NURSING PRACTICE IN
THE COMMUNITY
Pifth EditionPhilippine Copyright © 2009, 2004, 2003, 2002, 2000, 1997
by
ARGONAUTA CORPORATION
Marikina City
and
ARACELI S. MAGLAYA
ROSALINDA G. CRUZ-EARNSHAW
MA. BRIDGETTE T. LAO-NARIO
MA. CORAZON S. MAGLAYA
LUZ BARBARA L. PAMBID-DONES
LUCILA B. RABUCO
WINIFREDA O. UBAS-DE LEON
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
A written permission of the editor and publisher must be secured if any part of this
book is reproduced by any means and in any from whatsoever.
Every authentic copy of this book bears a serial number and the signature of the
editor or any one of the contributors.
(Ars,
)
Published and exclusively
distributed by:
ISBN 978-971- 91924-4-2
Argonauta Corporation
No. 1 Makiling Street
Marikina Village, Nangka
Marikina City
Tel. No. 91-61-60
Scanned with CamScannerCONTRIBUTORS
Araceli S. Maglaya, RN, PhD
Professor
Centennial Professorial Chair
College of Nursing
University of the Philippines Manil
Rosalinda G. Cruz-Earnshaw,
RN, MIN, MPA
Nurse Educator
cumenical Christian College
rarlac City,
Former Faculty
College of Nursing
i of the Philippines
Former Consultant
Philippine Department of
Health-Local Government
Assistance and Monitoring
Service and Essential National
Health Research
Luz Barbara L. Pambid-Dones,
RN, MPH
College of Nursing
University of the Philippines
Manila
Ma. Corazon S. Maglaya, MD
‘Medical Consultant
Smith Bell Group of Companies
Resource Person
“Doctors-On-Line” Program,
DZAS
Ma. Bridgette T. Lao-Nario,
RN, MA
Faculty
Ai Pacific School of Nursing
Second Careers in Nursing
Program
Aisa, California, USA
‘Telemetry Nurse
Definitive Observation Unit
Whittier Hospital Medical
Center
Azusa, California, USA
Winifreda O. Ubas-de Leon,
BSMT, MPH
Professor (Revired)
Department of Parasitology
College of Publie Health
University of the Philippines,
Manila
Lucila B. Rabuco, MSc Public
Health (Nutrition), PHD
Professor
Centennial Professorial Chair
Department of Nutrition
College of Public Health
University of the Philippines
Manila
Scanned with CamScannerPREFACE
tion of the book Nursing Practice in the Community focuses
‘on theory-based practice methodologies using the competency-based framework.
Theories whieh describe, explain and predict behavior of cliente (particularly families,
groups and the community) provide backgrourid frameworks to guide readers on
the bases for the selection of content and critieal thinking directions by phase of the
nursing process. Within these purposes and background of the book, the cditor and
contributing authors hope to enhance the teaching-learning empowering competencies
of practitioners, teachers and students based on the uniqueness of every client and the
health-bealing situation in every nurse-client relationship. Precision and coherence
in concept elaboration and illustration hopefully achieve clarity in breaking down
complex processes to describe the application of the nursing process by type of client,
Particularly for clinical instructors and students challenged enough to pursue the
breadth and depth of community health nurse practice, the Leory-based methodelogi
presented in this book provide teaching-learning alternatives to prevent the likelihood
of using “ready-made” nursing caré plans and client records to comply with course
requirernents.
‘The fifth e
‘The book begins with a presentation of community health nursing (CHN) as context
and practice using a four-client perspective: the individual, family, population group
and community. Within the backdrop of social, political, cultural and economic
determinantsofhealth and illness, the chapter discusses the health care delivery system,
the national health situation and the components, processes and cthicolegal aspects
of community health nursing practice. As a CHN practice option in many countries,
‘community-based case management is discussed towards the end of the chapter.
Chapter 2 presents theory-based methods and tools on assessment in family health
nursing practice. ‘The Assessment Data Base and The Typology of Nursing Problems
in Family Nursing Practice are updated using precise concepts related with major
family theories: The Systems Model, Interactional and Development Models and The
Structural Functional Framework. Genograms, ecomap and family-life chronology
are discussed as additional assessment tools with specific guides on construction and
interpretation contained in Appendices B1 to B3.
