Grammar
PRESENT SIMPLE:
- Habit or routine
- Truth or scientific fact
- Stative verbs
- Timetable
● Affirmative:
○ I/ You sit
○ He/ She/ It sits
○ We/ You/ They sit
● Negative:
○ I/You don’t sit
○ He/ She/ It doesn’t sit
○ We/ They don’t sit
● Interrogative:
○ Do I/ you sit?
○ Does he/ she/ it sit?
○ Do we/ you/ they sit?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS:
- Action now
- Temporary action
- Definite plan for future
● Affirmative:
○ I am writing
○ You are writing
○ He/ She/ It is writing
○ We/ You/ They are writing
● Negative:
○ I’m not writing
○ You aren’t writing
○ He/ She/ It isn’t writing
○ We/ You/ They aren’t writing
● Interrogative:
○ Am I writing?
○ Are you writing?
○ Is he/ she/ it writing?
○ Are we/ you/ they writing?
PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE
- Action in the past and continuous in the present
- Action in a undetermined time in the past but is connected in the present
● Affirmative:
○ I/ You have arrived
○ He/ She/ It has arrived
○ We/ You/ They have arrived
● Negative:
○ I/ You haven’t arrived
○ He/ She/ It hasn’t arrived
○ We/ You/ They haven’t arrived
● Interrogative:
○ Have I/ you arrived?
○ Has he/ she/ it arrived?
○ Have we/ you/ they arrived?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
- Action in the past and continuous in the present
- Action whose results are still apparent
● Affirmative:
○ I/ You have been singing
○ He/ She/ It has been singing
○ We/ You/ They have been singing
● Negative:
○ I/ You haven’t been singing
○ He/ She/ It hasn’t been singing
○ We/ You/ They haven’t been singing
● Interrogative:
○ Have I/ you been singing?
○ Has he/ she/ it been singing?
○ Have we/ you/ they been singing?
PAST SIMPLE
- Completed action in the past
- Series of completed actions in the past
● Affirmative:
○ I/ You drove
○ He/ She/ It drove
○ We/ You/ They drove
● Negative:
○ I/ You didn’t drive
○ He/ She/ It didn’t drive
○ We/ You/ They didn’t drive
● Interrogative:
○ Did I/ you drive?
○ Did he/ she/ it drive?
○ Did we/ you/ they drive?
PAST CONTINUOUS
- Incomplete action in specific time in the past
- Incomplete action interrupted by another action
- Two incomplete actions at the same time in the past
● Affirmative:
○ I was eating
○ You were eating
○ He/ She/ It was eating
○ We/ You/ They were eating
● Negative:
○ I wasn’t eating
○ You weren’t eating
○ He/ She/ It wasn’t eating
○ We/ You/ They weren’t eating
● Interrogative:
○ Was I eating?
○ Were you eating?
○ Was he/ she/ it eating?
○ Were we/ you/ they eating?
PAST PERFECT SIMPLE
- Complete action which took place before another action in the past
● Affirmative:
○ I/ You had slept
○ He/ She/ It had slept
○ They/ You/ We had spelt
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● Negative:
○ I/ You hadn’t slept
○ He/ She/ It hadn’t slept
○ We/ You/ They hadn’t slept
● Interrogative:
○ Had I/ you slept?
○ Had he/ she/ it slept?
○ Had we/ you/ they slept?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
- Action which continued up to another past action
● Affirmative:
○ I/ You had been running
○ He/ She/ It had been running
○ We/ You/ They had been running
● Negative:
○ I/ You hadn’t been running
○ He/ She/ It hadn’t been running
○ We/ You/ They hadn’t been running
● Interrogative:
○ Had I/ you been running?
○ Had he/ she/ it been running?
○ Had we/ you/ they been running?
FUTURE SIMPLE
- Prediction
- Timetable
- Spontaneous decision
● Affirmative:
○ I/ You will leave
○ He/ She/ It will leave
○ We/ You/ They will leave
● Negative:
○ I/ You won’t leave
○ He/ She/ It won’t leave
○ We/ You/ They won’t leave
● Interrogative:
○ Will I/ you leave?
○ Will he/ she/ it leave?
○ Will we/ you/ they leave?
