URINARY&REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM
Assist. Prof. Hurriyet CETINOK , MD
ISTANBUL ATLAS UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF MEDICINE
DEPARTMENT OF ANATOMY
Urinary system
• It ensures that the waste materials from the cells are thrown out of the body and
that the functions of the body continue normally.
• Urinary system comes to mind when the excretory system is mentioned, but
there are also systems that assist excretion.
• Structures that make up the excretory system;
• 1. Skin: Water-less nitrogen and salts (with perspiration)
• 2. Respiratory system: CO2 – water (by respiration)
• 3. Digestive system: Water-some salts-bile and digestive residues (with stool)
• 4. Urinary system: Water-nitrogen-mineral salts-drugs (with urine)
• urinary system; It consists of a pair of kidneys that take part in the formation of
urine, a pair of ureters that conduct urine, a bladder (bladder) that stores urine,
and the urethra, which is a channel that empties the bladder.
Kidney(Ren, Nephros)
• It is the most important excretory organ in the form of beans, which
regulates water and salt metabolism and weighs 125-175 g in brown
(average M: 150 g F: 135 g).
• The excretion task is provided by urine excretion.
• Urine; It is a yellowish liquid consisting largely of water
(approximately 95%), which is formed by the filtration of waste
materials formed as a result of metabolism from the blood. The
kidneys can also be thought of as a gland that secretes both
endocrine and exocrine. Endocrine secretion is renin and
erythropoietin, whereas exocrine secretion is urine.
• Kidneys have three important functions;
• 1. Filtration (filtration)
• 2. Secretion (secretion)
• 3. Absorption
• WATER is important in, maintaining electrolyte and acid-base
balance.
Functions of the kidneys;
• Excretion of water and end products of protein metabolism (urea)
• Removal of salts (electrolytes)
• Excretion of some drugs, toxins and chemicals that may be harmful
• Reintroducing nutrients to the blood (sugar is never excreted)
• Helping to adjust the pH of the blood
• To secrete renin, prostaglandin and erythropoietin. ADH (Antidiuretic
hormone) accelerates the reabsorption of water from the kidneys. In
the absence of this hormone, the patient urinates a lot and drinks a lot
of water (diabetes insipidus).
• Kidneys; located on the posterior abdominal wall retroperitoneally
both sides of the vertebral column, T12 -L3, on the right; T11-L2 on
the left vertebral level.
• The right kidney is slightly lower than the left kidney due to the liver.
• Two ends, upper and lower (extremitas superior, extremitas inferior),
• Its two faces, anterior and posterior (facies anterior, facies posterior),
• It has two edges (margo medialis, margo lateralis), inner and outer.
• The distance between the extremitas superiors is 7 cm, and the
distance between the extremitas inferiors is 11 cm..
 The formation and factors that keep the kidneys in place:
1. Membranes surrounding the kidneys (capsula fibrosa, capsula
adiposa and fascia renalis)
2. Assistance of neighboring organs
3. Abdominal wall muscles to have the necessary tension and tone
4. Peritoneum
5. A.V. renalis
• Membranes surrounding the kidney: (from outside to inside)
• a) Fascia renalis(Gerota fasciası)
• b) Capsula adiposa
• c) Capsula fibrosa.
Neighborhoods of the Kidneys
Neighborhood on the back:
• Right kidney: 12th costa via diaphragm
• Left kidney: 11th and 12th costa via diaphragm
• Both kidneys: M. psoas major, m. quadratus lumborum, m. transversus abdominis, gl.
suprarenalis, v.a.n. subcostalis, n. iliohypogastricus, n. ilioinguinalis and a.v. It neighbors the
lumbalis.
Front facing neighborhood:
• Right kidney anterior surface; - Glandula suprarenalis dextra, with liver, small and large
intestines (2nd part of duodenum, jejunum folds, colon ascendens, flexura coli dextra)
• Left kidney anterior surface; - Glandula suprarenalis sinistra is adjacent to stomach,
pancreas, spleen, small and large intestines (jejunum folds, colon descendens, flexura coli
sinistra).
The organs adjacent to the kidneys are adjacent to the intraperitoneal organs, whereas the