Chapter focuses on concepts, steps and intervention options in developing the family
nursing care plan. A sample evaluation plan illustrates how to specify evaluation
riteria/indicators, standards and types of methods and tools.
Chapter 4 covers concepts, methods and tools related with the implementation and
evaluation phases in family nursing practice. Two types of evaluation are discussed:
formative and summative evaluation. Each type is presented to address specific
components of family health nursing care based on evaluation criteria/indicators and
standards. Challenges and directions include supervision of a case load of priority
families by geographical assignment or catchment area and the case management
approach in working with priority familics.
Chapter 5 focuses on the nursing perspective of the partnership approach and the
participatory action methodology explicitly illustrating the “Look-Think-Act” cyclical
process using empirical data on the empowering experiences of families in a village
in Abra Provines. Interdisciplinary teamwork and interagency collaboration are
enhanced through competencies on partnership with diverse groups forming cross
functional teams.
Scanned with CamScannerChapter 6 presents the conceptsand methods of the work group approach in developing
community competence,
Chapter 7 describes the processes, methods and tools for assessing community health
needs by type of community diagnosis. Application of demography, vital sta nd
epidemiology as public health tools are illustrated by major concept or tool
Chapter 8 discusses the approaches and steps involved in planning community health
nursing programs and services. Community competence and community strength or
empowerment as change outcomes are illustrated as examples of evaluation measures
to pursue using the participatory approach.
Chapter 9 presents the nursing interventions for community health and development.
Within the perspectives of primary health care, health promotion and community
competence, community health development sirategies include community organizing
towards community participation in health, capacity-building through competency-
based training, partnership and collaboration, advocacy and supervision. Caseload
management is described as a process and an approach to systematically address the
hgalth needs and problems of a number of clients under specific health programs or
services,
Chapter 10 presents assessment and management protocols for safe motherhoed and
well-baby care.
Chapter 11 describes nurse-managed maternal care in the community. Based on
standards of prenatal care, home delivery and postpartum care, application of the
nursing process in a nurse-managed care is presented
Chapter 12 describes independent nursing practice using specific strategies, examples
and experiences such as conducting developmental screening for preschoolers and
maintaining a health promotion clinic to address client concerns like nutrition,
comfort, mobility and sleep pattern. The components of nursing consultation together
with other topies such as charging nursing professional fee, marketing services of the
nursing clinic and establishing linkages and a referral system are discussed.
Chapter 13 focuses on enhancing competencies on nutrition for wellness, presenting the
functions and food sources of macronutrients (carbohydrates, proteins and fats) and
micronutrients (vitamins and minerals). Methods and tools to assess nutritional status
(eg. dietary and anthropometric methods, biophysical tests and clinical examination)
are also described in tie chapter. Competencies on nutrition and wellness enhance the
nurse’s confidence to assume an independent role or work in collaboration with the
health team in addressing malnutrition as a health problem and risk factor of lifestyle
diseases in many communities in the Philippines and in many parts of the world.
Chapter 14 focuses on concepts, strategies and interventions to address malnutrition in
early childhood based on common causes of undernutrition among Filipino children.
Chapter 15 daseribes the life cycle and measures for prevention and control of parasites
as causative agents of selected communicable diseases such as malaria, filariasis,
schistosomiasis and intestinal parasitism.
Chapter 16 describes assessment and management protocols to address selected
common lifestyle-related health concerns and problems of adult clients.
Scanned with CamScannerats the concepts and prineiples of nursing mana
i i anagement
ats the picolegal considerations are discussed. wement in the local
Chapter 17 pres
public health sys
jecusses communit based participatory research t
The nature, y atch to e
: éy niue, process and. ouleomen or eee
Ith wufyatrated using empirical data based in a Ss of family
1g research on malaria prevention Gnd GOnCol dnvotinn een
1 nity residents ofa village of Danglas Municipality, olving sixty-nine
= » Abra Province, _
e.
