion of food.
* They follow a definite growth pattern and grow into adults that have a definite shape
and size.
* Higher forms show elaborate sensory and neuromotor mechanism.
* Most of them are capable of locomotion.
* The sexual reproduction is by copulation of male and female followed by embryological
development.
VIRUSES, VIROIDS AND LICHENS
* In the five kingdom classification of Whittaker, there is no mention of lichens and
acellular entities like viruses and viroids.
* Viruses did not find a place in classification since they are not truly ‘living’, if we
understand living as those organisms that have a cell structure.
* The viruses are non-cellular organisms that are characterised by having an inert
crystalline structure outside the living cell.
* Once they infect a cell they take over the machinery of the host cell to replicate
themselves, killing the host.
* The name virus that means venom or poisonous fluid was given by Pasteur. D.J.
Ivanowsky (1892) recognised certain microbes as causal organism of the mosaic
disease of tobacco.
* These were found to be smaller than bacteria because they passed through bacteria-
proof filters.

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 53
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

* M.W. Beijerinck (1898) demonstrated that the extract of the infected plants of tobacco
could cause infection in healthy plants and called the fluid as Contagium vivum fluidum
(infectious living fluid).
* W.M. Stanley (1935) showed that viruses could be crystallised and crystals consist
largely of proteins.
GENERAL STRUCTURE OF VIRUSES
Shape and Size
* The shape of different types of viruses varies considerably.
* They may be spherical or golf ball like (poliovirus, herpes virus), rod shaped (TMV),
tadpole like (bacteriophages), helical (influenza virus) and polyhedral (adenovirus).
* The size ranges from 10 nm to 300 nm.
* Plant viruses, in general, are smaller than bacterial or animal viruses.
 Chemical structure and composition
* Viruses are made up of nucleic acid core enclosed inside a protein coat.
* The structure of TMV and T-even Bacteriophage have been shown as follows :

Head containing
DNA

nucleic acid Collar

(ssRNA)
sheath
protein coat
(capsid)
Base plate

TMV
Tail fibres
Bacteriophage
Structure of TMV Structure of Bacteriophage
Nucleic acid
Nucleic acid can be either DNA or RNA. The nucleic acid may occur as single or double
stranded.
Virus Type of nucleic acid Virus Type of nucleic acid
Herpes Double stranded DNA Measles Single stranded RNA
Chicken pox Double stranded DNA Mumps Single stranded RNA
Hepatitis B Double stranded DNA Polio Single stranded RNA
Cyanophages Double stranded DNA TMV Single stranded RNA
Influenza virus Single stranded RNA Mycophages Double stranded RNA
Rabies Single stranded RNA Reovirus Double stranded RNA
HIV Single stranded RNA Wound tumour virus Double stranded RNA

54 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

CAPSID OR PROTEIN COAT provide shelter and absorb mineral nutrients

* The protein coat is called capsid. It is made and water for its partner.
up of many identical subunits called * Lichens are very good pollution
capsomeres. The capsomeres are indicators – they do not grow in
composed of either one or several types polluted areas.
of proteins.  Mycobiant is dominant partner and mostly
Sr |12th class BOTANY VOL-1 belongs to Ascomycetes e.g. Graphes,
* Host specificity of viruses is due to the
Cladonea, Parmelia, Usnea etc.
proteins of the capsid.
 Phycobiant is mostly member of
* In a virus particle, the capsomeres are Chlorophyceae e.g. Chlorella, Trebouxia,
arranged in a very symmetrical manner ( Protococcus etc.
helical or polyhedral ) and give a specific  On the Basis of the Type of thallus :
shape to a particular virus.
The lichens are divided into three types:
* Some large virus particles have an 1) Crustose or Crustaceous : These lichens
additional covering of lipids or lipoproteins occur as thin or thick crust over rock, soil,
outside the capsid. Such virions are called
enveloped (e.g., influenza virus, mumps tree bark in which it is partially or
virus) and those without this additional completely embedded e.g. Rhizocarpon,
covering are refered to as naked (e.g., Graphis, Lecanora.
TMV). 2) Foliose or Foliaceous : Leaf like
PRIONS horizontally spreading lobed structure
 They are Proteinaceous infections which attach to the substratum by means
particle, subviral entities and devoid of of special rhizoid like organ developed from
their own genetic material. lower side of thallus e.g. Parmelia,
 Stanley B. Prusiner : Isolated and
Peltigera.
identified the prions in 1982 and was
awarded Nobel prize for prions in 1997. 3) Fructicose or filamentous : Cylindrical,
 They cause Scrapie in sheep, Kuru flat or ribbon like upright generally
[laughing death in Waamn tribes of New branched structures attached to the
Guinea] and Mad cow disease [BSE- substratum by their basal ends. They are
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy] in shrubby lichens, e.g. Cladonia, Usnea.
cattle.
Fungal
 They cause CJD [Creutzfeldt Jakob fructi?cation
disease] in human .
 Prions are resistant to nucleases,
proteases, radiations and disinfectants Attaching
Disc
(phenols). Pendent
LICHENS Graphis Cora branches
* Lichens: Lichens are symbiotic fructi?cation Foliose
associations (mutualism) between algae
and fungi.
* The algal component is known as
phycobiont and fungal component as Fungal
Parmelia Usnea fructi?cation
mycobiont, which are autotrophic and
foliose fructicose
heterotrophic, respectively.
* Algae prepare food for fungi and fungi Forms of Lichens

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 55
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

176. Which of the following diseases is caused

by virus?
(1) Diphtheria (2) Polio
(3) Tuberculosis (4) Typhoid
167. Infectious agent which is smaller than
virus and having no protein coat is 177. A virus can be considered as living entity
because it
(1) Virion (2) Viroids
(1) reproduces (inside the host)
(3) Prions (4) Mycophages
(2) can cause disease
168. Which of the following is true about
(3) response to touch stimulus
virus:
(4) shows metabolism.
(1) Having well developed enzyme system
178. Plant viruses generally have
(2) Having RNA or DNA as genetic material
(1) Single stranded DNA
(3) These can be facultative parasite also
(2) Double stranded RNA
(4) All of these
(3) Single stranded RNA
169 Lichens are ecologically important as they (4) Double stranded DNA
(1) purify air 179. The viruses which infect bacteria are
(2) are pioneers of ecological succession known as
on barren rocks (Lithosere) (1) Zoophages (2) Bacteriophages
(3) are symbionts of algae and fungi (3) Cyanophages (4) Phytophages
(4) are associated with mycorrhizal roots 180. TMV was crystallised by
170. The intact virus unit or infectious (1) Beijerinck (2) Pasteur
particle is called: (3) W.M. Stanley (4) Franklin
(1) Capsomere (2) Virions 181. Viroids differ from viruses
(3) Bacteriophage (4) Muton (1) in absence of RNA
171. Viroids have (2) in the presence of DNA
(1) Nucleic acid and protein (3) in the absence of a protein coat
(2) DNA only (4) in the presence of nucleic acid and protein
(3) RNA only (4) DNA and RNA 182. Viruses are explain as ‘contagium vivum
172. The name virus was given by fluidum’ by
(1) Beijerinck (2) Pasteur (1) Beijerinck (2) Pasteur
(3) Ivanowsky (4) W.M.Stanley (3) Stanley (4) Ivanowsky
173. The protein coat of virus is called
183. Which of these are viral diseases?
(1) Capsule (2) Capsomere
(1) Polio, mumps
(3) Capsid (4) Cypsela
(2) Influenza, small pox
174. Viroids were discovered by
(3) Chicken pox, measles
(1) Prusiner (2) Diener
(4) All
(3) Pasteur (4) Felix d’ Herelle
184. Genetic material in Animal virus is
175. Genetic material of TMV is
(1) DNA (2) Protein (1) DNA (2) DNA or RNA
(3) RNA (4) 1 or 3 (3) RNA (4) always ds DNA

