DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL

CLASS-XII
CHEMISTRY - SOLUTIONS
Concept Map
Module-1
Learning Outcomes:
 Define solutions and its components
 Classify solutions based on the physical states of solute and solvent
 Express concentration of solution in different units and practice numerical on it.

SOLUTION
 A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two (or more) substances.
 A solution consisting of two components is called binary solution. The
component present in larger proportion and which decides the physical state of
the solution is called solvent and the component present in lesser amount is
called solute.

TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
[Link]
Depending upon the physical state of solute and solvent, solution is classified into 9
types.
CONCENTRATION OF SOLUTION
1. In terms of percentage%
A. Percentage by Weight (w / w %)
Definition: It is defined as the amount of solute present in 100 g of
solution.
Unit: No unit

B. Percentage by Volume (V / V %)
Definition: It is defined as the volume of solute present in 100 mL of
solution.
Unit: No unit

C. Percentage Weight by Volume (W / V %)

Definition: It is defined as the amount of solute present in 100 mL of
solution.
Unit: No unit
Formula: Percent Concentration

2. Mole Fraction (χ)

Definition: It is the ratio of the number of moles of solute and the total
number of moles of solute and solvent.
Unit: No unit

Formula:

Sum of the mole fraction of all components in a solution is 1.

3. Parts Per Million (ppm)
Definition: It is defined as the parts of a component per million parts (106) of
the solution. It is widely used when a solute is present in trace quantities.
Unit: ppm
 Formula:

4. Molarity (M)
Definition: Molarity of any solution is number of moles of solute per litre of
solution
Unit: mol/litre
Formula:
Molarity = Number of moles of solute / Volume of solution in litre.

WB
Molarity =
MB x V (in ‘ L’)
WB =mass of solute
MB= Molar mass of solute
V= Volume of solution in litre
5. Molality (m)
Definition: Molality of any solution is represented as the number of moles of
solute present per kg of solvent
Unit: mol/kg

Formula:
Solved Questions

Q1. Which aqueous solution has higher concentration 1 molar or 1 molal

solution of the same solute? Give reason.
Ans. 1M aqueous solution contains 1 mole of solute in 1 litre of the solution which
includes both solute and solvent. So, the mass of solvent (i.e. water) is less
than 1000 gram. Therefore 1 molar aqueous solution contains 1 mole of solute
in less than 1000 gram of solvent .Whereas, 1 molal solution has 1 mole of
solute in 1000 gram of solvent. Hence concentration will be more in 1 molar
aqueous solution.

Q2. Why molality is not affected by change in temperature?

Ans: Since it is dependent on mass of solute and mass do not change with
temperature due to close packing of solid atoms, therefore it is independent of
temperature change.
Q3. Considers 5 g sugar dissolved in 20 g of water. What is the w/w %
concentration of sugar in this solution?

Q4. What are the mole fractions of the components of the solution formed when
92 g glycerol is mixed with 90 g water? (Molecular of weight water = 18;
molecular weight of glycerol = 92)
Solution:
90 g water = 90 g / 18 g = 5 mol water
92 g glycerol = 92 g / 92 g = 1 mol glycerol
Total mol = 5 + 1 = 6 mol
X water = 5 mol / 6 mol = 0.833
X glycerol = 1 mol / 6 mol = 0.167
It’s a good idea to check your math by making sure the mole fractions add up
to 1:
X water + x glycerol = 0.833 + 0.167 = 1.000
Q5. What is the molarity of a solution containing 0.32 moles of NaCl in 3.4
liters?
Solution:

= 0.94 M NaCl
Q6. What is the molality of a solution containing 0.46 mole of solute in 2.0 kg
water?
Solution:
Moles of Solute = 0.46 mole Kilogram of Solvent = 2.0 kg

= 0.23 m
Q7. Using 16 g NaOH, 200 ml solution is prepared. Which ones of the following
statements are true for this solution? (Molar mass of NaOH is 40 g)
a. Concentration of solution is 2 molar
b. Volume of the water in solution is 200 ml
c. If we add water to solution, moles of solute decreases.
 Solution:
Moles of NaOH
a. nNaOH=16/40=0.4 mole
V=200 mL= 0.2 Liters
Molarity=0.4/0.2=2 molar
It is true.
b. Since volume of solution is 200 mL, volume of water is smaller than 200
mL. It is false.
c. If we add water to solution, volume of solution increases but moles of
solute do not change.

Q8. Calculate the concentration of nitric acid in moles per litre in a sample
which has a density 1.41g mL−1 and the mass per cent of nitric acid in it
being 69%.
Solution:
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟔𝟗 𝒈
No. of moles of HNO3 = = = 1.095 moles
𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟔𝟑 𝒈 /𝒎𝒐𝒍
𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝟏𝟎𝟎
Vol of 100g of nitric acid solution = = = 70.92 =0.07092 L
𝑫𝒆𝒏𝒔𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝟏.𝟒𝟏
𝟏.𝟎𝟗𝟓
 Conc of HNO3 in moles per litre = = 15.44 M
𝟎.𝟕𝟎𝟗𝟐

Objective type questions:

MCQ
1. Mole fraction of glycerine C3H5(OH)3 in solution containing 36 g of water and
46gofglycerineis
(a) 0.46 (b) 0.40 (c) 0.20 (d) 0.36

2. The atmospheric pollution is generally measured in the units of

(a) Mass (b) volume (c) volume fraction (d) ppm

3. If 2 gm of NaOH is present is 200 ml of its solution, its molarity will be

(a) 0.25 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.5 (d) 0.10

Answers: 1. c, 2. d, 3. A
ASSERTION-REASON TYPE QUESTIONS:
Directions: These questions consist of two statements, each printed as Assertion and
Reason. While answering these questions, you are required to choose any one of the
following four responses.
(a) If both Assertion and Reason are correct and the Reason is a correct explanation
of the Assertion.
(b) If both Assertion and Reason are correct but Reason is not a correct explanation
of the Assertion.
(c) If the Assertion is correct but Reason is incorrect.
(d) If the Assertion is false and Reason is correct
1. Assertion: Molarity of a solution in liquid state changes with temperature.
Reason: The volume of a solution changes with change in temperature.
2. Assertion: A 0.4 M solution of sugar in water is known as a standard solution.
Reason: A solution whose concentration is known is called a standard solution.
3. Assertion: An alloy of Cu, Ag and Au is a solution.
Reason: It is a heterogeneous mixture.
Answers:
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (c)

Assignment
Q1. Which are the better ways of expressing concentration of a solution among
molarity, molality and mole fraction? Justify your answer.
Q2. Calculate the molarity of 9.8% (w/w) solution of H2SO4 if the density of the
solution is 1.02g/ml.
Q3. A Solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% by weight. What would be
the molality of the solution?
Q4. 200 ml of water is added to 500mL of 0.2 M solution. What is the molarity of
the diluted solution?
(a) 0.5010M (b) 0.2897M (c) 0.7093M (d) 0.1428M
Q5. Increasing the temperature of an aqueous solution will cause
(a) Decrease in molality (b) decrease in molarity
(c) Decrease in mole fraction (d) decrease in w/w %
Q6. Numerical: Solve NCERT Q. NO. 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9