Lab
1:
Linux/Unix
practice
Log
in,
using
the
login
name
and
password
you’ve
been
given.
You
might
be
asked
an
obscure
question
to
do
with
GNOME.
If
so,
stick
with
GNOME.
Select
Applications
-‐
System
Tools
–
Terminal
This
should
give
you
a
little
window,
or
terminal,
with
a
prompt
and
a
cursor.
You
are
on
the
command
line.
The
prompt
will
be
something
like
bash-‐3.2$
bash
stand
for
Bourne
Again
SHell.
Stephen
Bourne
is
a
computer
scientist
(UK
born)
who,
in
the
70s,
wrote
a
shell
(for
Unix),
known
as
the
Bourne
shell.
bash
was
based
on
it
(and
other
shells
such
as
the
Korn
shell
and
the
C
shell)
for
the
GNU
project.
It’s
probably
the
easiest
shell
to
use.
What
shells
are
like
They
carry
out
commands.
(This
is
not
true,
but
will
do
to
be
getting
on
with.)
1.
You
enter
a
command
2. If
it
can,
the
shell
carries
it
out,
at
least
to
its
own
satisfaction
3. It
gives
you
another
prompt
Note
that
there
is
no
positive
reinforcement
for
you.
It
doesn’t
tell
you
that
it’s
done
anything,
and
offers
no
confirmation
that
it’s
done
what
you
wanted.
So,
in
a
shell,
the
habit
you
should
adopt
is
1. Enter
a
command
2. Check
that
it’s
worked
in
the
way
you
wanted.
(You
need,
of
course,
to
enter
another
command
to
do
this.)
For
instance,
1. Copy
a
file
2. Check
that
it’s
been
copied
to
the
right
place
If
the
shell
can’t
carry
out
a
command
(because,
say,
you
entered
one
in
a
way
it
disapproves
of),
it
will
send
you
an
error
message,
and
return
you
to
the
prompt.
Shells
are
case-‐sensitive.
(So
that
filenames
such
as
LIST,
List,
and
list
would
be
distinct
and
different.)
Commands
are,
as
a
rule,
in
lower
case.
pwd
First
find
out
where
you
are
in
the
system.
Enter
pwd
This
stands
for
present
working
directory.
The
answer
will
give
you
the
path
of
your
home
directory.
ls
See
what’s
there.
Enter
ls
ls
lists
files.
mkdir
Make
two
directories.
Let’s
say
they
are
for
Java
and
Praxis.
Enter
mkdir
java
Enter
mkdir
praxis
You
can,
of
course,
use
any
case
you
like
for
the
names
of
directories,
but
many
of
us
find
it
a
little
simpler
to
keep
them
in
lower
case.
Enter
(it’s
short
for
list)
ls
and
check
that
the
directories
have
been
made.
cd
This
stands
for
change
directory.
It
enables
you
to
move
around
the
file
system.
It’s
generally
best
to
get
to
the
directory
you
want
to
work
in
before
doing
any
work.
You
need
to
tell
the
system,
of
course,
which
directory
you
wish
to
change
to.
The
basic
form
is
cd
directoryName.
Enter
cd
java
Check
where
you
are.
Enter
pwd
Your
home
directory
is
the
parent
directory
or
your
java
directory.
The
parent
is
represented
by
two
dots
..
To
get
back
to
your
home
directory,
enter
cd
..
There
should
be
a
space
between
the
command
(cd)
and
the
dots.
Check
where
you
are.
You
should
be
back
in
your
home
directory.
Change
into
your
praxis
directory:
cd
praxis
Make
a
directory
there
called
lab1:
mkdir
lab1
Change
into
your
lab1
directory.
Check
you’re
in
the
right
place.
More
than
one
terminal
It’s
often
useful
to
have
more
than
one
terminal
open
at
a
time.
For
instance,
if
we
enter
a
command
that
takes
control
of
a
terminal,
we
often
need
another
terminal
where
we
can
keep
track
of
things.
To
show
you
another
way
of
opening
a
terminal,
select
Applications
-‐
Accessories
-‐
Terminal
You
should
now
have
two
terminals
on
your
screen.
We
shall
use
one
to
run
an
editor
for
us,
and
keep
the
other
for
Linux
commands.
Editors
We
now
shall
make
a
little
text
file.
To
do
this,
we
shall
need
an
editor.
There
is
a
range
of
editors
available.
The
most
straightforward
is
called
gedit.
Enter
gedit
This
should
give
you
a
simple
text
editor.
Because
you
were
in
your
lab1
directory
when
you
called
gedit,
gedit
will
save
files
in
lab1
by
default.
This
is
an
instance
of
a
simple
rule
that
many
users
follow:
before
doing
anything
in
Linux,
get
into
the
right
directory
first.
Type
(it’s
a
quote
from
Samuel
Beckett):
Ever
tried.
Ever
failed.
No
matter.
Try
again.
Fail
again.
Fail
better.
Save
the
file.
Call
it
something
simple
like
sam.txt.
Get
back
into
your
other
terminal.
Check
the
file
has
been
saved.
(In
lab1,
type
ls).
.
and
..
and
/
The
full
stop
refers
to
your
current
directory:
the
directory
you’re
in
now.
Two
full
stops
(no
space
between
them)
refer
to
the
parent
directory.
Enter
pwd
to
check
where
you
are
now.
Enter
cd
..
(There
needs
to
be
a
space
before
the
two
dots.)
Enter
pwd
If
you
were
in
lab1
before,
you
should
now
be
back
in
your
praxis
directory.