56 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

185. Viroids have 193. Identify A and B from the given diagram.
(1) single stranded RNA not enclosed by Central lumen
protein coat A
(2) single stranded DNA not enclosed by
protein coat.
(3) double stranded DNA enclosed by B
Sr |12thprotein
class coatBOTANY VOL-1
(4) double stranded RNA enclosed by
protein coat
186. Prions posses
A B
(1) DNA only (2) either DNA or RNA
(1) ssDNA capsomere
(3) protein only
(2) dsDNA capsomeres
(4) amino acid and protein (3) ssRNA capsomers
187. Viruses that infect bacteria, multiply and (4) dsRNA Tail fibres
cause their lysis are called 194. Virus multiplies in
(1) lysozymes (2) lipolytic (1) living tissue (2) soil
(3) virulent (4) lysogenic (3) culture medium (4) dead tissue
195. Bacteriophages are
188. Which is correct?
(1) viruses that infect bacteria
(1) RNA is genetic material of bacteria. (2) bacteria that infect virus
(2) RNA is genetic material of all virus. (3) bacteria that infect other bacteria
(3) RNA is genetic material of some plants (4) none of the above
(4) Some viruses have RNA as genetic 196. Viruses are
material (1) Cellular organisms
189. Mad cow disease is coused by (2) Non cellular organisms
(1) Protein (2) DNA (3) Unicellular organisms
(3) RNA (4) Both 2 and 3 (4) Cellular without wall
197. Identify the unlabelled parts P, Q, R and
190. Virion is
T from the T2 bacteriophage diagram.
(1) nucleic acid of virus 0
650 A
(2) antiviral agent
P
(3) protein of virus 0
950 A
(4) completely assembled virus
Q
191. Viruses were first discovered by
(1) Ivanowsky (2) Bawden
0
R
(3) W.M. Stanley (4) Smith 950 A

192. Genetic material of TMV is S

(1) ssDNA (2) dsDNA

(3) ssRNA (4) dsRNA T

P Q R T

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 57
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

(1) Head Collar Sheath Tail fibres

(2) Collar Sheath Tail fibres Head
(3) Sheath Tail fibres Collar Head
(4) Head Collar Tail fibres Sheath
167) 2 168) 2 169) 2 170) 2 171) 3
198. Which of the following is not true 172) 2 173) 3 174) 2 175) 3 176) 2
about lichens? 177) 1 178) 3 179) 2 180) 3 181) 3
(1) Lichens can grow in adverse habitat 182) 1 183) 4 184) 2 185) 1 186) 3
where plants cannot grow 187) 3 188) 4 189) 1 190) 4 191) 1
(2) Lichens can grow on base rocks
192) 3 193) 3 194) 1 195) 1 196) 2
(3) Lichens can grow on arctic regions
197) 1 198) 4 199) 1 200) 1 201) 3
(4) Lichens can grow near big cities
202) 3 203) 2 204) 1 205) 3
199. The dominant partner of lichen is
(1) Fungi (2) Algae
&
(3) Glomus (4) Bacteria HINTS SOLUTIONS
200. Lichen represents symbiotic
relationship between TEST YOUR I.Q. - 1
(1) Algae and fungi 5) (1). Eukaryotes are protista, fungi, plantae
(2) Viruses and algae and animalia. Muticellular are fungi,
(3) Algae & bacteria plantae and animalia so 4:3
(4) Viruses and bacteria 8) (2). In five kindom classification only
201. Algal component in a lichen monera is prokaryote
(1) is called mycobiont 11) (1). Fungi is seperated from planta and
(2) absorbs water from substraction keptas as a kingdom in five kingdom
(3) prepares food for fungi calssification. based on nutrition
(4) lives as a parasite on fungus 12) (3). Eukaryotes in five kingdom
202. Lichens are classification are protista, fungi, plante
(1) Parasites (2) Saprophytes and animalia
(3) Symbionts (4) Chemotrophs 19) (2). Some bactiria and most fungi are
203. Lichens are indicators of saprophytes or decomposers.
(1) water pollution (2) air pollution 20) (4). Unicellular enkaryots are protists and
(3) soil pollution (4) all of these they are precusors to plants, fungi, and
animals
204. ...... are very good pollution indicators
and act as pioneer community in 21) (3). Whittaker’s protista includs unicellular
ecological succession. eukaryotes
(1) Lichens (2) Bacteria TEST YOUR I.Q. - 2
(3) Algae (4) Mosses 22) (2).Methenogens are useful in biogas
205. Parasitic member of kingdom plantae production and it belongs to
1) Venus fly trap 2) Bladder wort archaebacteria
3) Cascuta 4) Lichens 23) (3).Ribosomes are organalls found in all
living organisms

58 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

27. (1). Chemo synthetic auto triphic bacteria 107.(1) Euglena shows plant characters like
uses energy from the oxidation of presence of chlorophyll and animal
inoganic chemical
character like absence of cell wall
41 (2). Cyanophyceae once placed under algae
is now included under prokaryotes due TEST YOUR I.Q. - 4
to abscence of nuclear membran 117.(3) Umbrealla shaped basidiocarp is found
Sr |12th class BOTANY VOL-1
43 (1). According to Carl Woese all organisms in club fungi ( basidiomycetes)
originate from a common ancester that 119.(1) In phycomycetes spores are formd
i.e., progenite
endogenously and in ascomycetes
44. (3).Halophiles are archaebaceteria so
conidia are formed exogenously
chemo heterotrophs
120(4) Basidiospores are sexual spores
47. (1).Cyanobacteria are blue green algae so
produced exogenously by
they are autotrophic producers
basidiomycetes ( Agaricus)
49. (4) Heterrocysts are impermeabla to O2
so they protect dinitrogenase enzyme. 130.(2) Yeast is unicellular but eukaryotic.
Bacteria is also unicellular but
56) (4).Bacterial and cyanobacterial cell wall
prokaryotic
is made of peptidoglycan and amino
134.(3) Mushrooms and puffballs belong to
acids
basidiomycetes. Fruiting body of these
58) (3).Cyanobacterial filaments are covered
are basidiocarp
by gelatinous sheath to retain moisture
139.(3) Ascomycetes members produce sac like
TEST YOUR I.Q. - 3
ascus in their life cycle hence called sac
67.(3) Red tides in Medeterranian sea are
fungi
caused by Gonyaulax ( Dinoflagelles)
151.(2) In homothalism mycelium involved in
70.(2) Blue green algae belongs to monera as
reproduction are similar
they are unicellular prokaryotes
153.(3) Zoospores are flagellated spores
74.( 4) Diatoms cell wall is silicaceous which is
produced by phycomycetes
used as abrasive for metal polishing
157.(1) Erect hyphae in Rhizopus are called
76. (4) Chrysophytes and dinoflagelletes are
sporangiophores
microscopic photosynthetic organisms
TEST YOUR I.Q. - 5
78. (3) Flagella of dinoflagellates show spinning
movement 167. (2) Infectious agent having only nucleic
82.(4) Euglena shows mixotrophic nutrition acid is vitoids
i.e., holophytic and holozoic 169. (2) Lichens are the first community
84.(2) During favourable condition (pioneers) In xerarch succussion.
slimemoulds form protoplasmic 172. (2) Term virus is derived from venum
aggregate called plasmodium which means poision and was
93.(2) Slime moulds decomposes arganic given by L. pasteur
matter and consume them 177.(1) Viruses are acellular oganisms
99. (4) Amoeba - psuedo podia, Euglena - which do not show any
Flagella, Paramoecium- Cilia

