MMB 434 ASSIGNMENT REPORT

SPIRAL HEAT EXCHANGER

GROUP 5 MEMBERS
1. KELEFATSHE B. 202108080
2. RAMOTHOKGWANA N. E. 202001293
3. REEKAE D. B. 202005866
4. RADIKWATA T. 202001577
5. SEELE K. L. 202001037
i. ABSTRACT
This report provides a comprehensive analysis of spiral heat exchangers, a vital component in
various industrial processes for efficient heat transfer. Spiral heat exchangers are known for their
compact design, excellent thermal performance, and suitability for a wide range of applications.
This study delves into the fundamental principles of spiral heat exchangers, exploring their
unique design, operating mechanisms, and advantages over conventional heat exchangers.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
A heat exchanger is a device that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids that are at
different temperatures while keeping them from mixing with each other (Cengel, 2002). Heat
exchangers are used for various reasons in a wide range of industrial, commercial, and residential
applications. The primary purpose of a heat exchanger is to facilitate the transfer of thermal
energy between two substances at different temperatures. Heat exchangers are used to give
control over the temperature in various processes to improve efficiency, prevent overheating or
other potential hazards, and to improve safety (Sekulic, 2003). For example, an oil cooler cools
down hot oil by passing cold water next to the hot oil tube. The heat from the oil is transferred
into the cold water, reducing the temperature of the oil. Wherever heat is being generated in a
process, heat exchangers can be used to keep the process safe, as well as use the heat energy
most efficiently. In many industrial and commercial processes, heat exchangers are used to
recover and reuse heat from one stream (e.g., hot exhaust gases) to preheat another stream (e.g.,
incoming air or water). This reduces the overall energy consumption. Heat exchangers are
employed in food processing to pasteurize or sterilize products, cool or heat ingredients, and
maintain product quality and safety. Heat exchangers’ enables heat recovery for instance in
applications like power generation and industrial processes, heat exchangers are employed to
recover heat from exhaust gases, allowing it to be used elsewhere in the system, reducing fuel
consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.
According to (G.Walker, 1982) heat exchangers are used in heating and cooling systems for
buildings .Automobiles are equipped with heat exchangers ,miscalled and all electrical and
electronic equipment must be provided with heat exchangers for cooling. Refrigerators operate
on vapor-compression cycle using two heat exchangers one to cool the freezer compartment and
the other to transfer to the air heat from the freezer compartment plus the work required to drive
the system. Electricity is generated in base load electric power stations that depend on heat
exchangers for the generating and condensing of steam used to drive the turbine-powered
alternators. Oil refineries and chemical processing plants use many different heat exchangers.
Food processing, baking, brewing, mixing and freezing involve the use of heat exchangers. Heat
exchangers are used in pharmaceutical manufacturing, heat exchangers are used for temperature
control during various stages of drug production.
 Figure 1: Heat exchanger in food processing unit (P.Fraas, 1989)
Heat exchanger functions by transferring heat from higher to lower temperatures. Heat can be
transferred from the hot fluid to the cold fluid if a hot fluid and a cold fluid are separated by a
heat-conducting surface, the operation of a heat exchanger is governed by thermodynamics
(S.Kakac, 1999).The laws of thermodynamics are the fundamental concepts that underpin heat
exchangers namely the Zeroth law, first law and second law. Therefore, in the heat exchanger, a
higher-temperature fluid (T1) interacts with a lower-temperature fluid (T2), either directly or
indirectly, causing heat to transfer from T1 to T2 and move towards equilibrium. T1 temperature
drops after the heat transfer, but T2 temperature rises. So, a fluid can be heated or cooled using a
heat exchanger.

Figure 2: An illustration on the principle operation of heat exchangers (G.Lestina, 2014)