organs adjacent to the kidneys are adjacent via the peritoneum.
• Neighborhood of the inner border of the kidneys;
• • Inner border of the right kidney while it is adjacent to the v. cava
inferior, the inner edge of the left kidney is adjacent to the aorta
abdominalis.
• Outer edge neighborhood; The outer edge of the kidneys is the
continuation of the anterior and posterior neighborhoods. Upper and
lower end neighborhood;
• • The upper ends of both kidneys are glandula suprarenalis, the lower
ends of both kidneys are adjacent to m. psoas major and m.quadratus
lumborum.
• Glandulae suprarenalis:
• It is a pair of endocrine glands, yellow in color, triangular pyramid
shape on the right and half moon on the left, at the upper ends of the
kidneys.
• Glandula suprarenalis is located in the renal fascia.
• Hilum renale: The opening of the hilum renale, which is in the form of
a vertical cleft, faces inward and slightly anteriorly.
• Anterior to posterior in the renal hilum; v. renalis, a. renalis and
pelvis renalis (VAP).
• Pelvis renalis continues at the hilum, taking the name of the ureter.
• In addition, lymphatic vessels and nerves pass through the hilum.
• Sinus renalis: If the organs and formations in the hilum are removed,
it is seen that the hilum continues with a deeper cavity, which is
called the sinus renalis.
Calix (= calyx) and pelvis renalis: Inside the sinus
renalis are the pelvis renalis, calix major, and
calix minor.
Nipple-shaped bumps called papillae renalis are
seen in the calix minor.
There are holes called foramina papillaria on
these ridges, which are the openings of the
collecting ducts.
Each papilla is surrounded by a calix minor.
Two or three of the calix minors combine to
form the calix majors.
The pelvis renalis is formed by the union of the
calix majors. When the pelvis emerges from the
renalis hilum, it continues as the ureter. This
level is at the level of the 1st lumbar vertebra.
• Fine structure of the kidneys: If a coronal section is made to the kidneys, it
is seen that they are made of two separate ores from the outside to the
inside.
• One of them is the cortex renalis, which is on the outside of the kidney
and surrounds the organ like a shell and sends extensions to the inner part,
and the other is the medulla renalis, which is in the inner part of the
kidney.
• Further, the pelvis renalis, located in the sinus renalis, is visible.
• In cortex renalis; It contains Bowman's capsule and glomerulus and renal
tubules.
• In the medulla renalis; renal tubules. Urine is collected in the pelvis
renalis
• Cortex renalis (Substantia corticalis): Cortex originates from
nephrogenic tissue and contains formations that make urine
(Malpighi bodies).
• It is about 1 cm thick and can be divided into two parts according to
its location.
• The first is the part close to the outer surface of the kidney and is the
part between the capsula fibrosa and the bases of the malpighi
pyramids (= cortex renalis).
• The other part is the cortex part lying between the pyramids of
Malpighi (=Bertin's columns=columna renalis).
• Medulla renalis (= Malpighi pyramids=pyramides renales=substantia medullaris): They are formations in
the form of a pyramid with a dark red color and a striped appearance.
• The bases of the pyramids face the outer surface of the kidney and their tops face the sinus renalis.
• The medulla contains two different structures called the zona externa on the outside and the zona interna
on the inside.
• Medulla; It consists of collecting channels and Henle arcs in terms of structure.
• The curves of Henle play an important role in the formation of urine.
• Collecting ducts, on the other hand, are only related to the transport of the liquid that has become urine and
have no effect on the composition of the urine.
• The tops of the pyramids make ridges called papilla renalis. The holes of the collecting ducts called foramina
papillaria are visible on these ridges.
• Cortex and medulla have sent some extensions into each other and are in a state of being intertwined.
Cortex renalis extensions between medulla renalis, columna renalis = Bertin columns,
• In the cortex renalis of the medulla renalis, the lines starting from the base of the malpighi pyramids and