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 59
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

metabolism but can multiply inside 8. Mycobiont and Phycobiont are found
the host in
202.(3) Lichens are symbiotic assocition of (1) Mycorrhiza (2) Root
algae and fungi (3) Lichens (4) BGA
205.(3) Kingdom plantae includes autotrophs 9. Difference between Virus and Viroid is
but Cascuta is a parasite (1) Absence of protein coat in viroid but
present in virus
(2) Presence of low molecular weight
EXERCISE-I RNA in virus but absent in viroid
(3) Both a and b
1. All eukaryotic unicellular organisms (4) None of the above
belong to
10. With respect to fungal sexual cycle,
(1) Monera (2) Protista
choose the correct sequence of events
(3) Fungi (4) Bacteria
2. The five kingdom classification was (1) Karyogamy, Plasmogamy and
proposed by Meiosis
(1) R.H. Whittaker (2) C.Linnaeus (2) Meiosis, Plasmogamy and
(3) A. Roxberg (4) Virchow Karyogamy
3. Organisms living in salty areas are (3) Plasmogamy, Karyogamy and
called as Meiosis
(1) Methanogens (2) Halophiles
(4) Meiosis, Karyogamy and
(3) Heliophytes Plasmogamy
(4) Thermoacidophiles
4. Naked cytoplasm, multinucleated and 11. Viruses are non-cellular organisms but
saprophytic are the characteristics of replicate themselves once they infect
the host cell. To which of the following
(1) Monera(2) Protista
kingdom do viruses belong to?
(3) Fungi (4) Slime molds
5. An association between roots of higher (1) Monera (2) Protista
plants and fungi is called (3) Fungi (4) None of the above
(1) Lichen (2) Fern
12. Members of phycomycetes are found in
(3) Mycorrhiza (4) BGA
6. A dikaryon is formed when i) Aquatic habitats
(1) Meiosis is arrested ii) On decaying wood
(2) The two haploid cells do not fuse iii) Moist and damp places
immediately
(3) Cytoplasm does not fuse iv) As obligate parasites on plants
(4) None of the above Choose from the following options
7. Contagium vivum fluidum was (1) None of the above
proposed by
(2) i and iv
(1) D.J. Ivanowsky
(2) M.W. Beijerinek (3) ii and iii
(3) Stanley (4) Robert Hook (4) All of the above

60 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

13. Thermococcus, Methanococcus and (4) forms specialised vesicles, in which the
Methanobacterium exemplify nitrogenase is protected from oxygen by
(1) arachaebacteria that contain protein ho- a chemical barrier involving triterpene
mologous to eukaryotic core histones hopanoids.
(2) archaebacteria that lack any histones 19. The cells of cyanobacteria and bacteria
resembling those found in eukaryotes, exhibit similarity in having
Sr |12thbut
class BOTANY VOL-1
whose DNA is negatively super- (1) plastids (2) nuclei
coiled (3) centrosome (4) naked DNA
(3) bacteria whose DNA is relaxed or posi- 20. Which one of the following statements
tively supercoiled but which have a cy- about mycoplasma is wrong?
toskeleton as well as mitochondria. (1) They are also called PPLO
(2) They are pleomorphic
(4) bacteria that contain a cytoskeleton and
(3) They are sensitive to penicillin
ribosomes
(4) They cause disease in plants
14. The bacterium (Clostridium botulinum) 21. In cyanophages, the genetic material is
that causes botulism is (1) DNA (2) RNA
(1) a facultative anaerobe (3) both (a) and (b) (4) Proteins
(2) an obligate anaerobe 22. Rickettsiae belong to the group under
(3) a facultative aerobe (1) an independent category between
(4) an obligate aerobe viruses an bacteria
15. Bacteria are (were) considered more as (2) fungi
polants than animals because of the (3) viruses (4) bacteria
presence of 23. The thalloid body of a slime mould
(1) small nucleus (2) plasma membrane (Myxomycetes) is known as
(3) cell wall (4) spore formation (1) protonema (2) Plasmodium
16. Nitrifying bacteria convert the (3) fruiting body (4) mycelium
24. Slime moulds in the divison-
(1) nitrates into nitrites
Myxomycota(true slime moulds) have
(2) nitrites into nitrates
(1) pseudoplasmodia
(3) ammonium salts into nitrates
(2) spores that develop into free-living
(4) ammonium salts into amino acid amoeboid cells
17. The bacterial genome is called (3) spores that develop into flagellated gametes
(1) nucleus (2) nucleolus (4) feeding stages consisting of solitary in-
(3) nucleoid (4) none of these dividual cells
18. All of the following statements con- 25. The slime moulds and multicellular al-
cerning the actinomycetous filamen- gae are present included in the kingdom-
tous soil bacterium Frankia are cor- Protista because
rect except that Frankia (1) they appear to be more closely related
(1) can induce root nodules on many plant to unicellular eukaryotes
species (2) they lack important characteristics of
(2) can fix nitrogen in the free-living state the fungi and plants.
(3) like Rhizobium, it usually infects its (3) kingdom-Protista includes eukaryotic
host plant through root hair deforma- organisms that do not clearly belong
tion and stimulates cell proliferation on in the other three kingdoms
the hosts’ cortex. (4) All of the above

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 61
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26. Which of the following is not correctly Reason (R) : Two kingdom classification
matched? shows clear distinction between prokaryotes
(1) Amoeboid protozoan - Amoeba and eukaryotes
(2) Flagellated protozoan - Trypanosoma 32. Assertion (A) : Cell wall in all plants is cellulosic
(3) Sporotozoan - Anopheles Reason (R) : In fungi cell walls are com-
(4) Ciliated protozoan - Paramecium posed with chitin
27. Nuclear dimorphism occurs in group 33. Assertion (A) : Kingdom monera includes
(1) zooflagellata (2) cilliata all prokaryotes
(3) sporozoa (4) sarcodina Reason (R) : Archaebacteria are special
28. In the following table, identify the cor- monerans as they can live in harsh habitats
rect matching of the crop, its disease 34. Assertion (A) : Archaebacteria are
and the corresponding pathogen. prokaryotes
Cr op Disease Pat hogen Reason (R) : Archaebacteria cell wall
(1) Citrus Canker Pseudomonas shows murein
rubrilineans 35. Assertion (A) : Archaebacteria can survive
in extreme conditions
(2) Potato Late blight Fusarium udum
Reason (R) :Cell membrane in archaebacteria
(3) Brinjal Root-knot Meloidogynie shows branched chain lipids
incognita 36. Assertion (A) : Methanogens are responsible
(4) Pigeon Seed gall Phytophthora for production of biogas in marshy areas
peainfestans Reason (R) : Methanogens are found in guts
29. A dikaryon is formed when of some ruminate animals.
(1) meiosis is arrested 37. Assertion (A) : All bacteria are parasites
(2) the two haploid cells do not fuse im- Reason (R) : All bacteria contain photo-
mediately synthetic pigments
(3) cytoplasm does not fuse 38. Assertion (A) : Bacterial genetic material
(4) none of the above is double stranded, naked, circular DNA.
30. Which of the following is a cyanophage? Reason (R) : Bacterial genophore lacks
(1) S-13 (2)   174 nuclear membrane as it is a prokaryote
39. Assertion (A) :Cyanobacteria are most
(3) SV - 40 (4) LPP - 1
primitive organisms, showing oxygenic pho-
THINK TWICE BEFORE YOU CHOOSE tosynthesis
(ASSERTION & REASON TYPE) Reason (R) : Protoplasm of cyanobacterial
NOTE : cells show peripheral pigmented
chromoplasm
1) Both A and R are correct and R is correct
40. Assertion (A) : Cyanobacteria often form
explanation of A blooms in polluted water bodies
2) Both A and R are correct and R is not cor- Reason (R) :: Trichomes of blue-green al-
rect explanation of A gae are covered by gelatinous sheath
3) A is true but R is false 41. Assertion (A) : Chemoautotrophic bacteria
4) Both A & R are false help in recycling of nutrients like, N, P, Fe
and S
31. Assertion (A) : Two kingdom classification
Reason (R) : Chemoautotrophic bacteria de-
was proposed by Linnaeus
rive energy (ATP) by oxidation of inorganic
substances
62 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