2.0 OPERATION PRINCIPLE OF SPIRAL HEAT EXCHANGER

Figure 3: Schematic diagram of a spiral heat exchanger (Kondahkar & Kapatkat, 2016).
A spiral heat exchanger is a certain type of heat exchanger made to transfer heat between two
fluids efficiently. It is made up of two spiral-shaped channels or coils, typically made of metal,
that are stacked on top of each other. These coils are separated by a wall or divider, and the two
fluids flow through their respective channels in a counterflow or parallel flow arrangement
(Thulukkanam, 2000).
How does it work?
Through their respective inlet ports, the two fluids, referred to as the hot fluid and the cold fluid,
enter the heat exchanger. Each fluid travels through a separate spiral-shaped duct.
The hot and cold fluids may move in a counterflow or parallel flow pattern, depending on the
design and use.
In a counterflow design, the cold fluid flows in the opposite direction from the hot fluid in a
spiral pattern. This configuration increases the temperature difference between the two fluids
along the full length of the channel, allowing for the most effective heat transmission.
In a parallel flow setup, both fluids move in the same direction. Despite being less effective for
heat transmission than counterflow, this configuration may be preferred for certain applications
or design limitations.
Figure 4: A comparison between the operations and effects of a concurrent/parallel flow and a
countercurrent flow exchange system (Khan & Khan, 2013).

Figure 5: Temperature against length graphs for parallel and counter flow (Khan & Khan,
2013).
The thin metal wall that separates the hot and cold fluids allows heat to be exchanged as they
move through their respective channels. The heat transfers from the hot fluid to the cold fluid,
boosting the temperature of the latter while lowering the temperature of the former.
Through their respective outlet ports, the now-heated cold fluid and the cooled hot fluid leave the
heat exchanger (Khan & Khan, 2013).
Application with examples
Chemical and hydrocarbon processing
Fluids having a high potential for fouling, such as those used in the petrochemical and oil
refining sectors, are well suited for spiral heat exchangers. This is due to the fact that the spiral's
single-flow passages induce high shear rates that scrub away deposits as they form which aids in
preventing fouling.
A spiral heat exchanger can be used to heat crude oil before it enters a distillation tower. The
crude oil flows through the inner spiral channel, while hot steam flows through the outer spiral
channel. The heat is transferred from the hot steam to the crude oil, which heats the oil up before
it enters the distillation tower.
Food and beverage processing
They are used in food and beverage industries due to them being able to handle a wide range of
fluids such as slurries and viscous liquids. Additionally, spiral heat exchangers are simple to
clean, which is crucial in applications involving food processing.
A spiral heat exchanger can also be used to pasteurize beer in a brewery. The beer flows through
the inner spiral channel, while hot water flows through the outer spiral channel. The heat is
transferred from the hot water to the beer, which pasteurizes the beer.
Preheating boiler feed water in a power plant
Spiral heat exchangers are used to preheat boiler feed water in a power plant because they are
durable and can withstand high pressures and temperatures. The boiler feed water flows through
the inner spiral channel, while hot exhaust gas from the power plant flows through the outer
spiral channel. The heat is transferred from the hot exhaust gas to the boiler feed water, which
preheats the water before it enters the boiler.
Additionally, spiral heat exchangers are used because they have a high efficiency due to their
long flow path and turbulent flow. They are also compact in size, which makes them ideal for
applications where space is limited (Sadik Kakac, 2020).
Limitations and how to manage/control them
Spiral heat exchangers can show high pressure drops as compared to other heat exchangers. In
order to compensate for the pressure losses, this may lead to increased energy use. To manage
this limitation, it's important to properly size the heat exchanger for the specific application and
use the correct design parameters.
Some corrosive or abrasive fluids may not be compatible with the materials commonly used in
spiral heat exchangers. It's crucial to base your choice of heat exchanger material on the fluid
properties. This restriction can be managed by using corrosion-resistant materials, adding
protective coatings or performing periodic maintenance on heat exchanger components.
While spiral heat exchangers are designed to minimize fouling, maintenance and cleaning can be
more complex compared to other heat exchanger types, especially in cases where fouling occurs.
This can be managed by implementing a regular maintenance program. Some spiral heat
exchanger designs have access points or removable coverings that make it simpler to clean
(Mitrović, 2012).
3.0 DESIGN/SIZING OF SPIRAL HEAT EXCHANGER
Equations and principles of heat transfer used to design or size spiral heat exchanger

Heat transfer equation: the fundamental equation for heat exchangers is the heat transfer
equation, which relates the heat transfer rate (Q) to the temperature difference (∆𝑇) and the overall
heat transfer coefficient (U) (Incropera & De Witt, 2002):

Q = U ∗ A ∗ ∆𝑇LMTD (1)

Where:

Q is the heat transfer rat

U is the overall heat transfer coefficient

A is the heat transfer surface area

∆𝑇LMTD is the Log Mean Temperature Difference

Surface area: it is a critical factor. It depends on the geometry and size of the spiral heat
exchanger. It is calculated using LMTD, heat transfer coefficient and the required heat duty:

𝑄
A = 𝑈∗∆𝑇 (2)
𝐿𝑀𝑇𝐷

Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient: it characterizes the heat effectiveness of the heat exchanger.
It depends on the materials, geometry, and design of the heat exchanger.