going in a perpendicular direction towards the outer surface of the kidney are called Ferrein extensions
(=radii medullares=pars radiata = striae medullaris).
• A malpighi pyramid and the cortex surrounding it is called a kidney
lobe (= lobus renalis), and the piece of cortex between two Ferrein
extensions is called a kidney lobule (lobulus renalis = lobulus
corticalis).
• Corpusculum renale = Malpighi body: Bowmann capsule and
glomerulus form Malpighi bodies. The glomerulus in Bowman's
capsule and their urinary canals form a small unit that forms the
urine, which is called the nephron. Nephron; functional unit of the
kidney responsible for filtering blood in the kidney, reabsorption of
some filtrate, and excretion of urine
• Bowman's capsule; It consists of two leaves, parietal and visceral. Between the
two leaves is a gap where filtration accumulates. The capsule has two ends, the
vein and the urinary pole.
• The formations in the form of vascular balls that come with the vas afferens and
exit as the vas efferens in the Bowman's capsule are called glomerulus. At the
vascular pole of Bowman's capsule, the vas afferens and vas efferens are located
side by side. After the blood coming with the vas afferens is filtered in the
glomerulus, it comes out of the capsule with the vas efferens. The formation of
epithelioid cells surrounding the vas afferens is called the Juxtaglomerular
apparat . This formation regulates the amount of blood coming to the
glomerulus. When the juxtaglomerular apparat thickens, it can narrow the vessel,
reducing the amount of incoming blood and closing it completely.
• The glomerulus has a sieve-like structure and approximately 125 ml per minute
of uncontrolled filtration from the blood and everything is filtered from the
blood.
• In the proximal tubule; controlled absorption of glucose, sodium,
vitamins and other essential substances takes place.
• In the arc of Henle; condensation or dilution of urine is done. This
area, impermeable to water, pumps out sodium ions.
• Distal tubule; responsible for water reabsorption
• 1500-1800 liters of blood pass through all glomeruli in a day. 150-180 liters of this
is filtered and passes into the tubules. However, 99% of the glomerular filtrate is
reabsorbed in the tubules and the remaining 1.5 liters of urine are excreted.
• The duct system of the kidneys (tubulus renalis): Tubulus renalis are structures
that provide the formation of urine by reabsorption and secretion, they start
from the urinary pole of Bowman's capsule and open from the foramina papillaris
in the papilla renalis to the calix minors.
• The parts of the kidney tubules are respectively;
• 1. Proximal tubule
• 2. Henle arc
• 3. Distal tubule
• 4. Connector piece
• 5. Collector and discharge channels
Distribution of renal vessels within the kidney
• Aorta Abdominalis → A. renalis → a. segmentalis → a. lobaris → a.
interlobaris → a.arcuata → a.recta (medulla’ya)-a.interlobularis
(cortex’e) → vas afferens → glomerulus → vas efferens → v.
interlobularis → v. arcuata → v. interlobaris → v. lobaris → v.
segmentalis → v. renalis → V. cava inferior
URETER
• It is located retroperitoneally, 25-30 cm long, 3 mm in diameter,
starting from the renal pelvis of the kidney and extending to the
bladder.
• Ureter; It is the channel that carries the urine created in the upper
urinary system (kidneys) to the bladder.
• Ureter; It is examined in three parts as pars abdominalis, pars pelvica,
pars intramuralis:
• Strictures of the ureter:
• • 1st stenosis: The part where it starts right after the pelvis renalis
• • 2nd stenosis: where it crosses the linea terminalis and enters the
pelvis
• • 3rd stenosis: It is where it enters the bladder, which is the
intramural part.
• The narrowest of these is the 3rd stenosis (intramural piece). Stones
stay in this narrowness part more
VESICA URINARIA (BLADDER = URINARY SAC)
• It is an organ made of muscles and membranes, in which the urine filtered from
the kidneys is stored involuntarily and expelled voluntarily.
• The shape of the bladder changes according to the amount of urine in it. When
empty, it is in the shape of a triangle-pyramid. The base of the pyramid is formed
