ENDOGENIC
PROCESSES
Learning Objectives
Explain why Earth's interior is hot
Describe how magma is formed
Describe how rocks behave under different types of stress such
as compression, pulling apart, and shearing
Describe the changes in mineral components and texture of
rocks due to changes in pressure and temperature
Endogenic Process
The primary source is the heat produced inside the Earth.
It is much less powerful than the energy Earth receives from
the sun.
Magma
The molten rocks that
are found beneath
Earth's surface.
When the magma
emerges at the surface,
it is called lava.
Volcano
Are visible manifestations of the
process of rock formation. It is a
vent that serves as the conduit
of lava.
The event when the lava is spewed out of the volcano is called
an eruption.
EFFUSIVE ERUPTION EXPLOSIVE ERUPTION
THREE TYPES OF VOLCANOES
Composite Shield Cinder Cone
Volcanoes Volcanoes Volcanoes
EARTHQUAKE
is a vibration on the surface of Earth resulting
from the sudden release of energy.
A fault is a fracture on which one body of rock
slides past another.
The place where rock ruptures and slips is the
focus or hypocenter of an earthquake.
The point at the surface directly above the
focus is called the earthquake epicenter.
ELASTIC REBOUND THEORY
SEISMIC WAVES
The energy released from the hypocenter an
earthquake.
Body waves travel Surface waves travels
through the Earth’s along the Earth’s
interior and can be surface and it can
classified based on cause buildings to be
their speed. pushed upward.
P-WAVES travel the fastest, followed by the S-WAVES. The surface
waves are the slowest.
Primary waves or P-waves
move back and forth
parallel to the direction of
wave motion.
Secondary waves or S-waves
move back and forth
perpendicular to the
direction of the wave
motion.
Love waves
cause the ground to move
back and forth in a snake-
like movement
Rayleigh waves
cause the ground to ripple
up and down
The instrument that detects and
records the ground motion from
an earthquake is called
seismograph and the record is
called seismogram.
Magnitude is a measure of the energy released by an
earthquake.
Intensity refers to the damage brought about by an
earthquake.
Tectonic forces operating inside the Earth causes rocks to
undergo deformation. It is a process in which rocks change in
shape, size, location, tilt or break. It is the dominant process in the
formation of mountain belts.
In physics, this is a force applied per unit area is called stress.
Uniform stress is when forces act uniformly from all
directions and also referred to as pressure.
Confining stress is the weight of overlying rocks exerts
pressure.
Differential stress is the force not equal from all directions.
Three kinds of Differential Stress
The resulting change in the rocks due to the different types
of stress is called strain.
It is the change in size, shape, or volume of the rock
subjected to stress.
Shear Strain
Elastic Strain
Stages of
Deformation
Elastic Deformation -
Reversible
Ductile Deformation -
Irreversible
Permanently Deformed -
Fractured
Rocks behavior under stress:
Brittle Materials
Have small region of ductile behavior
before fracture but could have small
or large region of elastic behavior.
Ductile Materials
Have large region of ductile
behavior prior to the stress but only
small region of elastic behavior.
STRUCTURES PRODUCED BY DEFORMATION
Strike is the compass direction of the line formed by the
intersection of an inclined plane and the horizontal plane.
Dip is the angle between the inclined plane and the horizontal
plane. The direction of dip is perpendicular to the strike.
Joints are natural cracks in
the rocks produced by
brittle deformation
Faults are also planar structures
resulting from brittle deformation, but
there is sliding between the rocks.
A fault wherein there is sliding in recent
geologic times are considered active
fault. This fault can move again in the
future and generate earthquake.
TYPES OF FAULTS
In an inclined fault, the block of rock on top of the fault is
called hanging wall while the block below is called footwall.
When the hanging wall
moves down with
respect to the footwall,
it forms a normal fault.
TYPES OF FAULTS
If the hanging wall
moves up, it forms a
reverse fault.
A reverse fault with
inclination below 35
degrees
is called thrust fault.
TYPES OF FAULTS
When the blocks slide
past each other the
fault is called strike-
slip fault.
Folds are produced by deformation
of ductile materials.
Hinge line or fold axis – is the part of
the fold where the curvature is
greatest
Limbs – are the sides of folds with
least curvature
Axial plane – contains fold axis of
each folded layer
Anticline – when the limbs of the
folds are inclined away from the
hinge forming an arch like shape.
Syncline – when the limbs are
inclined toward the hinge, forming
a trough-like shape.
Monocline – is a bend in a
generally flat-lying rock layer.
Overturned – when the axial plane
is inclined and one limb is steeper
than the other.
MOUNTAIN BUILDING
The process by which the Earth's
surface moves from a lower elevation
to a higher elevation is called uplift.
The process of mountain building is
called orogenesis.
Horsts are elevated
landforms comprising the
mountains and are bounded
by normal faults that are
inclined in opposite
directions.
Grabens are valleys filled
with sediments and bounded
by normal faults inclined
toward each other.
metamorphism
The process that occurs when a rock changes its form into a
new one without undergoing melting or disintegration.
The original rock or protolith undergoes mineralogical and
textural changes due to modification of its physical and
chemical environment.
01 Recrystallization
02 Phase Change
Processes in the
transformation of 03 Neocrystallization
protolith:
04 Pressure solution
05 Plastic Deformation
Contact Metamorphism
The magma cools but the surrounding rock
heats up.
Types of Burial Metamorphism
As sediments piled up and become thicker, the
Metamorphism:
pressure increases due to the weight, and the
temperature also increases because of geothermal
gradient.
Dynamic or cataclastic Metamorphism
It only involves shearing and does not require
change in temperature or pressure.
Regional Metamorphism
Experiences higher pressure due to the weight
of overlying rocks.
Types of Hydrothermal Metamorphism
Fluids react with the existing basalt in the seafloor
Metamorphism: and produce new chlorite mineral.
Shock Metamorphism
Extraterrestrial objects such as meteorite also
cause changes in the rocks at the surface of the
Earth.