Finally, Chapter 38 di n
vaith nursing preetice.
community i
empowerment
multidiseiplina
families as com
“the fifth edition isa product of five years of exploring options based
The Hffoners, clinical instructors, senior faculty San gudeoes Ge how eee rom
ara ttnitate erikical thinking and analysis in community: featiliomee tn ee
ang retical perepeetives provide the bases for thé ‘application of tha Sanne ee
Theoreica! Tm using practice-based methodotogles. | Each {he nursing process
opportunity for practitioners: ‘clinical instructors and students hapter provides an
practice perspective from the vanrige point of participatory fo see the nursing
race ing client's emspowsering potential. Y approach towards
she book is dedicated to all families and nurses who are soure
strength to enhance healing and attain wellness. turces of hope, wisdom and
Araceli S. Maglaya
Tagaytay City
Scanned with CamScannerTABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER1
Community Health Nursing: Context and Practice
Rosalinda G. Cruz-Earnshaw
Community Health Nursing 16
Framework for Community Health Nursing 17
Clients of Community Health Nurses 27
© Individual 17
+ Family is
= Population group 18
Community 16
Health 19
* Factorsaffecting health 19
Health Care Delivery System 22
© Publichealth 22
Department of Health 23
Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Health Sector Reform Agenda (HSRA) 24
FOURMula ONE for Health (F1) 24
National Objectives for Health (NOH) 25
Devolution of health services 25
‘The National Health Situation 26
‘Demographic profile 26
* Health profile 27
Primary Health Care and Health Promotion 39
© Primary health care 20
* Health promotion 22
Nursing Practice in the Community 33
© Nursing process 3
© Health education’ 32
* Management ang supervision 38
© Reseerch and evidence-based nursing practice
Community Health Nursing in the Philippines 29
© Public health nursing 40
© Occupational health nurs:
© School nursing 42
Community-Based Case Management 43
Ethicolegal Aspects of Community Health Nursing
42
The Philippines health care delivery system
2
a“
2
Medium-term Philippine Development Plan (MTPDP) 24
Critical thinking in community health nursing 34
Program planning, implementation and evaluation 38
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asCHAPTER 2 50
Assessment in Family Health Nursing Practice
Araceli S. Maglaya
Family Perspective in Community Health Nursing Practice 50
Family Nursing Practice: Theoretical Perspectives si
Nursing Assessment: Operational Framework 54
Stops in Family Nursing Assessment 55
Data Collection $7
* Types of Data in Family Nursing Assessment 57
* Data-gathering Methods and Tools 57
Data Analysis 62 .
Nursing Diagnoses: Family Nursing Problems 63
The Typology of Nursing Problems in Family Health Care 6a
Conclusion 72
CHAPTER 3. 76
Developing the Family Nursing Care Plan
Araceli 8. Maglaya
The Farnily Nursing Care Plan 76
+ Steys in Developing o Family Nursing Care Plan 75
+ Prioritizing Health Conditions and Problems 77
+ Factors Affecting Priority-Setting 79
* Scoring at
* Formulation of Goals and Objectives of Care a1
Developing the Intervention Plan a3
© Analyze Realities and Possibilities based on Family's Lived Experience of
Meaning and Concerns 6
+ Focus on interventions to Help the Family Perform the Health Tasks 85
+ Catalyze Behavior Change Through Motivation and Support 99
* Criteria for Selecting the Type of Nurse-Family Cantact m1
Developing the Evaluation Plan 92
Documentation 62
CHAPTER 4
Implementation and Evaluation in Family Nursing Practice ~ 7
Araceli 8. Maglaye
Expert Caring: Methods and Possibilities 97
Competency-Based Teaching 98
+ Leaming is an Intellectual and Emotional Process 99
+ Learning is facilitated when experiences have meaning to the learner 101
+ Learning is an individual Matter: Ensure Mastery of Competencies for
Sustained Actions 102
Maximizing Caring Possibilities 203
Expertise through Reflective Practice 105
The Evaluation Phase 137
Challenges and Directions 107
Scanned with CamScannerCHAPTERS
The Partnership Approach and the Participatory Action Methodology: The Nursing
Perspective 110
Araceli S. Maglaya
Human Care and Nursing Practice 120
Options for Change 111
