LECTURE MODULE 24 CALCULUS 2: CHAPTER 2 Topic 14 IMPLICIT DIFFERENTIATION Im the preceding topics of this unit, we have been concerned with differentiating functions that are given by ‘equations of the form y = /(2). In this topic, we will consider methods for differentiating functions for which itis inconvenient or impossible to express inthis form. Atthe end of this lesson, the student will be able to: 1, recognize implicit Functions; 2. calculate the derivative of an implicit function through implicit differentiation 41.1 Explicit and Implicit Functions ‘An equation of the form y = f(2) Issald to define y explicitly asa function of x because the vartable y appears alone on one side of the equation an does not appear at all on the other side. Here are some functions where y is explicitly ‘expressed in x 4x 4 yoViewt Allof these functions re considered explicit functions of x. However, sometimes functions are defined by equations in which y is not alone on one side. For example yoxth3x-2 y aytytisx is notin the form y = (2), butit still defines y as a function of x since it can be rewritten as aytytiax xytysx-1 y@tDax-1 x1 y ‘Thus, we say that xy +y +1 = x defines y implicitly asa function of x. Ify isa function of x but is not expressed ‘explicitly in terms of z, then y is said to be an implicit function of x. Here are other examples. wb day tay? = 2-(-x)Iny We try to express these functions as explicit functions of x 2? + Any + ty? 2-G-xIny xayias +2? =0 G-nlny, yeaxt-5 x4 aye mny=y y= V5 y i 2 yoere However, there are implicit functions which are quite difficult and complex, even impossible to convert in their ‘explicit forms, Here are some examples: ayhtyt tae 0 Incesiny) ey —Iny 1.2 Implicit Differentiation from our dscusion of imple fnctions, one can say that finding the derivative fx) or & from an impli relationship between x and y is of particular importance in those cases where itis difficult or impossible to obtain ‘an explicit solution for yin terms of x, ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 78 | PageLECTURE MODULE 24 CALCULUS 2: CHAPTER 2 To find 2 or y ofan ipl it function, we differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x and then solve for f(a).y’ or 2, The process involved is called implicit differentiation. Example 1 Evaluate the derivative of +y® ~ 6xy = 0 Solution: Since the function is not explicitly expressed to x, employ implicit differentiation to evaluate y’ Derive both sides of the function, croup on one sie and transpose othe terms tothe other side ay . Payton = 6y-3s* Factor out, dy S32 Divide both sides by 3y* ~ 62. & 3 ‘Simplify when possible. dy Factor out 3 to both numerator and a denominator, then cancel, ay ax Example 2: Evaluate the derivative of y = 4(2? + 92), Solution: Since the function is not explicitly expressed to x, employ implicit differentiation to evaluate y’ Ap =4e7 4991 Derive both sides ofthe function. ® faery @ wad etry & seed) ® norr0y% Distribute 4 2 oy% ~ or Group 2 on one sie. Za-ay) =e Factor out ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 79: | PageLECTURE MODULE 24 CALCULUS 2: CHAPTER 2 dy __8r ax 1-8 Divide both sides by 1 - 8y. Example 3: Evaluate the derivative of {FF + xy = 21. Solution: Since the function is nat explicitly expressed to x, employ implicit differentiation to evaluate y" Derive both sides of the funetion, Aueite ada gtey -o Apply chain rule to (x +9) {ryt Otay product rule to xy. 1 sa yd | Lerpttorys p28] -0 1s) 0 yt Dery ie DkegeZ =o apa E) hee] =o croup on one side and transpose other terms tothe other side Factor out ®, Divide both sides by <= 4 ‘Simplify when possible. asa dy | _Wery a 1+ 2x, TE dy __142y/EF¥ ae ~"Teaniery to both numerator and denominator. ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG 80 | PageCALCULUS 1: CHAPTER 2 LECTURE MODULE 34 Example 4: Evaluate the derivative of y? ~ 3x +2y Solution: Since the function is not explicitly expressed to x, employ implicit differentiation to evaluate y. Derive both sides of the function, Group Son onesie and transpose other terms to the other side Factor out Divide both sides by 3y? — 6x, ENGR. ARISTON C. TALOSIG Bi | Page