by the fundus vesicae (basis vesicae) facing backwards and downwards, and the
apex vesicae facing forwards and upwards against the base.
• The bladder is located behind the os pubis, with its upper surface covered by the
peritoneum.
• The space between the pubis and the bladder is called the spatium retropubicum
(Retzius space). In the space of Retzius there is a rich plexus called the vein plexus
of Santorini. When the bladder, located in the pelvis minor when empty, is full, it
can rise up in the extraperitoneal tissue of the anterior abdominal wall and even
up to the navel.
• The bladder capacity of an adult is 220-250 ml on average, with a
maximum capacity of 400-500 ml.
• Neighborhood of the bladder
• Ahead; pubis, lower part of the anterior abdominal wall
• Posterioly; rectum, vesicula seminalis, ureter, ductus defferens in
men, cervix uteri, upper part of the vagina, lig. cardinale
• Laterally; m. obturatoris internus, m. levator ani
• Superiorly; colon sigmoideum, ileum
• Inferiorly; prostate in men, diaphragm pelvis in women
• Three plicae are seen on the anterior abdominal wall, extending towards
the umblicus:
• plica umbilicalis mediana,
• plica umbilicalis medialis and
• plica umbilicalis lateralis.
• Two fossa are seen between these three folds. These pits are called fossa
supravesicalis.
• During the course of the peritoneum, excavatio rectovesicalis between the
bladder and the rectum in men, and excavatio vesicouterina in women,
between the bladder and the uterus, appear.
• To the bladder muscles called m.detrusor vesicae. Circular layer in
the neck of the bladder m. thickens to form sphincter urethrae
internus (m. sphincter vesicae).
• A triangular area appears towards the base of the bladder, which is
called the trigonum vesicae (Lieutaud's triangle). The tela submucosa
is absent in the trigonum vesicae region and is flat. In the posterior
lateral corners of this triangle, the ostium ureteris, the holes through
which the ureters open, is visible. In the anterior-lower corner of the
triangle, there is the ostium urethrae internum, the hole through
which the bladder opens into the urethra. When the bladder is
empty, the distance between the two ureteral openings is
approximately 2.5 cm.
Vesica urinaria-urethrae(female)
Vesica urinaria-urethrae(male)
• When the bladder is full, the feeling of stretching is transmitted to
the reflex center in the S2-S4 segments of the spinal cord by the
parasympathetic nerves.
• From here, it is transmitted to the lobulus paracentralis, which is the
micturition center, and the need to urinate is perceived. If the
situation is suitable, the center removes the braking effect on the
reflex center in the spinal cord.
• Parasympathetics; m. while contracting the m.detrusor, they inhibit
sphincter urethrae internus. Thus, the bladder contracts, the
sphincter relaxes, and urine flows from the bladder to the urethra.
URETHRAE
• It is the part of the urinary system that comes after the bladder.
• It allows urine to be expelled from the bladder.
• While only urine passes through the urethra in women, both urine
and ejaculate pass through in men.
• The urethra starts from the ostium urethrae internum in the bladder
and opens to the external environment with the ostium urethrae
externum.
• The urethra masculina (male urethra) is an organ with an average
length of 18-22 cm and a diameter of 3-12 mm, extending from the
ostium urethrae internum to the ostium urethrae externum in the
glans penis. It is a common route through which both the urinary
tract and semen (ejeculate) pass in men.
• The mucosa of the urethra contains mucous glands called glandula
urethralis (littre glands).
• Urethra has 4 parts
• 1. Pars intramuralis (preprostatica): It is a very short piece (1 cm) that starts from the base of the
bladder and continues to the prostate gland, and is considered in the prostatic part in many
sources. On this piece, around the ostium “m. sphincter urethrae internus”.
• 2. Pars prostatica: It is the widest part of the urethra running inside the prostate and is
approximately 3-4 cm. In the posterior part of this part, there is a mucosal fold called the crista