1
U= 1 𝑡 1
(3)
[( )+( 𝑤 )+( )]
ℎℎ 𝑘 ℎ𝑐

Where: hh and hc are the heat transfer coefficients on the hot and cold sides, respectively.

tw is the wall thickness of the spiral heat exchanger.

k is the thermal conductivity of the wall material

Log Mean Temperature Difference (LMTD): the LMTD is used to calculate the temperature
driving force in a heat exchanger (Kern, 1983). It is calculated using the following equation:

(∆𝑇1− ∆𝑇2)
∆𝑇LMTD = 𝑙𝑛(∆𝑇1/∆𝑇2) (4)
Where: ∆𝑇1 and ∆𝑇2 are the temperature differences at the inlet and outlet of the spiral heat
exchanger.

Heat Exchanger Effectiveness: the effectiveness of a spiral heat exchanger is a measure of how
effectively it transfers heat. It is calculated using the equation:

𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒

𝜀 = 𝑀𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 (5)

Reynolds Number: the Reynolds number is used to determine the flow regime (turbulent or
laminar) inside the spiral heat exchanger. It is calculated as:

𝜌∗𝑉∗𝐷ℎ
Re = (6)
𝜇

Where:

𝜌 is the fluid density

V is the fluid velocity

Dh is the hydraulic diameter of the flow passage.

𝜇 is the dynamic viscosity of the fluid.

Pressure Drop: the pressure drop in a spiral heat exchanger can be calculated using the Darcy-
Weisbach equation or other pressure drop equations based on the specific flow conditions (May,
2004):

𝑓𝐿𝑣 2
HL = (7)
2𝐷𝑔

Where: HL is the head loss or pressure drop

F is the coefficient of friction or friction factor

V is the velocity of incompressible fluid

L is the length of the pipe

D is the internal diameter of the pipe

G is the acceleration due to gravity

Nusselt number: the Nusselt number correlates the convective heat transfer coefficient with fluid
properties and flow conditions (Roy & Roy, 2020). The choice on Nu correlation depends on the
flow regime and geometry:

ℎ∗𝐿
Nu = = 0.023 ∗ [Re]0.8 ∗ [Pr]n (8)
𝑘𝑓

Where: n = 0.4 for heating,

n = 0.3 for cooling

Sizing considerations: the spiral heat exchanger consists of multiple parallel coils and the size of
a spiral heat exchanger is determined by factors like the required heat transfer area, material
properties, and pressure drop limitations. The specific equations for sizing may vary depending on
the manufacturer and design parameters.

Safety factors and testing: safety factors should be applied to the design to account for
uncertainties and ensure reliable operation. Prototype and test the spiral heat exchanger to validate
its performance under actual operating conditions.

Finalize design: once all parameters are determined, the final design of the spiral heat exchanger,
including all the materials, dimensions, and flow rates, can be established.

A case study involved in designing (sizing) of spiral heat exchanger.

The design of heat exchangers is done in two steps. First, thermal and fluid dynamical design and
then mechanical design. Thermal and fluid dynamical design is the main and substantial step to
heat exchanger design. This calculates the required heat transfer surface and pressure drop for the
heat exchanger. The goal of mechanical design is to have a heat exchanger able to tolerate working
conditions. This step is going to determine physical properties and shape of the heat exchanger
(Khorshidi & Heidari, 27 April 2016).

Thermal Design

During heat exchanger design often overall heat transfer coefficient is used that connects the rate
of heat transfer to the temperature difference of the system. All the resistances to the heat transfer
including that of cold fluid film, wall thickness, hot fluid film, and fouling resistances in both sides
are compacted in one coefficient. Finally, the relation for heat transfer is as relation (1).
 Q = U∗A∗F∗∆TLMTD (9)

where: A is the heat transfer surface area.

F is a correction coefficient.

∆TLMTD is the mean logarithmic temperature difference.

U is the overall heat transfer coefficient.