The
backslash
refers
to
the
root
of
the
network
system.
Enter
cd
/
(again
with
a
space
before
the
/)
Enter
pwd
and
at
the
root,
referred
to
simply
as
/
To
get
back
into
your
home
directory,
you
can
always
enter
cd
by
itself.
This
works
wherever
you
are
in
the
system.
It’s
always
easy
to
get
back
to
your
own
workspace,
your
home
directory.
Paths
You
should
be
in
your
workspace.
You
can
get
back
down
to
your
lab1
directory
in
one
command.
Enter
cd
praxis/lab1
Check
where
you
are.
Now
get
back
to
your
home
directory
in
one
command.
Switches
You
add
a
switch
to
a
command
to
make
it
behave
in
a
particular
way.
A
switch
is
what’s
called
an
argument
to
the
command.
You
always
need
a
space
between
the
command
and
the
first
switch.
For
example,
enter
ls
–al
The
minus
sign
tells
the
shell
that
this
is
a
switch
(and
not
the
name
of
a
directory,
say).
a
is
short
for
all,
and
l
is
short
for
long
listing
format.
Permissions
You
should
see,
on
the
left
hand
side
of
the
listing,
a
series
of
letters
for
each
file.
drwxr-‐xr-‐x
2
hh117
staff
4096
Jun
29
14:15
.
drwxr-‐xr-‐x
3
hh117
staff
4096
Jun
29
14:08
..
-‐rw-‐r-‐-‐r-‐-‐
1
hh117
staff
77
Jun
8
16:17
sam.txt
.
is
the
current
directory
(hence
the
d
as
the
letter
before
the
permissions)
..
is
the
parent
directory
sam.txt
is
the
little
text
file
we’ve
made.
A
file
has
9
permissions,
in
3
groups
of
3.
The
first
group
gives
the
permissions
of
the
owner.
The
second
group
gives
the
permissions
of
other
people
in
the
same
group
(in
my
case,
staff)
The
third
group
gives
the
permissions
of
everybody
else.
The
three
permissions
in
each
group
are
r,
which
means
read-‐access
w,
which
means
write-‐access
x,
which
means
executable
So,
I
can
read
or
write
(alter)
my
sam.txt.
Anyone
else
can
read
it,
but
can’t
change
it.
chmod
The
command
is
short
for
“change
mode”.
You
can
change
the
permissions
on
a
file
you
own.
For
example,
you
might
sometimes
need
to
make
a
script
(a
file
which
is
a
sequence
of
commands)
executable
before
you
can
run
it.
Let’s
say
we
have
written
a
script
called
“start”
to
start
us
up
in
sql
and
want
to
make
it
executable.
We
would
enter
chmod
u+x
start
u
is
short
for
user.
man
Things
are
getting
a
little
fiddly.
We
often
need
help
with
commands.
The
word
for
this
is
“man”,
short
for
manual.
To
get
help
with
the
switches
for
chmod,
enter
man
chmod
This
will
give
you
a
screen’s
worth
of
the
manual.
You
can
page
down
through
the
text.
If
you’ve
seen
enough,
you
might
want
to
escape.
Hold
down
the
Ctrl
key
and
press
Z.
In
other
words,
press
Ctrl-‐Z
This
usually
stops
a
process
in
Linux
and
returns
you
to
the
shell
prompt.
You
might
prefer
to
use
one
of
the
many
sites
on
the
web
for
help
with
commands,
for
instance
http://www.zzee.com/solutions/chmod-‐help.shtml
Copying
files
Get
back
into
your
praxis
directory
(from
your
lab1
directory).
To
copy
a
file,
use
cp.
This
command
needs
two
arguments.
The
first
is
the
name
(and
path)
of
the
file
to
be
copied.
The
second
is
the
destination.
(As
we’ve
said
above,
the
full
stop
represents
the
current
directory.)
To
copy
sam.txt
into
the
praxis
directory,
enter
cp
lab1/sam.txt
.
Wildcards
We
can
use
*
as
a
wildcard,
to
stand
for
everything
in
a
directory
Renaming
files
One
command
is
used
to
move
or
rename
files:
mv
To
rename
sam.txt,
enter
mv
sam.txt
ever.txt
Check
that
the
command
has
worked.
To
move
ever.txt
to
lab1
mv
ever.txt
lab1/
Deleting
files
The
command
is
rm
(for
remove).
Change
into
your
lab1
directory.
You
can
only
delete
files
for
which
you
have
write
permission.
To
delete
ever.txt,
enter
rm
ever.txt
Check
that
the
command
has
worked.
That’s
a
start
Lets
make
a
signature
for
your
email.
Bring
up
a
browser
and
go
to
https://webmail.hw.ac.uk/exchange
Log
into
your
email.
Go
to
Options
on
the
left
hand
side.
Type
in
your
signature
in
the
appropriate
box.
At
minimum
include
your
name,
course
and
student
number.
If
you
want
to
be
more
adventurous
go
ahead
but
remember
this
is
going
out
with
every
email
both
to
friends
and
staff
so
be
professional.
That’s
a
start
Further
learning
of
Linux
is
really
up
to
you.
If
you
have
time
left.
Get
familiar
with
TurnItIn
on
Vision.
We
should
always
leave
things
tidy,
for
the
benefit
of
subsequent
users.
Don’t
just
leave
the
machine
without
logging
out.
Close
gedit
(File
Quit).
Close
your
terminals
(File
Close
window)
Log
out
(System
Log
out
yourUsername)