urethralis. In the middle part of this crista, a bulge called colliculus seminalis is visible. Looking at
these ridges, two holes are seen on them, which belong to the ductus ejaculatorius. A little above
these holes, there are dead ends called utriculus prostaticus, which are homologous
(corresponding) to the vagina in women. On both sides of the crista urethralis vertically grooves
called sinus prostaticus appear, where the channels of the prostate are opened.
• 3. Pars intermedia (membranacea): It is the part of the urethra about 2 cm long that passes
through the diaphragma urogenitale. Voluntarily working in the striated muscle structure around
this part. sphincter urethrae externus is found.
• 4. Pars spongiosa (penile urethrae): The corpus spongiosum of the urethra is about 15 cm,
extending inside the penis. Its external opening is called the ostium urethrae externum. Cowper
glands (glandula bulbourethralis) open on the proximal part of this part, while gl. urethralis
opens. One of these lacunae is large (lacunae magna) and is located in the ceiling of the fossa
navicularis. Be careful, when inserting the probe.
• Urethra masculina shows 4 stenosis and 3 enlargement.
• Strictures of the male urethra;
• Ostium urethrae internum
• • Pars membranecea
• • The posterior part of the fossa navicularis
• • Ostium urethrae externum (narrowest part)
• Enlargements of the male urethra;
• • Pars prostatica: It is the widest part of the prostate.
• • Fossa navicularis: The urethra shows an enlargement in the glans penis
called the fossa navicularis. Behind this enlargement is a plica called the
valvula fossa navicularis (Guerin's plica). Between the plica and the wall of
the urethra, a small cul-de-sac is formed in the form of a pocket, with its
mouth facing the tip of the penis. When inserting the probe, the probe
should be directed towards the posterior wall of the urethra until it passes
the fossa navicularis to prevent the probe tip from entering this dead end.
• • Fossa bulbaris: It is the enlargement of the bulbus penis at the beginning
of the spongy part of the urethra.
• Urethra feminina (female urethra) is the counterpart of the
prostatic and membranous part of the male urethra.
• It is an organ of approximately 3-5 cm in length and 6-7 mm in
diameter, starting from the ostium urethrae internum in the bladder
and passing through the diaphragma urogenitale and ending at the
ostium urethrae externum.
• Urethra opens to vagina. The vestibulum is structure that is located
between the clitoris and the vagina. Entrance of urethra2.5 cm below
the clitoris.
• The female urethra is only responsible for carrying urine.
• Sphincter urethrae
• There are two sphincters, one of the men and women involuntarily working m.
sphincter urethrae internus the other voluntary m. sphincter urethrae externus.
• m. sphincter urethrae internus (m. sphincter vesicae): It is an involuntary
sphincter formed by the condensation of smooth muscle fibers around the
ostium urethrae internum in the bladder neck. The sympathetics close the
sphincter, while the parasympathetics relax it by inhibiting it.
• m. sphincter urethrae externus (m. sphincter urethrae): It is the sphincter formed
by the striated muscles (m. transversus perinei profundus) around the
membranous part of the urethra. It works voluntarily and n. pudendus r. It is
innervated by the perinealis. Voluntary control begins in children at the age of 2-3
years. m more in women. sphincter urethrae externus is active.
 Organa Genitalia Feminina
• Female reproductive organs are divided into two
subgroups
• 1.Female internal reproductive organs(Organa Genitalia
Feminina Interna)
• Vagina
• Uterus
• Tuba uterina
• Ovarium
Organa Genitalia Feminina
 2.Female external reproductive organs
(Organa Genitalia Feminina Externa)
• Vulva
 Mons pubis
 Labia majora
 Labia minora
 Clitoris
 Bulbus vestubuli
 Gll.vestibulares
 Vagina (colpos)
• Cervix is ​between uteri and vulva
• It is fibromuscular
• 7-9 cm long
• sex organ
• lower part of the birth canal
• exit route of mens. waste
• Paries anterior – posterior
• The back wall is 1 cm longer than the
front wall
Vagina U
• Behind the bladder, in
front of the rectum M
R V