U is defined as below:

1
U= 1 𝑡𝑤 1 (10)
+ + + 𝑟𝑖 +𝑟𝑜
ℎℎ 𝑘𝑤 ℎ𝑐

where: hh and hc are heat transfer coefficients of the hot and cold fluids.

kw is the conductivity of wall (heat transfer surface).

ri and ro are the fouling resistances of both sides.

tw is the wall thickness.

Some experimental relations are available to calculate hh and hc for heat exchanger (Kondahkar,
2012):

For radial laminar flow:

𝐿 −1/3 𝑧𝑓 −0.14
h = 1.86 ∗ c ∗ G ∗ [Re]-2/3 [𝐷 ] [𝑧 ] (11)
𝑒 𝑏

and for radial turbulent flow:

𝐷
h = (1 + 3.54 ∗ 𝐷𝑒 )∗ 0.023 ∗ c ∗ G ∗ [Re]-0.2 ∗ [Pr]-2/3 (12)
ℎ

where: De is the equivalent diameter.

Dh is the spiral diameter.

L is the length of each heat transfer surface.

z is viscosity.

c refers to specific heat capacity.

 G is mass flow rate 2

h is heat transfer coefficient 2

Re is the replacement for Reynolds Number.

Pr denotes Prandtl Number.

Re is calculated by:

𝐺∗𝐷𝑒
Re = (13)
𝑧

If H is the heat exchanger height, s is the distance between surfaces in each channel, and ṁ is the
mass flow rate, we have:

ṁ
G = 𝐻∗ 𝑠 (14)

2𝐻∗ 𝑠
De = ≅ 2s (15)
𝐻+𝑠

As H ≫ s then the equivalent diameter is twice the distance between channels.

Assumptions involved in the design (sizing) of the spiral heat exchanger.

To analyze the effectiveness of spiral heat exchangers, several assumptions are considered
(Thulukkanam, 2013).

Steady-State Operating conditions- Typically, steady-state operation is assumed in the design of

spiral heat exchanges, which means that the fluids characteristics and flow rates will not change
over time. Initial designs frequently do not take transient circumstances and alterations into
account.

Ideal flow patterns- To make the design process simpler, ideal flow patterns like counterflow or
parallel flow are assumed. Flow maldistribution, fouling, or other variables may prevent the flow
pattern from always being optimal.

Uniform heat transfer coefficients- Even though heat transfer coefficients in spiral channels can
fluctuate due to variations in fluid characteristics and flow patterns, design calculations may
nevertheless assume uniform heat transfer coefficients over the heat exchanger surface.
Negligible pressure drops- Pressure drops in spiral channels may be overlooked in first design
estimates. These pressure drops should be considered in the detailed design because they may
affect the heat exchanger’s overall performance.

Ideal fluid properties- Ideal fluid characteristics, such as constant heat capacity and viscosity, are
frequently used in design calculations. In practice, fluid characteristics can vary with temperature
and pressure, and accurate design should take these fluctuations into account.

No phase change in the fluids- When designing spiral heat exchangers, it is often assumed that
both fluids remain in the same phase (liquid or gas) during the process. When phase changes occur,
this can have a significant impact on design and size.

Uniform wall temperature- It is assumed that the heat exchanger wall temperature remains
constant and uniform. In practice, however, temperature fluctuations can occur on the surface of
the heat exchanger.

Negligible fouling/ scaling- The effect of fouling can be ignored in the initial design, which can
cause a decrease in heat transfer efficiency over time. In practice, contamination should be
considered in terms of long-term effectiveness.
4.0 EFFECTIVENESS/PERFORMANCE OF SPIRAL HEAT EXCHANGER
The effectiveness of a heat exchanger is defined as the ratio of the actual heat transfer rate to the
maximum possible heat transfer rate for the same heat exchanger (Incropera & Dewitt, 2002).
Simply put, it is a measure of how well it transmits heat from one fluid to another. The equation
below is used to quantify the effectiveness of a heat exchanger.
𝑞
𝜀= ………. (16)
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥

Whereby,
𝑞 = 𝐶𝑐 × (𝑇𝑐𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ) = 𝐶ℎ × (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇ℎ𝑜 ) ……. (17)
From which,
• Tci and Tco are the inlet and the outlet temperatures of the cold fluid,
• Cc is the heat capacity of the cold fluid,
• Thi and Tho are the inlet and outlet temperatures of the hot fluid, respectively and
• Ch is the heat capacity of the hot fluid (Diaz, 2023).
The maximum possible heat transfer rate is calculated by the following equation,
𝑞𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛 × (𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )……… (18)
Where,
Cmin is equal to Cc or Ch (whichever is smaller between the two),
Tci and Thi are the inlet temperatures of the cold and hot temperatures respectively, (Diaz, 2023).