Particigatory Action and Empowering Experiences of Families in Dangias, Abra 114
Enhancing Interdisciplinary and Interagency Cellaboration 113
The Essential Ingrediants of Partnership 116
* Belief in Egalitarian Relationship 116
* Open-mindedness 116
* Respect and Trust 17
+ Commitment to Enhance each ather’s Capabilities for Partnership 117
Capabilities Necessary for Partnership 11s
* Skills Necessary to Function as an Integrated Unit 118
Summary 17%
CHAPTER 6
Developing Community Competence through the Work Group Approach 130
Araceli S. Maglaya
Introduction 130
Community Competence 131
‘The Work Group Model as Strategic Anproach to Community Competence 231
The Stages oF Group Development 137
+ “The Stage of Orientation 132
The Stage of Conflict 133
The Stage of Cohesiveness 134
‘The Work Group Stage 134
‘The Termination Stage 135,
+ The Verious Stazes at Work 135
Interventions te Facilitate Group Growth 135,
+ Provide the Necessary Orientation, Structure and Direction 136
* Process, Negotiate and Resolve Conflicts to Member's Satisfaction 138
© Be Aware of the Effects of Own Behavior on the Group: Use the Self for Group
Growth
* Actas the Group's Completer/Resource Person 167
+ Derive Oppartunities to Apply Learning on Another Situation 147
Work Group: Hub of Community Organization, Competence and Empowerment 47
CHAPTER 7
Assessing Community Health Needs 150
Luz Barbara P. Denes
Introduction 150
The Community Diagnosis 250
+ Ecologic Approach to Community Diagnosis 151
* Types of Community Diagnosis 152
+ Comprehensive Community Diagnosis 152
+ Problem-Oriented Community Diagnosis 155
Community Diegnosis: The Process 155
Scanned with CamScannerConducting Community Diagnosis 156
Steps 8 Cormining the Objectives 157
Defining the Study Population | 157
c petermining the Datato be Collected 158
= collecting the Data 358
t Seveloping the Instrument 161
© actual Data Gathering 368
= Data Collation 169
© Data Presentation 171
© pata analysis 174
y Peeatying the Community Health Nursing Problems 374
+ Priority-setting 17
Application of Public Health Tools in Community Health Nursing 173
Demography 178 i
= Sources of Demographic Data
* Population Size 180
+ Population Composition 182
+ Population Distribution 183
Vital Statistics 184
Epidemiology 186
+ The Multiple Causation Theory
© Notural History of Disease 183
Levels of Prevention of Health Problems 188
Concept of Causality and Association 191 7
The Epidemiological Approach 392
Descriptive Epidemiology 392
Analytical Epidemiology 197
Interventional or Experimental Epidemiology 198
jeriology 198
286
= Evaluation &
Conclusion 123,
CHAPTER &
Planning for Community Health Nursing Programs and Si
Luz Barbara P. Dones Tt a aaa eet
Introduction 202
‘Whats Planning? 202
Approaches to Planning Health Programs 203
2) Participatory Flanning for Community Health 203
Planning for Health Promotion 204
The Planning Cycle 208,
Situational Analysis 208,
5 Gos! and Objective sewing 212
Strategy and Activity-Setting 223
+ Develaping an Evalun
Conclusion 220 on Plan 21¢
Scanned with CamScannerCHAPTER 9
Nursing Interventions for Community Health and Development 223
Jar: Barbara P. Danes
Introduction 223
Community Competence as Outcome of Community Health Nursing Interventions 223
Community Health Development Strategies 225
Health Promotion 226
Community Organizing towards Community Participation in Health 229
Capacity-Building through Competency-based Training 233
Partnership and Collaboration 236
Advocacy 237
Supervision 238
* Making ¢ Supervisory Plan 239
* Methods and Tools for Supervision 240
+ Conducting a Supervisory Visit 200
* Case Study Illustrating the Application of the Steps in Supervisory Planning 242
Caseload Management 241
Conclusion 2a3
CHAPTER 10
Logic Trees for Safe Motherhood and Well-Baby Care 247
Ma. Corazon S. Maglaya and Araceli Maglaya
Introduction 207
The Use of Logic Trees 247
Assessment Protoco! for Initial Pre-natal Check-up 248
Logic Tree Flowchart No. 28 250
Management Protocol for Initial Pre-natal Check-up 25
Assessment Protoco for Follow-up Pre-natal Chack-up 25s
Logie Tree Flowchart No. 29257
Management Protocal for Follow-up Pre-natal Check-up 252
Assessment Protocol for Home Delivery 260
Logic Trae Flowchart No. 30 261,
Management Protocol for Home Delivery 262