• There is 90-120 degree

an angle of between
the long axis of the
vagina and the axis of
the cervix uteri
(anteversion angle)
 Vagina
• Fornix vaginae: Anterior,
posterior, lateral (R-L)

**There are folds called

'rugae vaginales' on the
inner surface.
***The intravaginal pH is
acidic.
 Excavatio rectouterina (Douglas pouch)

Fornix vaginae ve Douglas pouch

uterus

FORNIX

Cervix Posterior

Anterior

Vagina
 Uterus
• Between rectum and
bladder

• It is pear shaped

• Anteflexion –
anteversion position
 Uterus
• Sizes increase slightly in
those who have given birth
• Grows and expands a lot
during pregnancy
• Near cervix, the cross of
a.uterina and ureter is
important.
 Uterus
Parts:
• Corpus uteri: Enlarged 2/3
piece
• Cervix uteri: Cylindrical lower
1/3 piece
• Isthmus uteri

• Fundus uteri
Uterus (Metra, Hystera, womb)

FUNDUS

• Fundus uteri: The part above the cornu uterinum.

• Right and left ostium uterinum tubae uterinae open
here.
Uterus

CORPUS

• Corpus uteri: The largest part of the uterine mass (

2/3)
• The inner cavity is called cavitas uteri.
 Douglas pouch

• The peritoneum, which covers this face completely,

jumps to the rectum after covering a part of the
vagina below.
• Meanwhile, it creates a peritoneal cul-de-sac
(Douglas' cul-de-sac) called excavatio rectouterina.
Uterus

• The peritoneum, which completely covers this

face, descends down to the isthmus uteri and
jumps into the bladder.
• Meanwhile, it creates a peritoneal cul-de-sac
called excavatio vesicouterina.
Uterus

• Isthmus uteri: Narrow part (1 cm) between the corpus

and cervix uteri
• Ostium uteri internum
Uterus

• Cervix uteri: It is the lower 1/3 of the uterine mass.

• Canalis cervicis
• Plicae palmatae
• Gll.cervicales
 • The upper part of the vagina
• Supravaginal and vaginal section
• Canalis cervicis ( cervical canal)

Ostium uteri externum

did not give birth

gave birth

Cervix uteri
Structures that Hold the Uterus in Place and Maintain its
Normal Position

• M.levator ani &

diaphragma
urogenitale
 Structures that Hold the Uterus in Place and Maintain its Normal Position

• Ligamentum latum uteri

• Mesosalpinx: the part close to the tuba uterina
• Mesometrium: The part close to the uterus
• Parametrium: connective tissue between two
layers
Ligamentum Latum Uteri
Structures that Hold the Uterus in Place and Maintain its Normal Position

• Ligamentum transversum
cervicis (lig.cardinale, Mackenrodt
ligament)

-They extend from the lateral fornix of the

cervix uteri and vagina to the lateral walls of
the pelvis.
Cardinal ligaments play the most important
role in the stabilization of the uterus
(preventing the downward movement of the
uterus).
 Lig.latum uteri POSTERIOR Lig.uterosacrale

Uterus
Lig.transversum cervicis
(under the lig.latum uteri)

Lig.teres uteri
ANTERIOR

uterus in the pelvic cavity

ligaments that stabilize
top view.
Layers of the Uterus

• Inside - Out
• Endometrium (tunica mucosa)
• Myometrium (tunica muscularis)
• Perimetrium (tunica serosa)
 Layers of the uterus

ENDOMETRIUM

MYOMETRIUM

PERIMETRIUM
• Endometrium (tunica mucosa)
• Myometrium (tunica muscularis)
• Perimetrium (tunica serosa)

Schematic section of the uterine wall

Tuba Uterina (Salpinx), Fallopian tubes

• It is a muscular tube 10-12 cm long, extending

from the right and left corners of the uterus to
the ovaries.
Tuba Uterina

• Located along the upper edge of Lig.latum uteri,

between its two leaves (mesosalpinx)
Tuba Uterina

• The tuba uterina lumen connects the

cavitas uteri and the cavitas peritonealis.
• Thus, the ovum thrown into the pelvic
cavity can be transported towards the
uterus.
Parts of Tuba Uterina
• Infundibulum tubae
uterinae: Its 2 cm
part, which is
enlarged like a
funnel on the side of
the ovary
Parts of Tuba Uterina

Fimbriae

• In the infundibulum,
there are fringe-shaped
extensions called fimbriae
around the ostium
abdominale (3 cm in
diameter).
Parts of Tuba Uterina

• One of these extensions is longer and thicker than

the others and attaches to the ovarium (fimbria
ovarica).
Parts of Tuba Uterina

• Ampulla tubae uterinae :

The longest part(5 – 6 cm)
Parts of Tuba Uterina
• Ampulla tubae uterinae
• Fertilization usually takes
place in this part.
 Parts of Tuba Uterina
• Isthmus tubae
uterinae :
• 2 – 3 cm section.
• thick-walled
Parts of Tuba Uterina

• Pars uterina (pars

intramuralis) :
• The shortest and
narrowest part of the
uterine wall.
Function of tuba uterina

• The ovum entering the tuba uterina;