42. Assertion (A) : Bacteria multiply in num- Reason (R) :Spores formed from fruiting
ber by binary fission body of slime moulds show true cell walls
Reason (R): Binary fission occurs during 52. Assertion (A) : In the life cycle of fungi for-
unfavourable conditions. mation of embryo is absent
43. Assertion (A): Mycoplasma are described Reason (R) : Zygote formed in the life cycle
under goes meiosis and forms haploid spores
Sras
|12wall
th less bacteria
class BOTANY VOL-1
53. Assertion (A) : Fungi belonging to asco-
Reason (R) : They are smallest, anaero- mycetes and basidiomycetes show a
bic, pleomorphic organisms dikaryotic stage in life cycle
44. Assertion (A) :Branched filamentous bac- Reason (R) : During sexual reproduction,
teria contain mycolic acid in their cell walls these fungi show delayed karyogamy, thus
forming a dikaryon.
Reason (R) : Most of actionomycetes mem-
54. Assertion (A) :Primitive class of fungi
bers are saprophytes and decomposers shows isogamy, anisogamy and oogamy
45. Assertion (A) :Diatoms are planktonic forms type of sexual reproduction.
that are chief producers of the oceans
Reason (R) :Gametes produced in phyco-
Reason (R) : The left over cell walls of dia-
toms form diatomaceous earth mycetes are isogamous or anisogamous
46. Assertion (A) : Auxospores are rejuvenatory 55. Assertion (A) :: Dueteromyctes fungi are
spores of diatoms, formed by sexual repro- called fungi imperfectii
duction. Reason (R) : Dueteromycetes fungi lack
Reason (R) : Pennale diatoms show radial sexual reproduction (perfect stage) in their
symmetry.
life cycle.
47. Assertion (A) :Dinoflagellates are generally
called as whirling whips. 56. Assertion (A) :Basidiospores are exog-
Reason (R) : Dinoflagellates show two fla- enously produced in bracket fungi.
gella at right angles therefore produce spin- Reason (R) : Meiosis takes place in ba-
ning movements. sidium
48. Assertion (A) :: Red tides in 57. Assertion (A) : Chemically viruses are
Medeterranian sea are due to large num-
nucleoproteins
ber of Gonyaulax.
Reason (R) :All viruses contain a protein
Reason (R) :Toxins released by Gonyaulax
may kill some fishes also coat (capsid) that encloses genetic material
49. Assertion (A) :Euglenoids show a rigid (core) both DNA and RNA
body. 58. Assertion (A) : Infectious agents causing
Reason (R) :Euglenoids pellicle is tough mad cow disease can not show genetic in-
and made up of proteins. tegrity
50. Assertion (A) : Euglena shows myxotrophic Reason (R) :Prions are infectious protein
type of nutrition
without nucleic acid.
Reason (R) : In the presence of light Euglena
59. Assertion (A) : All viruses are obligate para-
synthesis food and in the absence of light
live as a heterotroph sites
51. Assertion (A) :Slime moulds are Reason (R) :They are acellular particles,
saprophytic protists without cell walls without cytoplasm

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 63
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60. Assertion (A) : TMV and HIV show ss RNA Reason (R) : Archaea, Eukarya and
as genetic material Bacteria are believed to be originated from
Reason (R) : Generally phytophages show different ancestral group.
RNA as genetic material 69. Assertion (A) : Potato spindle tuber virus
61. Assertion (A) :Zygote is not formed in (PSTV) contains RNA.
deuteromycetes. Reason (R) : Viroids cause diseases in plants
Reason (R) : sexual reproduction is not 70. Assertion (A) : In a lichen phycobiont
found in deuteromycetes synthesis food
62. Assertion(A) : Cyanobacteria are Reason (R) : Mycobiont is heterotrophic.
Archaebacteria
Reason (R) : Cyanobacteria are het-
erotrophic monerans
63. Assertion (A) : Both (autotrophic) 1) 2 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4 5) 3 6) 2
photosynthetic and chemosynthetic bacteria 7) 2 8) 3 9) 1 10) 3 11) 4 12) 4
obtain carbon from atmospheric CO2 13) 1 14) 2 15) 3 16) 3 17) 3 18) 2
Reason (R) : Both photoautotrophs and 19) 4 20) 3 21) 1 22) 1 23) 4 24) 2
chemoautotrophs differ in source of energy 25) 4 26) 3 27) 2 28) 3 29) 2 30) 4
64. Assertion (A) : Dikaryotic phase is common
in Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes fungi (ASSERTION & REASON TYPE)
Reason (R) : In both Ascomycetes and 31) 3 32) 2 33) 2 34) 3 35) 1 36)2
Basidiomycetes delayed karyogamy leads 37) 4 38) 2 39) 2 40) 2 41) 1 42)3
to dikaryotization 43) 2 44) 2 45) 2 46) 3 47) 1 48)2
65. Assertion (A) : Slime moulds are 49) 4 50) 1 51) 2 52) 1 53) 1 54)1
saprophytic protists 55) 1 56) 2 57) 3 58) 1 59) 2 60)2
Reason (R) : Mycelium of slime moulds 61) 1 62) 4 63) 2 64) 1 65) 2 66)3
aggregates to form a plasmodium 67) 2 68) 3 69) 2 70) 2
66. Assertion (A) :Penicillium and
Streptomyces are source of antibiotics &
HINTS SOLUTIONS
Reason (R) : Penicillium and Streptomyces
belong to kingdom of heterotrophic 31. Two kingdom classification does not shows
thallophytes clear distinction between Prokaryotes and
Eukaryotes. So ‘A is true, ‘R’ false
67. Assertion (A) : Flask like ascocarp with an
32. Chitin is the cell wall material of fungi So ‘A
apical opening is called perithecium
is true, ‘R’ is true and ‘R’ explains ‘A’
Reason (R) : Perithecium is a fruiting body 33. Kingdom monera includes prokaryotes
formed during sexual reproduction like Archaebacteria,Eubacteria,
Cyanobacteria, Mycoplasma,
68. Assertion (A) :Archaea and Eukarya are
Actinomycetes etc. So ‘A is true, ‘R’ is
more closely related to each other than to
true and ‘R’ explains ‘A’
bacteria (woese)