The effectiveness of a heat exchanger can be evaluated using the Number of Transfer Units
(NTU) method. The NTU method is defined as the ratio of the overall heat conductance to the
smaller heat capacity rate (Shah & Sekulic, 2003). The number of transfer units in a heat
exchanger can be evaluated using the formula,
𝑈𝐴
𝑁𝑇𝑈 = …………….. (19)
𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛

Whereby.
U = overall heat transfer coefficient,
A = surface area
Cmin = smaller heat capacity rate.
The number of transfer units influences the effectiveness of a typical heat exchanger such that at
low NTU values, the effectiveness is also low and as the NTU value increases, the exchanger
effectiveness increases as well (Shah & Sekulic, 2003). Spiral heat exchangers often function in
a counterflow mode which increases the effectiveness of the heat exchanger by allowing
maximum heat transfer by having the hot and cold fluids flow in opposite directions. The
counterflow configuration maximizes the temperature gradient between the two fluids along the
heat transfer path, hence the improved effectiveness. The ɛ-NTU method is a more reliable and
convenient method for predicting the heat exchanger outlet temperatures which is one advantage
it offers over the Logarithmic Mean Temperature Method (LMTD), (Yusoff, 2015).

For a counterflow spiral heat exchanger, the effectiveness-NTU expression can be derived as
follows. Consider the following diagram for a counter current heat exchanger mechanism,

Thi

Tco

Tho Tci

Figure 6: Schematic of a spiral heat exchanger showing a counter current flow configuration
(Irabatti, 2023).
 3.5
Thi
3 -dTh

2.5
Temperature

2
Tho
Tco
1.5

1
-dTc Tci
0.5

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Position

Figure 7: Inlet and outlet temperature distribution for a typical spiral heat exchanger.
Adopted from (Incropera & Dewitt, 2002).
From figure 7 above,
∆𝑇1 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑜 ……… (20)
And
∆𝑇2 = 𝑇ℎ𝑜 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 …………. (21)
From Newton’s Law of Cooling,
𝑄 = 𝑈𝐴(∆𝑇) ………… (22)
Whereby,
∆𝑇 = 𝑇ℎ − 𝑇𝑐 …………. (23)
Differentiating equation (23) both sides then gives,
𝑑(∆𝑇) = 𝑑𝑇ℎ − 𝑑𝑇𝑐 ………. (24)
Now finding 𝑑𝑇ℎ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑇𝑐 , the following elementary heat equation is used,
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑚 × 𝑐 × 𝑑𝑇 …………. (25)
From the equation above,
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑚ℎ × 𝑐ℎ (−𝑑𝑇ℎ) and 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐 × 𝑐𝑐 (−𝑑𝑇𝑐) ……. (25.a)
For the hot and the cold fluids respectively. The temperature differences are negative in this case
due to the negative gradient from figure 6. But,
 𝑚ℎ × 𝑐ℎ = 𝐶ℎ = 𝐶𝑚𝑎𝑥
And
𝑚𝑐 × 𝑐𝑐 = 𝐶𝑐 = 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛
Equation (10.a) then becomes,
𝑑𝑄 = 𝐶ℎ (−𝑑𝑇ℎ) and 𝑑𝑄 = 𝐶𝑐 (−𝑑𝑇𝑐) ………. (25.b)
Then making temperature the subject and substituting equation (25.b) into (24) to yield the
following equation,
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑄
𝑑(∆𝑇) = − 𝐶 + …….. (26.a)
ℎ 𝐶𝑐

𝑑𝑄 𝐶
𝑑(∆𝑇) = − 𝐶 [𝐶𝑐 − 1] ……… (26.b)
𝑐 ℎ

𝐶 𝐶
The following relation is established, 𝐶 = 𝐶𝑐 = 𝐶 𝑚𝑖𝑛 , then plugged into differential form of
ℎ 𝑚𝑎𝑥
equation (22) above,
𝑑(∆𝑇) −𝑈𝑑𝐴
= (𝐶 − 1)……….. (27)
∆𝑇 𝐶𝑚𝑖𝑛