• It is transmitted to the uterine lumen
by peristaltic movements (muscular
contraction) and ciliary activity of the
mucosa.
Removal of the ovum into the tuba uterina
Ovarium
• A pair of organs located in
the fossa ovarica in the
pelvis minor
• The female main
reproductive organ (GONAD)
• Homologous organ of
testicles
• They produce female
reproductive cells (OVUM)
and female hormones
(ESTROGEN,
PROGESTERONE).
 Ovarium
POST

RECTUM

UTERUS

URINARY
BLADDER

ANT
• Greyish, almond-shaped, solid – nodular surface
• 3 x 2 x 1 cm dimensions
• Weighs 3 – 5 g
• Located in the pelvis in the fossa ovarica
 Ovarium

• Between the extremitas uterina (medial end)

and the cornu uterina lies the LIGAMENTUM
OVARII PROPRIUM.
 Ovarium
• Between the two
leaves of the
mesovarium, there are
vessels and nerves
reaching the ovary.
 Ovarium

• Ovarium connects to pelvic wall with

LIGAMENTUM SUSPENSORIUM OVARII
Structures Holding the Ovarium in Place
Lig.ovarii proprium

Lig.suspensorium ovarii Uterus

Ovarium
Mesovarium
Structure of the Ovarium

• If the discarded egg

is fertilized and
pregnancy occurs,
menstruation does
not occur and the
corpus luteum does
not disappear, but
grows on the
contrary (corpus
luteum gravidi).
 Vessels of the Ovarium
• Its main artery is
a.ovarica, which is
separated from the
aorta abdominalis at the
level of L2.
• These vessels reaches
the ovarium in the
Lig.suspensorium ovarii
and mesovarium.
 Vessels of Ovarium
• Venous blood of the
ovaries via v.ovarica
• Right → to v. cava
inferior,
• Left → they are emptied
into v. renalis sinister
Female external genitalia

• Pudendum femininum – 
Vulva
1. Mons pubis

2. Labium majus pudendi
3. Labium minus pudendi
4. Vestibulum vaginae


Female external genitalia

• Pudendum femininum –
⑤
Vulva
• Erectile organs
• Clitoris
• Bulbus vestibuli ⑥
6. Accessory glands
(gll.vestibulares)
Vestibulum Vaginae
• Spacing between labium minus pudendi
• Ostium urethrae externum,
• Ostium vaginae and
• Gl.vestibularis major (Bartholin glands) discharge
channels are opened here
 ORGANA GENITALIA MASCULINA

Organa genitalia masculina Organa genitalia

interna masculina externa
(Internal genitalia) (External genitalia)
Male internal genitalia
• Testis
• Epididymis
• Ductus deferens
• Ductus ejaculatorius
• Gll. genitales accessoriae
- Gl. vesiculosa (vesicula
seminalis)
- Prostata
- Gl. bulbourethralis

Male external genitalia

• Scrotum
• Penis
 Testis
• They hang suspended from the funiculus spermaticus.
• They produce spermatoids.
• They produce testosterone.
• Measures 5 x 2.5 x 2.5 cm
• It weighs 10 – 15 gr.
• They descend to the canalis inguinalis in the third
fetal month.
• At the end of the 7th fetal month, they descend
towards the scrotum and settle in the scrotum close
to birth.
The testis is the homologous organ of the ovary.
 Septula testis

Testicular structure and surrounding formations

• Sperm production takes place in tubuli seminiferi
contorti.

• Testosterone production takes place in Leydig cells,

which are located in the connective tissue between the
tubuli seminiferi.
sperm cell
Sperm cell and ovum
Plexus pampiniformis
M. cremaster

Cross-section of the root of the

penis and the folds of the
scrotum
The course of the testis in fetal life (decensus) and
undescended testis (cryptorchism)
Whether the testicles are necessarily in
the scrotum in a male newborn
should be checked
Funiculus spermaticus
 5 1, 2
Structures in Funiculus
spermaticus 3
1) A. testicularis 4

2) Vv. testiculares ve
plexus pampiniformis

3) A. cremasterica

4) A.-V. ductus deferentis

5) N.genitofemoralis
(r.genitalis)
 Arteries and veins of testis
• A. testicularis ← aorta abdominalis

• V. testicularis → on the right it drains into the V.C.I

→ on the left it drains into the v. renalis
Drains of testicular veins
 Plexus pampiniformis , renal
vein and varicocele relationship
 Epididymis
• It is 5-6 cm long.