64 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

34. Archaebacteria are prokaryotes and the cell by predating on other smaller organisms.
wall shows pseudomurein So ‘A is true, Hence they show mixotrophic type of
nutrition. So ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true and
‘R’is false
‘R’ explains ‘A’
35. As the cell membrane of archaebacteria
51. ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true but not correct
shows branched chain lipids, they can explanation
survive in extreme conditions So A is 52. Fungi show haplontic life cycle. The zygote
Sr |12th class BOTANY VOL-1
true,R is true and R explains A undergoes meiosis and hence embryo
36. ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true but not correct formation does not occurs. So ‘A’ is true,
explanation ‘R’ is true and ‘R’ explains ‘A’
37. All bacteria are not parasites and also all 53. In ascomycetes and basidiomycetes fungi
bacteria does not contain photosynthetic through plasmogamy an interveining
pigments . So both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are false dikaryotic stage (n+n) i.e two nuclei per
38. ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true but not correct cell occurs. This is due to delayed
explanation karyogamy.So A is true,R is true and R
39. ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true but not correct explains A
explanation 54. Some species of phycomycetes produce
40. ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true but not correct isogametes and some produce
explanation anisogametes hence the gametic union may
41. Chemoautotrophs derive energy by the be isogamy anisogamy or oogamy. So ‘A’
oxidation of inorganic substances and helps is true , ‘R’ is true and ‘R’ explains ‘A’
in recycling of nutrients like nitrogen, 55. As dueteromycetes fungi lack sexual
phosphorus,iron and sulphur. So ‘A’ is true, reproduction, they are also called fungi
‘R’ is true , ‘R’ explains ‘A’ imperfecti. So ‘A’ is true , ‘R’ is true
42. Binary fission occurs during favourable and ‘R’ explains ‘A’
condition. So ‘A’ is true and ‘R’ is false 56. ‘A’ is ture, ‘R’ is true but not correct
43. ‘A’ is true ‘R’ is true but not correct explanation
explanation 57. The core of virus show either DNA or
44. ‘A’ is true ‘R’ is true but not correct RNA but not both. So ‘A’ is true, ‘R’
explanation is false
45. ‘A’ is true ‘R’ is true but not correct 58. As prions are made up of only infectious
explanation protein, they do not show genetic integrity.
46. Pennale diatoms show bilateral symmetry. So ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true and ‘R’ explains
So ‘A’ is true and ‘R’ is false ‘A’
47. The flagella of dinoflagellates produce 59. ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true but not correct
spinning movements and hence called explanation
whirling whips. So ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true 60. Generally phytophages show RNA as
and ‘R’ explains ‘A’ genetic material. Here HIV is a zoophage
48. ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true and ‘R’ does not that also shows RNA.A is ture,R is
explain‘A’ true but not correct explanation
49. Euglenoids have a protein rich layer called 61. Sexual reproduction is absent in
pellicle which makes their body flexible . deteuromycetes . Hence zygote is not
So both ‘A’ and ‘R’ are false formed.So ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true and
50. Though euglenoids are photosynthetic in ‘R’ explains ‘A’
the presence of sunlight when deprived 62. Cyanobacteria are not archaebacteria
of sunlight, they behave like heterotrophs
and are autotrophic monerans. So both
‘A’ and ‘R are false
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 65
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

63. Photoautotrophs get energy from sunlight (3) They cause diseases in plants
and chemo autotrophs get energy by the (4) They are also called PPLO
oxidation of inorganic substances. ‘A’ is 4. Which pair of the following belongs to
ture, ‘R’ is true but not correct Basidiomycetes? (CBSE PMT 2007)
explanation (1) Puffballs and Claviceps
64. Plasmogamy is not followed by (2) Peziza and stink borns
karyogamy in basidiomycetes and
(3) Morchella and Mushrooms
ascomycetes Fungi. This leads to
(4) Birds nest fungi and Puffballs
dikaryotization . So ‘A’ is true ‘R’ is true
and ‘R’ explains ‘A’ 5. Nitrogen fixation in root nodules or Alnus
65. ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true but not correct is brought about by
explanation (CBSE PMT 2008)
66. Penicillium belongs to kingdom Fungi (1) Frankia (2) Azorhizobium
where as streptomycetes belong to (3) Bradyrhizobium (4) Clostridium
kingdom Monera. So ‘A’ is true and ‘R’ 6. In the following table identify the correct
is false matching of the crop, its disease and the
67. ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true but not correct corresponding pathogen
explanation (CBSE PMT 2008)
68. Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya are Crop Disease Pathogen
believed to be originated from a common (1) Citrus Canker Pseudomonas
ancestral group of early living organisms rubrilineans
(progenote). So ‘A’ is true and ‘R’ is (2) Potato Late blight Fusarium Udum
false (3) Brinjal Root - Knot Meloidogyne
69. ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true but not correct incognita
explanation (4) Pigeon pea Seed gall Phytophthora
70. ‘A’ is true, ‘R’ is true but not correct infestans
explanation 7. Nutrition in Protists is
(CBSE PMT 2008)
(1) Holophytic (2) Holozoic
EXERCISE-II (3) Saprozoic (4) All of these
8. Thermococcus, Methanococcus, and
Methanobacterium exemplify:
1. Ergot of rye is caused by a species of
(CBSE PMT 2008)
(CBSE PMT 2007)
(1) Uncimula (2) Ustilago (1) Bacteria that contain a cytoskeleton and
(3) Claviceps (4) Phytophthora ribosomes
2. Which one of the following is a slime (2) Archaebacteria that contain protein
mould? (CBSE PMT 2007) homologous to eukaryotic core histones
(1) Physarum (2) Thiobacillus (3) Archaebacteria that lack any histones
(3) Anabaena (4) Rhizopus resembling those found in eukaryotes but
3. Which one of the following statements whose DNA is negatively supercoiled
about mycoplasma is wrong? (4) Bacteria whose DNA is relaxed or
(CBSE PMT 2007) positively supercoiled but which have a
(1) They are pleomorphic cytoskeleton as well as mitochondria
(2) They are sensitive to penicillin

66 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1
9. Sexual reproduction in fungi may occur
17. A bacterium is capable of withstanding
by means of (AMU 2009)
extreme heat, dryness and toxic
(1) sporangiospore, oospore and ascospore chemicals. This indicates that it is
(2) zoospore, oospore and ascospore probably able to form (KCET 2009)
(3) sporangiospore, ascospore and (1) a thick peptidoglycan wall
basidiospore
th (2) endospores
Sr |12 class BOTANY VOL-1
(4) oospore, ascospore, basidiospore (3) endotoxins (4) endogenous buds
10. Which one of the following has 18. Which of the following is a pair of viral
haplontic life cycle? (AIPMT 2009) diseases? (AIPMT 2009)
(1) Ustilago (2) Wheat (1) Dysentery, Common cold
(3) Funaria (4) Polytrichum (2) Typhoid, Tuberculosis
11. Which one is the wrong pairing for the (3) Ringworm, AIDS
disease and its causal organism?
(4) Common cold, AIDS
(AIPMT 2009)
(1) Loose smut of wheat – Ustilago nuda 19. The genetic material of rabies virus is
(2) Root-knot of – Meloidogyne sp (1) double stranded RNA
vegetables (2) single stranded RNA
(3) Late blight of potato – Alternaria solani (3) double stranded DNA
(4) Black rust of wheat – Puccinia (4) ssDNA.
graminis
20. Which of the following statements is
12. The athlete’s foot disease in humans is
false? (DPMT 2009)
caused due to (AMU 2009)
(1) TMV has double-stranded RNA
(1) bacteria (2) fungi
molecule
(3) virus (4) none of these
(2) Most plant viruses are RNA viruses
13. Nonpathogenic bacteria found in our
(3) The bacteriophage has a double-
vermiform appendix is (AFMC 2009)
stranded DNA molecule
(1) Entamoeba histolytica (2) Shigella (4) Most animal viruses are DNA viruses
(3) Esherichia coli (4) Ascaris 21. Which one of the following are
14. An example for symbiotic bacteria is intracellular obligate parasites?
(1) Erwinia amylovora (DPMT 2009)
(DPMT 2009)
(2) Rhizobium leguminosarum
(1) Bacteria (2) Viruses
(3) Xanthomonas campestris
(3) Slime moulds (4) Blue-green algae
(4) Agrobacterium tumefaciens
22. Potato spindle tuber disease is caused by
15. Lung tuberculosis is caused by (DPMT-09)
(DPMT 2009)
(1) Pseudomonas aeruginosa
(1) a nematode (2) a virus
(2) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(3) Streptococcus pneumoniae (3) a bacterium (4) a viroid
(4) Escherichia coli 23. HIV is classified as a retrovirus because
its genetic information is carried in
16. Mannitol is the stored food in
(CBSE PMT 2009) (DPMT 2009)
(1) Porphyra (2) Fucus (1) DNA instead of RNA (2) DNA
(3) Gracillaria (4) Chara (3) RNA instead of DNA (4) Protein coat

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 67
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

