Lecture 1
INTRODUCTION TO
DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSING
Content
❖ Signals and Systems
❖ Classification of Signal
❖ Basic elements of a DSP system
❖ DSP applications
❖ Advantages of digital over analog signal processing
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1. Signals and Systems
❖ A signal is defined as any physical quantity that varies with time,
space, or any other independent variables.
❑ Speech, image, video and electrocardiogram signals are information-bearing
signals.
❖ Mathematically, we describe a signal as a function of one or more
independent variables.
❑ Examples: x(t ) = 110sin(2 50t )
I ( x, y ) = 3x + 2 xy + 10 y 2
❖ A system is defined as a physical device that performs any operation
on a signal.
❑ A filter is used to reduce noise and interference corrupting a desired
information-bearing signal.
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1. Signal and Systems
❖ Signal processing is to pass a signal
through a system.
❖ A digital system can be
implemented as a digital computer
or digital hardware (logic circuits).
2. Classification of Signal
Multichannels and Multidimensional signals
❖ Signals which are generated by multiple sources or multiple sensors
can be represented in a vector form. Such a vector of signals is
referred to as a multichannel signals
❑ Ex: 3-lead and 12-lead electrocardiograms (ECG) are often used in practice,
which results in 3-channel and 12-channel signals.
❖ A signal is called M-dimensional if its value is a function of M
independent variable
❑ Picture: the intensity or brightness I(x,y) at each point is a function of 2
independent variables
❑ Color TV picture is 3-dimensional signals I(x,y,t)
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2. Classification of Signal
Continuous-time versus discrete-time signal
❖ Signals can be classified into four different categories depending on
the characteristics of the time variable and the values they take.
Time Continuous Discrete
Amplitue
x(t) x(n)
Continuous t n
Analog signal Discrete time signal
xQ(t) 111 xQ(n)
110
Discrete 101
100
t 011 n
010
001
000
Quantized signal Digital signal
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3. Basic elements of a DSP system
❖ Most of the signals encountered in science and engineering are
analog in nature. To perform the processing digitally, there is a need
for an interface between the analog signal and the digital processor
Fig: Analog signal processing
Fig: Digital signal processing
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4. DSP applications-Communications
❖ Telephony: transmission of information in
digital form via telephone lines, modem
technology, mobile phone.
❖ Encoding and decoding of the
information sent over physical
channels (to optimize
transmission, to detect or
correct errors in transmission)
4. DSP applications-Radar
Radar and sonar:
❖ Target detection:
position and
velocity estimation
❖ Tracking
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4. DSP applications-Biomedical
❖ Analysis of biomedical signals, diagnosis, patient monotoring,
preventive health care, artificial organs.
❖ Examples:
❖ Electrocardiogram (ECG) signal provides
information about the condition of the
patient’s heart.
❖ Electroencephhalogram (EEG) signal
provides information about the
activity of the brain.
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4. DSP applications-Speech
❖ Noise reduction: reducing
background noise in the sequence
produced by a sensing device (a
microphone).
❖ Speech recognition: differentiating
between various speech sounds
❖ Synthesis of artificial speech :
text to speech systems
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4. DSP applications-Image Processing
❖ Content based image retrieval-
browsing, searching and retrieving
images from database.
❖ Image enhancement
❖ Compression: reducing the
redundancy in the image data to
optimize transmission/storage
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4. DSP applications-Multimedia
❖ Generation storage and transmission
of sound, still images, motion
pictures.
❖ Digital TV
❖ Video conference
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The Journey
“ Learning digital signal processing is not something
you accomplish; it’s a journey you take”.
R.G. Lyons, Understanding Digital Signal Processing
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5. Advantages of digital
over analog signal processing
❖ A digital programmable system allows flexibility in reconfiguring the
DSP operations simply by changing the program.
❖ A digital system provides much better control of accuracy
requirements.
❖ Digital signals are easily stored.
❖ DSP methods allow for implementation of more sophisticated signal
processing algorithms.
❖ Limitation: Practical limitations of DSP are the quantization errors
and the speed of A/D converters and digital signal processors -> not
suitable for analog signals with large bandwidths.
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Course overview
❖ Introduction to Digital Signal Processing
❖ Sampling and reconstruction, quantization
❖ Analysis of linear time invariant systems (LTI)
❖ Finite Impulse Response (FIR) of LTI systems
❖ Z-transform and its applications to the analysis of linear systems
Mid-term Exam
❖ Fourier transform & FFT Algorithm
❖ Digital filter realization
❖ FIR and IIR filter designs
❖ Filter bank, multirate signal processing and wavelet transform
Final Exam
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References
❖ Text books:
[1] S. J. Orfanidis, Introduction to Signal Processing, Prentice –Hall
Publisher 2010.
[2] Prandoni, Paolo, and Martin Vetterli. Signal processing for
communications. EPFL press, 2008
❖ Reference books:
[3] V. K. Ingle, J. Proakis, Digital Signal Processing Using Matlab,
Cengage Learning, 3 Edt, 2011.
[4] J. Proakis, D. Manolakis, Introduction to Digital Signal Processing,
Macmillan Publishing Company, 1989.
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Learning outcomes
❖ Understand how to convert the analog to digital signal
❖ Have a thorough grasp of signal processing in linear time-invariant
systems.
❖ Understand the z-transform and Fourier transforms in analyzing
the signal and systems.
❖ Be able to design and implement FIR and IIR filters.
❖ Be able to design and implement filter banks.
❖ Be able to understand and apply wavelet transforms
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Course Assessment
❖ Quiz/Homework: 20%
• Quiz in class and homework submitted in Blackboard
❖ Project: 10%
• Matlab/Python simulation
❖ Mid-term Exam: 30%
• A4 paper (2 slides) of personal note is allowed.
❖ Final exam: 40%
• A4 paper (2 slides) of personal note is allowed.
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