Assessment Protocol for Care of the Newborn Immediately after Birth 267
Logic Tree Flowchart No. 31 269
Management Protoco! for Care of the Newborn Immediately after Birth 270
Assessment Protocol for Postpartum Check-up 273,
Logic Tree Flowchart No. 32. 274
Management Protocol for Postpartum Check-up . 275
Assessment Protoco) for Well Baby Checkup 260,
Logic Tree Flowchart No. 33-A 26:
Management Protocol for Well Baby Cheek-up 282
Assessment Protoco) tor Well Baby Checx-up, Patient is more than one month old 284
Logic Tree Flowchart No. 33-2 285
Management Protocol for Well Baby Check-up, Patient is more than one month old 286
Scanned with CamScannerCHAPTER 11
Nurse-Managed Maternal Care in the Community
Maria Brigette T. Lao-Nario
Introduction 258
Role of Maternal Care 289
Standards of Prenatai Care 290
Components of Pregnancy Care 292
* Antenats! Registration 293
Tetanus Toxoid Immunization 293
‘+ Micronutrient Supplementatior
+ Vitamin A Supplementation 235
+ Treatment of Diseases and Other Conditions 296
+ Early Detection and Management of Complications
‘+ Family Planning Counseling 297
+ STD/HIV/AIDS Prevention and Management 297
Standards in Home Delivery 297
Standards in Postpartum Visit 300
The Nursing Process in a Nurse-Managed Care 302
Nursing Assessment and Diagnoses 302
Determining Qutcomes of Care 203
Choosing Nursing Interventions sve
Home Visit as an Intervention 304
CHAPTER 12
Demonstrating Independent Nursing Practice
Ma. Brigette T. Lao-Nario
Experiences in Setting up Independent Nursing Practice
Metso Manila Develapmental Screening for Preschoolers
Providing Consulting Services 213
The Health Promotion Nursing Clinic 216
Commonly Used Nursing Diagnoses 318
Establishing the Outcomes of Care 320
‘The Nursing Consultation and its Components 320,
Charging Clients @ Nursing Professional Fee 322
Marketing the Services of the Nursing Clinic 223
Establishing Linkages and a Referral System 323
CHAPTER 13
Enhancing Competencies on Nutrition for Wellness
Lucila B. Rabuco
Imreduction 326
Nutrition 326
Food 327
Nutrients 327
° Macronutrients 227
+ Micronutrients 229
Assessment of Nutritional status 333,
* indirect methods 234
Macronutrient and Micronutrient Supplementation
208
ron Supplementation 254
of Pregnancy 296
aur
ant
Scanned with CamScanner
288
310
326© Direct methods 337
Common Nutritiona’ Problems of Public Health Importance 340
+ Protein-Eneray Malnutrition (P.EM.) 240
Won Deficiency Anemia 341
Vitamin A Deficiency Disorders 342
lodine Deficiency Disorders 343
Overweight and obesity 344
Summary 344
CHAPTER 14
Appropriate Technology for the Prevention and Control of Malnutrition in
Early Childhood 346
Araceli S. Maglaya
Nutritional Status of Filipino Children: Consequences and Implications 346
Causes of Malnutrition Related tu Feeding Practices 347
+ Non-breast-feeding or Farly Weaning 34
+ Absence of or inadequate Complementary Feeding during Extended Periods of
Breastfeeding or Dependence on Artificial Feeding 34%
> Lack of or Inadequate Skill in Managing Diarrhea at Home a8
Interventions Using Appropriate Technology 3s
+ Family Competency-Bullding on Nutritional Status of Children and Options to
Enhance Proper Nutrition 348
* Regular Complementary Feeding Using Protein Powders 349,
= Increase Knowledge on the Daily Recommended Eneray and Nutrient Intakes (RENID
for Infants and Toddlers 361
‘+ Appropriate Home Management of Diarrhea 352
Summary 354
CHAPTER 15
Parasitology in Nursing Practice 356
Winifreda O. Ubas-de Leon
Introduction 355
The Parasites 355
Directly-Transmitted Parasite 357
+ Enterobius (Oxyuris) vermicularis 357
Soil-Transmitted Parasites 358
© Ascaris lumoricoides se
© Trichuristrichlura sez
© Hockworms 262
Food Transmitted Parasites 369
© Tacnia solium and Taenia saginata 369
© Paragonimus westermani 370
© Capillaria chilippinensis 371
© Heterophyid Flukes 371
Water-borne Protozoa 272
* Entamoeba histolytica 372
© Giardialambiis 273
© Cryptosporidium hominis 373
* Cyclospora cayatensis 377
Scanned with CamScanner© Blastocysts hominis 377
Vector-Borne Parasites 378
+ Plesmodia 378
* Babesia spp 279
‘+ Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayl 380
Schistosoma japonicum 28a
Conclusion 388,
CHAPTER 16
Logic Tree for Common Adult Health Problems 388