24. If the person shows the production of The correct statements are :
interferons in his body, chances are that (1) (b), (c), (d) (2) (a), (b), (d)
he is suffering from (KCET 2009) (3) (b), (c) (4) (a),(b),(c)
(1) anthrax (2) malaria 31. Membrane-bound organelles are absent
(3) measles (4) tetanus in (CBSE-Pre 2010)
25. The beginning of understanding genetic (1) Saccharomyces (2) Streptococcus
transformation in bacteria was made by: (3) Chlamydomonas (4) Plasmodium
(DPMT 2010) 32. Virus envelope is known as
(1) Frederick Griffith (CBSE-Pre 2010)
(2) Hershey and Chase (1) Capsid (2) Virion
(3) Watson and Crick (4)T.H. Morgan (3) Nucleoprotein (4)Core
26. HIV is a member of a group of viruses 33. The most abundant prokaryotes helpful
called (DPMT 2010) to humans in making curd from milk and
(1) Bacteriophages (2) Geminiviruses in production of antiobiotics are the one
(3) Lysogenic viruses (4) Retroviruses categorised as (CBSE - 2012)
27. Typhoid fever is caused by a species of : (1) Chemosynthetic autotrophs
(DPMT 2010) (2) Heterotrophic bacteria
(1) Streptococcus (2) Staphylococcus (3) Cyanobacteria (4)Archaebacteria
(3) Salmonella (4) Mycobacterium 34. Which of the following are likely to be
28. Some hyperthermophilic organisms that present in deep sea water?(NEET - 2013)
grow in highly acidic (pH-2) habitats (1) Eubacteria (2)Blue-green algae
belong to the two groups: (3) Saprophytic fungi (4) Archaebacteria
(CBSE-Pre 2010) 35. Archaebacteria differ from eubacteria in :
(1) Protists and mosses (AIPMT - 2014)
(2) Liverworts and yeasts
(1) Mode of reproduction
(3) Eubacteria and archaea
(4) Cyanobacteria and diatoms (2) Cell membrane structure
29. Single-celled eukaryotes are included in (3) Mode of nutrition (4) Cell shape
(CBSE-Pre 2010) 36. Which of the following shows coiled RNA
(1) Protista (2) Fungi strand and capsomeres?
(3) Archaea (4) Monera (AIPMT - 2014)
30. Select the correct combination of the (1) Retrovirus (2) Polio virus
statements (a-d) regarding the (3) Tobacco mosaic virus
characteristics of certain organisms : (4) Measles virus
(CBSE 2010) 37. Five kingdom system of classification sug-
(a) Methanogens are Archaebacteria which gested by R.H. Whittaker is not based on:
produce methane in marshy areas (AIPMT - 2014)
(b) Nostoc is a filamentous blue-green alga (1) Complexity of body organisation
which fixes atmospheric nitrogen
(2) Presence or absence of a well defined
(c) Chemosynthetic autotrophic bacteria nucleus
synthesize cellulose from glucose
(3) Mode of reproduction
(d) Mycoplasma lack a cell wall and can
(4) Mode of nutrition.
survive without oxygen

68 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

38. Which one of the following living or- 45. Tiny structures that help some bacteria
ganisms completely lacks a cell wall? to attach to rocks and/or host tissues are:
(AIPMT - 2014) (AIPMT - 2015)
(1) Blue-green algae (2) Cyanobacteria (1) Holdfast (2) Rhizoids
(3) Sea-fan (Gorgonia) (3) Fimbriae (4) Mesosomes
46. The imperfect fungi which are
|12Saccharomyces
Sr(4) th
class BOTANY VOL-1 decomposers of litter and help in
39. The motile bacteria are able to move by
mineral cycling belong to:
(AIPMT - 2014)
(AIPMT - 2015)
(1) pili (2) fimbriae
(1) Ascomycetes (2) Deuteromycetes
(3) flagella (4) cilia
(3) Basidiomycetes (4) Phycomycetes
40. Viruses have (AIPMT - 2014) 47. Pick up the wrong statement: (AIPMT-’15)
(1) Both DNA and RNA (1) Nuclear membrane is present in Monera
(2) DNA enclosed in a protein coat (2) Cell wall is absent in Animalia
(3) Prokaryotic nucleus (3) Protista have photosynthetic and
(4) Single chromosome heterotrophic modes of nutrition
41. True nucleus is absent in:(AIPMT - 2015) (4) Some fungi are edible
48. The primary pro ducers of the deep-sea
(1) Vaucheria (2) Volvox
hydrothermal vent ecosystem are
(3) Anabaena (4) Mucor (NEET - 2016)
42. The guts of cow and buffalo possess: (1) Blue-green algae (2) Coral reefs
(AIPMT - 2015) (3) Green algae
(1) Methanogens (2) Cyanobacteria (4) Chemosynthetic bacteria
(3) Fucus spp. (4) Chlorella spp. 49. Methanogens belong to (NEET - 2016)
43. Which one of the following matches is (1) Dinoflagellates (2) Slime moulds
correct? (AIPMT - 2015) (3) Eubacteria (4)Archaebacteria
50. Select the wrong statement
(1) Mucor Reproduction by Conjugation
(NEET - 2016)
Ascomycetes
(1) Diatoms are chief producers in the
(2) Agaricus Parasitic fungus
oceans
Basidiomycetes
(2) Diatoms are microscopic and float
(3) Phytophthora Aseptate mycelium
Basidomycetes passively in water
(4) Alternaria Sexual reproduction absent (3) The walls of diatoms are
Deuteromyctes easilydestructible
44. Choose the wrong statement: (4) ‘Diatomaceous earth’ is formed by the
(AIPMT - 2015)
cell walls of diatoms.
51. Select the wrong statement (NEET - 2016)
(1) Yeast is unicellular and useful in
(1) Cyanobacteria lack flagellated cells.
fermentation
(2) Mycoplasma is a wall-less
(2) Penicillium is multicellular and produces
microorganism
antibiotics
(3) Neurospora is used in the study of (3) Bacterial cell wall is made up of
biochemical genetics peptidoglycan.
(4) Morels and truffles are poisonous (4) Pilli and fimbriae are mainly involved
mushrooms in motility of bacterial cells

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 69
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

52. Which one of the following statements is NEET-2018

wrong? (NEET - 2016) 59. Which among the following is not a
(1) Cyanobacteria are also called blue-green prokaryote?
algae (1) Saccharornyces(2) Mycobacterium
(2) Golden algae are also called desmids (3) Nostoc (4) Oscillatoria
(3) Eubacteria are also called false bacteria 60. Select the wrong statement :
(4) Phycomycetes are also called algal fungi (1) Cell wall is present in members of Fungi
and Plantae
53. Chrysophytes, Euglenoids,
(2) Mushrooms belong to Basidiomycetes
Dinoflagellates and Slime moulds are
(3) Pseudopodia are locomotory and
included in the kingdom (NEET - 2016)
feeding structures in Sporozoans
(1) Monera (2) Protista (4) Mitochondria are the powerhouse of
(3) Fungi (4) Animalia the cell in all kingdoms except Monera
54. The primitive prokaryotes responsible 61. After karyogamy followed by meiosis,
for the production of biogas from the spores are produced exogenously in
dung of ruminant animals, include the (1) Neurospora (2) Alternaria
(3) Agaricus (4) Saccharomyces
(NEET-2016)
62. Many ribosomes may associate with a
(1) Halophiles (2) Thermoacidiophiles single mRNA to form multiple copies
(3) Methanogens (4) Eubacteria of a polypeptide simultaneously. Such
55. Which among the following are the strings of ribosomes are termed as
smallest living cells, known without a (1) Polysome (2) Polyhedral bodies
definite cell wall, pathogenic to plants (3) Plastidome (4) Nucleosome
as well aaas animals and can survive 63. Which of the following organisms are
without oxygen? (NEET - 2017) known as chief producers in the oceans ?
(1) Dinoflagellates (2) Diatoms
1) Bacillus 2) Pseudomonas
(3) Cyanobacteria (4) Euglenoids
3) Mycoplasma 4) Nostoc
NEET-2019
56. Which of the following are found in 64. Which of the following statements is
extreme saline conditions? incorrect ?
(NEET - 2017) 1) Viroids lack protein coat
1) Archaebacteria 2) Eubacteria 2) Viruses are obligate parasites
3) Cyanobacteria 4) Mycobacteria 3) Infective constituent in viruses is the
protein coat
57. Viroids differ from viruses in having 4) Prions consist of abnormally folded
(NEET - 2017) proteins
1) DNA molecules with protein coat 65. Which of the following statement is
2) DNA molecules without protein coat incorrect ?
(1) Morels and truffles are edible
3) RNA molecules with protein coat delicacies.
4) RNA molecules without protein coat (2) Claviceps is a source of many
58. Which of the following components alkaloids and LSD.
provides sticky character to the bacterial (3) Conidia are produced exogenously
and ascospores endogenously.
cell? (NEET - 2017)
(4) Yeasts have filamentous bodies
1) cell wall 2) Nuclear membrane with long thread-like hyphae.
3) Plasma membrane 4) Glycocalyx 1) 4 2) 3 3) 2 4) 1

