Programming in applied fluids
Chapter 2
Finite Different Methods (FDM)
Dr. Ngo Ich Long
School of Transportation Engineering
Hanoi University of Science and Technology (HUST)
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Contents
Chapter 02: Finite Different Methods
2.1. Approximation in FDM
2.2. Finite different method
2.3. Difference schemes
2.4. Applying FDM for 1D convection equation
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2.1. Approximation in FDM
* Practice in MATLAB: Roots of a Quadratic
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2.1. Approximation in FDM
* Practice in MATLAB: Roots of a Quadratic
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2.1. Approximation in FDM
* Practice in MATLAB: Roots of a Quadratic
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2.1. Approximation in FDM
* Practice in MATLAB: the parachutist problem
Practice-01:
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2.1. Approximation in FDM
* Practice in MATLAB: the parachutist problem
Practice-02: Using M-file → analpara.m
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2.1. Approximation in FDM
* Practice in MATLAB: the parachutist problem
Practice-03: Using M-file → analpara2.m
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2.1. Approximation in FDM
* Practice in MATLAB: the parachutist problem
Practice-04:
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2.1. Approximation in FDM
* Practice in MATLAB: the parachutist problem
Practice-04: Using M-file → numpara.m
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2.1. Approximation in FDM
* Taylor series
+ In essence, the Taylor series provides a means to predict a function value at one
point in terms of the function value and its derivatives at another point.
+ In particular, the theorem states that any smooth function can be approximated as a
polynomial.
Zero-order approximation
First-order approximation
Second-order approximation
………………………..
Taylor series expansion
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2.1. Approximation in FDM
* Remainder in Taylor series
+ Remainder term:
+ It is often convenient to simplify Taylor series with h=xi+1 – xi
or
27-Oct-23 Graphical depiction of a zero-order Taylor series 12
prediction and remainder.
2.1. Approximation in FDM
* An example for Taylor series
Exact estimate
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2.1. Approximation in FDM
* The Effect of Nonlinearity and Step Size on the Taylor Series Approximation
Solution:
Effect of step size h:
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2.2. Finite different method
* Introduction
+ In numerical analysis, finite-difference methods (FDM) are a class of numerical
techniques for solving differential equations by approximating derivatives with
finite differences.
+ FDM converts ordinary differential equations (ODE) or partial differential
equations (PDE), which may be nonlinear, into a system of linear equations that
can be solved by matrix algebra techniques.
+ Today, FDM are one of the most common
approaches to the numerical solution of
PDE, along with others like FEM, FVM,…
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A practical example of Burger equation 15
2.2. Finite different method
* Introduction
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2.2. Finite different method
* Basic idea in FDM
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2.3. Difference schemes
* Let’s start with forward difference scheme
Based on Taylor series expansion, we have
f ( xi +1 ) = f ( xi ) + f ' ( xi )( xi +1 − xi ) + Rn
Neglecting truncation Rn , we have
f ( xi +1 ) = f ( xi ) + f ' ( xi )( xi +1 − xi )
f ( xi +1 ) − f ( xi ) fi
f ' ( xi ) = =
xi +1 − xi h
Note: It is termed a “forward” difference
because it utilizes data at i and i + 1 to
estimate the derivative.
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2.3. Difference schemes
* Three schemes of first-order difference approximation
Forward difference Downwind scheme
f ( xi +1 ) − f ( xi )
method
fi
f ' ( xi ) = =
xi +1 − xi h
Backward difference Upwind scheme
method
f ( xi ) − f ( xi −1 ) fi
f ' ( xi ) = =
xi − xi −1 h
Center difference Center-scheme
f ( xi +1 ) − f ( xi −1 ) f ( xi +1 ) − f ( xi −1 )
method
f ' ( xi ) = =
xi +1 − xi −1 2h
All the above versions can also be developed for second,
third, and higher derivatives. 19
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2.3. Difference schemes
* Second-order difference schemes
Forward difference Downwind scheme
method
f ( xi + 2 ) − f ( xi +1 ) f ( xi +1 ) − f ( xi )
− f ( xi + 2 ) − 2 f ( xi +1 ) + f ( xi )
f "( xi ) = h h =
h h2
Backward difference Upwind scheme
method
f ( xi ) − f ( xi −1 ) f ( xi −1 ) − f ( xi − 2 )
− f ( xi ) − 2 f ( xi −1 ) + f ( xi − 2 )
f " ( xi ) = h h =
h h2
Center difference Center-scheme
method
f ( xi +1 ) − f ( xi ) f ( xi ) − f ( xi −1 )
− f ( xi +1 ) − 2 f ( xi ) + f ( xi −1 )
f "( xi ) = h h =
h h2
All the above versions can also be developed for second,
third, and higher derivatives. 20
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2.3. Difference schemes
* Three schemes of difference approximation
Forward difference Backward difference Center difference
The Taylor series analysis yields the practical information
that the centered difference is a more accurate
representation of the derivative.
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2.3. Difference schemes
* An example
Estimate first derivative of function at x=0.5 using h=0.5 and 0.25
Solution:
For both step sizes, the centered difference approximation
is more accurate than forward or backward differences. 22
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2.3. Difference schemes
* For two-dimensional problem
By using these approximations to replace partial derivatives, the PDEs are
converted into difference equations and the resultant system of algebraic
27-Oct-23 equations are solved using any direct or iterative methods. 23
2.3. Difference schemes
* Explicit and implicit methods
u u − u l l u uil++11 − uil +1
x = x
i +1 i
x = x
2 2 l +1 l +1 l +1
l
− l
+ l
u u − 2u + u
u
=
ui +1 2ui ui −1 = i +1 i i −1
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
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2.4. Applying FDM for 1D convection equation
* Theory
u u
+c =0 1D convection/advection equation, also called wave Eq.
t x
where u(x,t), x Є R, is scalar (wave) advected by a nonzero constant c during time t.
+ Sign of c characterizes the direction of wave propagation and magnitude of c show how
fast the wave propagates.
+ If initial value for equation is given as u0(x) = u(x,0), the exact solution of equation is:
u ( x, t ) = u0 ( x − ct )
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2.4. Applying FDM for 1D convection equation
* Implementation
Computational domain with ghost nodes
+ For transient term, uin+1 − uin uin − uin−1
u uin+1 − uin +c =0
= t x
t t ct n
+ For convection term with
n +1
→ ui = ui − n
x
( ui − uin−1 )
backward difference ct
CFL = is called Courant/convection number
u uin − uin−1 x
=
x x Stability criteria: CFL <= 1
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2.4. Applying FDM for 1D convection equation
* Solution in Matlab
N=50, ∆t=0.009
→ CFL = 0.45
N=110, ∆t=0.009
→ CFL = 0.99
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2.4. Applying FDM for 1D convection equation
N=110, ∆t=0.01
→ CFL = 1.1
N=110, ∆t=0.009
→ CFL = 0.99
N=110, ∆t=0.003
→ CFL = 0.33
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2.1. Approximation in FDM
* Basic Idea
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2.1. Approximation in FDM
* A simple mathematical model
where F = net force acting on the body (N, or kg m/s2), m
= mass of the object (kg), and a = its acceleration (m/s2)
(1)
More advanced techniques must be applied to obtain an
exact or analytical solution.
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2.1. Approximation in FDM
* A simple mathematical model
Substituting into Eq. (1) to give
Euler’s method
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