‘Ma. Corazon S. Magiaya and Araceli Maglaya
Introduction a8
The LogicTiees a8
‘Assessment Protocol for Problem on Cough, Colds or Difficulty of Breathing not
Associated with Fover 389
Logic Tree Flowchart No. 7 392
Management Protocol for Problem on Cough, Colds or Difficulty of Breathing not
Associated with Fever 392
Assessment Protocol for Problem on Skin Lesions 334
Logic Tree Flowchart No.9 395
Management Pratocal far Problem on Skin Lesions 398
Assessment Protocol far Prablem on Body Weakness 399
Logic Tree Flawehart No. 10 «00
Management Protocol for for Problem on Body Weekness 201
Ascessmant Protocol for Problem on Abéominal Pain, Epigastric 403
Logic tree Flowchart No. 11404
Management Protocol for for Problem on Abdominal Pain, Epigastric sos
Assessment Protocol for Problem on Insomnia 407
Logie Tree Flowchart No.16 408
Management Protocol for Problem Insomnia 403
Assessment Protocol for Problem on Dizziness 412
Logic Tree Flowchart No. 24 413
Management Protocol for Problem Dizziness axa
CHAPTER 17
“rsing Management in the Local Public Health System
Rosalinda G. Cruz-Earnshaw ‘as
Introcuction ais
Management Functions «a9
fanagement in Public Health 421
The Local Public Health Organization 421
Context of the Lecal Public Health Organization 421
asa Manager and Supervisor 722
The pany
* Planning 421
S Organizing 223
* stating as
Leading (directing) 2s
ean etling se
‘2l Considerations 429
Scanned with CamScannerCHAPTER 18
Enhancing Practice through Community-Based Participatory Research 432
‘Araceli S. Maglaya
Introduction 332
Community-Based Participatory Research 422
Enhancing Empowering Potential: The Human Response Perspective 433
Facilitating @ehavior Change thru Motivation-Support Interventions 435
Empowerment: Nature, Process and Qutcomes 436
Health in the Hands of the People 438
Behavior Change Over Time aax
Community Leaders Update the Researcher at the University «39
Community-Based Research: Insights for Enhancing Nursing Practice a36
APPENDICES
Al Community Health Nursing Practice Model as
2 Laws that Impact on People’s Health and CHN ane
Aa Health Programs of the DOH sau
B Family Assessment Tools sag
81 Constructing and interpreting a Genogram 49
82 Constructng the Family Ecomap 455
B3 Constructing the Family-Life Chronology 456
C1 Charting Nursing Care, Progress Notes and Client Responses/Outcomes
C2 Family Service Progress Record 458
C3__ Instructions on the Use of the Family Service and Progress Record 361
D Selectinga Fruit Exercise 467
E Empowerment for Health Promotion/ Lifestyle Change 472
487
F Recommended Energy and Nutrient Intakes Per Day For Selected Population
Groups 473
G Trends in Community Health and Community Health Nursing Practice 474
Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1
COMMUNITY HEALTH
NURSING:
CONTEXT AND PRACTICE
Rosalinda G. Cruz-Earnshaw
Community health nursing (CHN) i in the
Philippines; th Some people use the terms community
health nursing wid public health nursing interchangeably. However, the former is
broader than the killer; it includes public health nursing geccupational health nursing
GES
COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING
Clark defines community health nursing as a and
active and the science and practice of public health, implemented via
ind other processes to promote health and prevent illness in
ion groups” (2008:5). The other processes include management, supervision,
rescarch, advocaey and political action. Annex At presents a model of community
health nursing practice which illustrates the relationship between nursing practice
as seience and art, core community health functions and essential community health
services.
‘The following statements characterize CHN: (2)-Promotion of health and:prevention of
disease are the goals of professional practice; (2) Community health nursing practice
s and not episodic; (3) There are ditferentlevelsof
(gentéle-- individuals, families and population groups and the practitioner recognizes:
the primacy of the population as a whole; (4) Theamrsesandstheselient-havexgceater
‘controlin making decisions related to health care and they-collaborate-as-equals;
)Thenurse recognizes. the impact of different factors on health and-hasageeater