70 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

66. Match Column - I with Column - II 2. Thermococcus, Methanococcus and

(a) Saprophyte (i) Symbiotic Methanobacterium exemplify :-
association (1) Bacteria whose DNA is relaxed or
(b) Parasite (ii) Decomposition positivelysupercoiled but which have a
of dead organic cytoskeleton aswell as mitochondria
materials (2) Bacteria that contain a cytoskeleton
(c)th class
Sr |12 Lichens BOTANY(iii)Living
VOL-1on living andribosomes
plants or
(3) Archaebacteria that contain protein
animals
(d) Mycorrhiza (iv) Symbiotic homologous to eukaryotic core histones
association (4) Archaebacteria that lack any
of algae and fungi histonesresembling those found in
Choose the correct answer from the eukaryotes butwhose DNA is negatively
options given below : supercoiled.
(a) (b) (c) (d) 3. In the light of recent classification of
(1) (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) livingorganisms into three domains of life
(2) (iii) (ii) (i) (iv)
(3) (ii) (i) (iii) (iv) (bacteria,archaea and eukarya), which
(4) (ii) (iii) (iv) (i) one of the followingstatements is true
about archaea ?
(1) Archaea completely differ from
bothprokaryotes and eukaryotes
1) 3 2) 1 3) 2 4) 4 5) 1 6) 3 (2) Archaea completely differ from
7) 4 8) 3 9) 4 10) 3 11) 3 12) 2 prokaryotes
13) 3 14) 2 15) 2 16) 2 17) 2 18) 4 (3) Archaea resemble eukarya in all respects
19) 2 20) 1 21) 2 22) 4 23) 3 24) 3 (4) Archaea have some novel features that
areabsent in other pyokaryotes and
25) 1 26) 4 27) 3 28) 3 29) 1 30) 2
eukaryotes
31) 2 32) 1 33) 2 34) 4 35) 2 36) 3
4. Which one of the following does not differ
37) 2 38) 3 39) 3 40) 2 41) 3 42) 1 inE.coliand Chlamydomonas?
43) 4 44) 1 45) 3 46) 2 47) 1 48) 4 (1) Cell wall (2) Cell membrane
49) 4 50) 3 51) 4 52) 3 53) 2 54) 3 (3) Ribosomes
55) 3 56) 1 57) 4 58) 4 59) 1 60) 3 (4) Chromosomal Organization
61) 3 62) 1 63) 2 64) 3 65) 1 66) 4 5. Which one single organism or the pair
oforganisms is correctly assigned to its
or theirnamed taxonomic group ?
(1) Yeast used in making bread and beer is
EXERCISE-III afungus
(2) Nostocand Anabaena are examples of
1. Which one of the following fungi contains protista
hallucinogens ? (3) Paramecium and Plasmodium belong to
(1) Morchellaesculenta thesame kingdom as that of Penicilium
(2) Amanita muscaria (4) Lichen is a composite organism formed
(3) Neurospora sp. (4) Ustilago sp. fromthe symbiotic association of an
algae and aprotozoan

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 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

6. How many organisms in the list given below 12. Study the following characters carefully
areautotrophs?
and giveanswer :-
Lactobacillus, Nostoc, Chara, Nitrosomonas, (A) Bacterial structure is very simple because
Nitrobacter, Streptomyces, Sacharomyces,
theyare prokaryotic and unicellular
Trypanosoma, Porphyra, Wolfia
(B) Bacteria as a group show most
(1) Six (2) Three (3) Four (4) Five
extensivemetabolic diversity
7. A nitrogen fixing microbe associated with (C) Based on shape, bacteria are grouped into
Azollain rice-fields is :- twocategories only.
(1) Frankia (2) Tolypothrix (D) Most of the bacteria do not have cell wall.
(3) Spirulina (4) Anabaena (1) A,B-correct ; C,D-incorrect
8. Choose the incorrect statement of following:- (2) C,D-correct ; A,B-incorrect
(3) A,D-correct ; B,C-incorrect
(1) Dinoflagellates have stiff cellulose plates
(4) B,C-correct ; A,D-incorrect
onthe outer surface.
(2) Euglenoids have two flagella one 13. Chlorella, Chlamydomonas and
lieslongitudinally and the other transversely. Paramoecium, Amoeba were earlier placed
(3) Slime mould’s spores are dispersed by with plants and animals respectively but
aircurrent. after Whittaker’s 5 kingdomclassification,
(4) In diatoms the cell wall from two they should be brought together in:-
thinoverlapping shells. (1) Monera (2) Protista
9. Choose the correct statement :- (3) Plantae (4) Animalia
(1) E. coli show amphitrichous nature 14. Some members are given here. They all
(2) Rhodospirillumis a example of purple
belongto how many genus, species and
sulphurbacteria
(3) Acetobacteracetiis a example of kingdom.Lion, Tiger, Potato, Brinjal,
facultativeanaerobic Mango, Wheat.
(4) Nitrosomonasand Nitrobacterare Genus Species Kingdom
example ofnitrogen fixating bacteria. (1) Four Six Two
10. Read the following pair :- (2) Five Four One
(A) Diatoms-haploid body (3) Five Six Two
(B) Dinoflagellates-water bloom (4) Three Six Three
(C) Slime mould -decomposer nature 15. Fungi resemble monerans on the basis of
(D) Euglenoids-some time behave like predator (1) Structure of fruiting body
(E) Protozoa-Unicellular prokaryotes (2) Mycelium
Choose the correct pair :- (3) Absorptive heterotrophy
(1) A, B, C, D (2) B, C, D, E (4) Cellular structure
(3) B, C, D (4) A, C, D, E 16. Which of the following statements about
11. Choose the incorrect statement virusesis correct :-
regardingMycoplasma :- (1) Nucleic acid of viruses is known as plasmid
(1) They lack cell wall. (2) Viruses posses their own metabolic
(2) They are smallest living cells. system
(3) They can survive without oxygen. (3) All viruses contain both DNA and RNA
(4) They are sensitive to penicilin (4) Viruses are obligate parasites