• It is a single channel composed of

convoluted tubules.

• When opened, the channel is

approximately 6 m long.

• It has caput, corpus and cauda

parts.
•It is the maturation and
storage place of sperms.

•Maturation takes place

between 10-35 days. Sperm
gain mobility.

•It lies between the testis

and the ductus deferens.
•It contains an acidic
environment.
• Ductus Deferens
It is 45-50 cm long.

It starts from the cauda

epididymis and ends at the
vesicula seminalis.

Passes through the canalis

inguinalis
The course of the ductus deferens
Ductus Deferens
It joins with the seminalis
duct of the vesicula and
participates in the
formation of the ductus
ejaculatorius.

A secretion is made in the

ampulla that increases the
sperm movement. It is
also provided that the
sperm are stored for
ejaculation.
Ductus Deferens

• The parts of the ductus

deferens outside the
ampulla are only involved
in the transmission of
sperm.
• Vesicula seminalis (glandula
vesiculosa)
It is between the posterior surface
of the bladder and the rectum.

It consists of sacs and folds.

It is 5 cm long, becomes 10-15 cm

when opened.
• Vesicula Seminalis (glandula
vesiculosa)
• Its lower ends take the shape of
a canal and merge with the
ductus deferens.
• Its secretion constitutes 60-70%
of the ejaculate. It is alkaline in
character and contains
substances that nourish the
sperm.
• Provides sperm motility
 Posterior view of vesica urinaria in male

Vesica
urinaria
Ureter

Ductus
deferens

Vesicula
seminalis

Prostat
 Ductus Ejaculatorius
• There are two left and right.
• It is formed by the union of the canal of the
vesicula seminalis and the canal of the ductus
deferens.
• It is 2.5 cm long.
• It enters the prostate immediately after the union.
•. They open on the right-left side of the utriculus
prostaticus on the "colliculus seminalis" of the pars
prostatica urethrae.
Its lumen gradually becomes thinner towards its
opening.
Thus, the intraluminal fluid is discharged into the
urethra by pressure.

Pars prostatica
urethrae Ductus ejaculatorius
Prostata (glandula prostatica)
It is the largest gland of the male
genital system.

It is glandular and fibromuscular.

It surrounds the pars prostatica

prostata
urethrae.
It has the appearance and size of chestnut.

It weighs 8-12 grams.

Above the diaphragma urogenitale,

under the bladder,

It is located in front of the ampulla recti.

• It has 5 lobes:
• Lobus anterior: the part in front of the urethra
• Lobus lateralis: On the lateral sides (2 pcs.)
• Lobus medius: Between the lateral lobes (BPH)
• Lobus posterior: Behind the ductus ejaculatorius (Ca)

• The alkaline secretion opens around the colliculus seminalis

with 20-30 holes.

• Its arteries come from a. vesicalis inferior and a. rectalis

media.
Examination of the prostate gland with
rectal touch
Compression of the urethra in benign
prostatic hypertrophy
 Nelaton catheter

Foley catheter
 Sistotomi

Foley catheter
Catheter applications to the bladder
Glandula Bulbourethralis (Cowper gland)
• It is 1 cm in diameter

• It is yellow and double.

• On the sides of the

membranous part of the
urethra,
• The bulbus is located on
the penis.
 It’s micture of Epididymis, vesicula seminalis, gl. prostatica, gl.
bulbourethrales secretions and sperm.
• 2 – 4 ml. as much.
• Sperm make up 1% of this fluid.
• 90% is water.
• It contains fructose, vitamin C, inositol, calcium, zinc, magnesium,
copper and sulfur.
• It is the body's fluid with the highest concentration of
prostaglandins.
• Normally, it contains 60 – 120 million sperm per milliliter.
Ejaculate (semen)
 Male External Genital Organs
Penis ve Scrotum

Dorsum penis
Scrotum

Normal anatomical view of male external genitalia

A case of hypospadias in a boy (the outer hole of the
urethra is lower than normal)
 Scrotum

It is a fibromuscular bag containing the testis and

funiculus spermaticus.

Contains sweat and sebaceous glands.

It is divided into right and left by Raphe scroti.