Integrating equation (27) above then yields,

−𝑈
ln ∆𝑇2 − ln ∆𝑇1 = 𝐶 (𝐶 − 1)(𝐴 − 0)
𝑚𝑖𝑛

∆𝑇 −𝑈𝐴
ln ∆𝑇2 = 𝐶 (𝐶 − 1) …………. (28)
1 𝑚𝑖𝑛

Recalling equation (4) and multiplying by negative both sides,

∆𝑇
ln ∆𝑇1 = −𝑁𝑇𝑈(1 − 𝐶) ………. (29.a)
2

∆𝑇1
= 𝑒 −𝑁𝑇𝑈(1−𝐶) …………… (29.b)
∆𝑇2

We then invoke equations (20) and (21), then find expressions for finding Tco and Tho using
equation (16) to give the following equations,
𝑇ℎ𝑜 = 𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝜀 × 𝐶(𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 )
𝑇𝑐𝑜 = 𝜀(𝑇ℎ𝑖 − 𝑇𝑐𝑖 ) + 𝑇𝑐𝑖
The above equations are then plugged back into equation (14.b),
𝑇ℎ𝑖 −𝜀(𝑇ℎ𝑖 −𝑇𝑐𝑖 )−𝑇𝑐𝑖
= 𝑒 −𝑁𝑇𝑈(1−𝐶) ……… (30)
𝑇ℎ𝑖 −𝜀×𝐶(𝑇ℎ𝑖 −𝑇𝑐𝑖 )−𝑇𝑐𝑖

which is simplified to,

1−𝜀
1−𝜀𝐶
= 𝑒 −𝑁𝑇𝑈(1−𝐶) ……… (31)
Equation (31) above is then further simplified to get the equation for evaluating the effectiveness
of the spiral heat exchanger,
1−𝑒 −𝑁𝑇𝑈(1−𝐶)
𝜀 = 1−𝐶𝑒 −𝑁𝑇𝑈(1−𝐶) ………. (32)

Derivation obtained from (Sampura Engineering, 2020). Equation (32) above is the final
equation which can be used to evaluate the effectiveness of a typical spiral heat exchanger. From
the equation, it is seen that the effectiveness can be found without the need to evaluate the values
of the inlet and outlet temperatures of the heat exchanger. From the expression derived, as the
NTU value increases, the effectiveness of the heat exchanger increases as well because as NTU
increases, the exponential term approaches 0, and the effectiveness approaches 1.

5.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, the in-depth exploration of spiral heat exchangers has illuminated their operation
principles, design considerations, and the essential calculations of effectiveness. These
remarkable heat transfer devices operate on the fundamental principles of counterflow heat
exchange, ensuring efficient utilization of temperature differentials between fluids. Their coiled,
continuous channels provide a longer residence time for heat exchange, contributing to their
exceptional thermal performance. The design principles of spiral heat exchangers offer
versatility, enabling customization for specific applications. Through variable channel widths,
materials, and flow configurations, engineers can tailor these exchangers to suit diverse thermal
processing requirements. This adaptability extends to their compact and space-saving design,
making spiral heat exchangers a preferred choice in situations where space constraints are a
concern.
Calculations of effectiveness, as demonstrated in the report, are crucial in assessing the
performance of spiral heat exchangers. The use of logarithmic mean temperature difference
(LMTD) and the overall heat transfer coefficient is essential for determining their efficiency. By
quantifying the heat transfer effectiveness, engineers can make informed decisions regarding the
sizing and configuration of spiral heat exchangers, ensuring optimal heat transfer while
minimizing energy wastage. In a world where energy efficiency is of paramount importance,
spiral heat exchangers represent a viable solution for a wide range of industrial applications.
Their ability to maximize heat transfer efficiency while reducing operational costs makes them a
compelling choice for heat exchange. Continued innovation and implementation of spiral heat
exchangers hold the promise of enhance energy efficiency and environmental sustainability
across various industries.
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G.Lestina, R. W. (2014). Process Heat Transfer Principles,Applications and Rules of Thumb.
NewYork: Amsterdam.
G.Walker. (1982). Industrial Heat Exchangers A Basic Guide. Washington New York London:
HEMISPHERE PUBLISHING CORPORATION.
Incropera, F. P., & De Witt, D. P. (2002). FUNDAMENTALS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
3rd Edition. John Wiley & Sons.
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