72 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

17. Match the column I with column-II:- 22. Match the following :
Diseases Canslaorganisms Column I Column II
(A) Citrus canker (i) Bacteria p) Halophiles i Protein particle
(B) Little leaf of Brinjal (ii) Helminthosporium q) Cyanobacteria ii Bacteria
(C) Brown leaf spot of Rice (iii) Cephaluros r) Clostridium iii Habitat in saline
(D)SrRust
|12thofclass
Tea BOTANY(iv) Mycoplasma
VOL-1 area
A B C D s) Prion iv Photosynthetic
(1) (iii) (iv) (i) (ii) bacteria
(2) (i) (ii) (iv) (iii) (1) p–i,q–ii, r–iii, s–iv
(3) (i) (iv) (ii) (iii) (2) p–iv,q–iii,r–ii,s–I
(4) (ii) (iv) (iii) (i) (3) p–iii,q–iv,r–ii,s–i
18. Of the following types of organism, (4) p–ii,q–i,r–iii, s–iv
which do nothave a membrane 23. Cynobacteriaare not included in
surrounding their chromosome? plantbecause-
(a) Archaebacteria (b) Eubacteria(c) Fungi (1) Absence of cell wall
(d) Protozoa (e) Blue-green algae (2) Have glactance and manose in cell wall
Options :- (3) Absence of membrane bound organelles
(1) a,c,d,e (2) a, b, c (4) Absence of reproduction
(3) a, b, d (4) a, b, e 24. Euglena, Nostoc, Chlorella and
19. Match the column correctly - Spirogyra. Choose correct option
Column I Column II regarding aboveorganism:-
A Leprosy i Mycobacterium (1) All are unicelleular eukaryotes
B Plague ii Yersinia (2) All are autotrophic multicellular
C Tetanus iii Clostridium (3) All have chlorophyll ‘a’ and
D Cholera iv Vibrio cholerae photosynthetic ability
(1) A - (i), B - (ii), C - (iii), D - (iv) (4) All are belong to green algae
(2) A - (ii), B - (i), C - (iii), D - (iv) 25. Which statement is/are correct regarding
(3) A - (iii), B - (ii), C - (i), D - (iv) heterocyst?
(4) A - (iv), B - (iii), C - (ii), D - (i) (1) It is non photosynthetic
20. In Carl woese’s classification system, the (2) Can fix atmospheric nitrogen
domainthat includes the blue-green algae, (3) Found in Nostoc (4) All the above
nitrogen-fixingbacteria and mycoplasma is 26. Mark out the correct statements
(1) Bacteria (2) Eukarya (I) Mesosomesarespecialised differentiated
(3) Monera (4) Archaea formof cell membrane.
21. Find out the correct statement (II) Glycoclayx is not the part of cell
(1) All bacteria are autotrophs envelope
(2) All bacteria are phosynthetic (III) Mesosome helps in distribution of
(3) All bacteria are parasite DNA tothe daughter cells in
(4) Majority of bacteria are heterotrophic, prokaryotes.
whilesome bacteria are autotrophs (IV) Fimbrae could be helpful in attaching
thebacteria to the substrate.
BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 73
 class XI| i PUC BOTANY VOL-1

(V) Chromatophores are the reserve food  –granules are composed of fat droplets.
of cyanophycean cell. This cyanophyceanstarch is structurally
(1) II, III and IV (2) I, II and V related to
(3) I, III and IV (4) I, II and III (1) Glycogen (2) Mannitol
27. Match the following :–
(3) Laminarin (4) Paramylum
Column – I Column – II
33. How many of the following list of organisms
(A) Green algae (I) Cyanophycean lacks cell wall in their vegetative stage ?
starch Diatoms, Cyanobacteria, Chlorella,
(B) Blue green algae (II) Laminarian Chlamydomonas, Spirogyra, Nostoc,
Anabaena,Archaea, PPLO, Dinoflagellates,
(C) Diatom (III) Leucosin starch Gonyaulax, Slime moulds
(D) Brown algae (IV) Starch
(1)5 (2) 2 (3) 6 (4) 10
A B C D
34. Match the following :-
(1) I II IV III
Column I Column II
(2) IV I III II
(3) II I III IV a Viroid i Phosphateabsorption

(4) I III II IV b Rhizobium ii Nucleoproteinparticle

28. Clamp junction are present in ? c Virus iii ss RNA
(1) Ascomyceties (2) Basidiomyceties d Mycorrhiza iv N2 fixation
(3) Phycomyceties (4) Deutiriomyceties (1) a-(iii), b-(iv), c-(ii), d-(i)
29. Denitrification is carried by bacteria :- (2) a-(iii), b-(ii), c-(iv), d-(i)
(1) Pseudomonas (2) Xanthobacter
(3) a-(i), b-(ii), c-(iv), d-(iii)
(3) Nitrococcus (4) Rhizobium
(4) a-(i), b-(iv), c-(ii), d-(iii)
30. In which of the following plasmogamy is
35. Two kingdom classification system used for
followedby karyogamy immediately?
a longtime was inadequate, so a need was
(1) Mucor (2) Aspergillus
felt forincluding besides gross
(3) Ustilago (4) Puccinia morphology,othercharacteristics also.
31. Which of the following secretes Which of the followingcharacters are the
maximum typesof antimicrobial base of five kingdom ?
substances to compete with
(a) Cell structure (b) Mode of nutrition
othermicrobes ?
(c) Methods of reproduction
(1) Actinomycetes (2) Ascomycetes
(3) Chloromycetes (4) Eubacteriales (d) Evolutionary relationships Options :-
32. Blue green algae store food in the form of (1) a& b (2) a, b & c
 –granules and  –granules.  –granules (3) a, c & d (4) a, b, c & d
arecomposed of cyanophycean starch and

74 BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS
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36. Read the following statements regarding 41. Toad stool and Bracket fungi belong to
Euglenoids and select the incorrect ones :- the class :-
(i) These are mostly fresh water organisms (1) Phycomycetes (2) Ascomycetes
foundin stagnant water. (3) Basidiomycetes (4) Deuteromycetes
(ii) Their body is covered by a protein rich 42. Choose the incorrect statement aboutlichen
Sr |12 th
class pellicle
layercalled BOTANY
which makesVOL-1their body (1) Some species are eaten by reindeer.
flexible. (2) Lichens are indicators of pollution.
(iii) They are photosynthetic in presence (3) They are symbiotic association between
ofsunlight but become heterotrophs in fungiand roots of higher plants
theabsence of sunlight. (4) They are made up of phycobiont
andMycobiont
(iv) They usually possess two flagella, one
43. Decomposers like fungi and bacteria are :-
longand one short.
i. autotrophs ii. Heterotrophs
(v) Euglenoids are multicellular ciliate protists.
iii. saprotrophs iv. chemo-autotrophs
(1) (i) and (v) (2) (iv) and (v)
(3) (iii) only (4) (v) only (1) i and iii (2) i and iv
37. Read the following statements. Find out (3) ii and iii (4) i and ii
whichone is incorrect ? 44. Moneran flagella are :-
(1) Virus takes over the machinery of the (1) Single stranded of tubulin protein
host cellto replicate themself (2) Single stranded of actin protein
(2) Virus contains both RNA and DNA (3) Single stranded of flagellin protein
(3) AIDS in human is caused by a virus (4) Multistranded (9 + 2)
45. Members of phycomycetes are found in:-
(4) Generally in plant viruses, ss RNA is present
(A) Aquatic habitats
38. Even though the two domains areprocaryotic,
the Archaea domain differs from the (B) On decaying wood
Bacteriadomain in that the Archaea (C) Moist and damp places
I. lack muramic acid in their cell walls. (D) As obligate parasites on plants
II. posses membrane lipids with ether- Choose from the following options
linkedbranched aliphatic chains. (1) Only (A) and (C) (2) Only (A) and (D)
(1) Only I is true (2) Only II is true (3) Only (B) and (C) (4) All are correct
(3) Both I and II are true
(4) Neither I nor II true
39. Superficial symbiosis occurs in between members
of graminal and symbiotic bacteria 1)2 2)3 3)4 4)2 5)1 6)1
(1) Rhizobium (2) Azospirillum 7)4 8)2 9)3 10)3 11)4 12)1
13)2 14)1 15)3 16)4 17)3 18)4
(3) Nitrosomonas (4) Pseudomonas 19)1 20)1 21)4 22)3 23)3 24)3
40. Which structure helps in attachement of 25)4 26)3 27)2 28)2 29)1 30)1
bacteriato rocks in streams and to host 31)1 32)1 33)2 34)1 35)4 36)4
tissues? 37)2 38)3 39)2 40)4 41)3 42)3
43)3 44)3 45)4
(1) Longer pili (2) Flagella
(3) Mesosome (4) Fimbriae

BIOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATIONS 75