FUTURE PERFECT SIMPLE
- Action that will be completed in a certain time in the future
● Affirmative:
○ I/ You will have gone
○ He/ She/ It will have gone
○ We/ You/ They will have gone
● Negative:
○ I/ You won’t have gone
○ He/ She/ It won’t have gone
○ We/ You/ They won’t have gone
● Interrogative:
○ Will I/ you have gone?
○ Will he/ she/ it have gone?
○ Will we/ you/ they have gone?
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FUTURE CONTINUOUS
- Action in progress in a certain time in the future
- Future plans
● Affirmative:
○ I/ You will be lying
○ He/ She/ It will be lying
○ We/ You/ They will be lying
● Negative:
○ I/ You won’t be lying
○ He/ She/ It won’t be lying
○ We/ You/ They won’t be lying
● Interrogative:
○ Will I/ you be lying?
○ Will he/ she/ it be lying?
○ Will we/ you/ they be lying?
BE GOING TO
- Planned action for the future
- Action that is about to happen
● Affirmative:
○ I am going to win
○ You are going to win
○ He/ She/ It is going to win
○ We/ You/ They are going to win
● Negative:
○ I’m not going to win
○ You aren’t going to win
○ He/ She/ It isn’t going to win
○ They/ You/ We aren’t going to win
● Interrogative:
○ Am I going to win?
○ Are you going to win?
○ Is he/ she/ it going to win?
○ Are we/ you/ they going to win?
PASSIVE VOICE
- It's more important the action than the subject.
● Present simple: is arranged
● Present continuous: is being arranged
● Present perfect simple: has been arranged
● Past simple: was arranged
● Past continuous: was being arranged
● Past perfect simple: had been arranged
● Future simple: will be arranged
● Future perfect simple: will have been arranged
● Be going to: is going to be arranged
● Have to: has to be arranged
● Modals: must be arranged
● Modal perfects: must have been arranged
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MODAL VERBS
Modals Uses
can ability, permission, possibility, suggestion
be able to ability, possibility
can’t inability, prohibition, deduction
could past ability, polite request, polite suggestion, possibility
may, might possibility
may permission
should, ought to advice, opinion
need to necessity, obligation
have to necessity, obligation
must necessity, obligation, strong belief
mustn’t prohibition
don’t have to, lack of obligation/ necessity
don’t need to
needn’t lack of obligation/ necessity
would formal request, offer
MODALS PERFECT
Modals perfects Uses
could have possibility to do something in the past which wasn’t done
in the end
can’t/ couldn’t fact that something didn’t happen
have
may/ might have a guess or possibility that something was true
must have fact or logical conclusion about an event in the past
should/ ought to criticism or regret after an event
have
shouldn’t have criticism or regret after an event
would have disposition or wish for to do something which wasn’t
actually done
needn’t have to express that there was no obligation or necessity to
do something
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RELATIVE CLAUSES
● Defining:
○ no commas
○ we can use “that”
○ we can omitted “who/ which/ that”
● Non-defining:
○ between commas
○ we can not use “that”
○ can’t omitted “who/ which”
Vocabulary
Unit 1: GOING PLACES
- a clever move: un movimiento inteligente
- aim (n): objetivo
- approach (v): acercarse
- at some point: en algún momento
- backpacker: mochilero
- bargain (v): negociar
- breathtaking: impresionante
- bring about: provocar
- budget airline: aerolínea de bajo coste
- deal: acuerdo
- dirt cheap: muy barato
- force (v): forzar
- freedom: libertad
- fund (v): financiar
- get around: viajar con frecuencia
- get started: empezar
- go with the flow: dejarse llevar
- high season: temporada alta
- hooked (on): enganchado
- hop on: subirse
- lifestyle: estilo de vida
- off season: en temporada baja
- on the move: en movimiento
- rate (n): tasa
- set off: partir
- spot (n): lugar
- stall: puesto
- tourist trap: trampa para turistas
- toward: hacia
- unspoilt: puro
- upcoming: próximo
- wander: deambular
- youth hostel: albergues juveniles
Unit 2: HEALTHY FUTURE
- adjust: modificar
- boost: aumento
- crash diet: dieta rápida
- disorder: trastorno
- dosage: dosis
- drowsy: adormilado
- feast on: darse un festín
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- gain weight: engordar
- go beyond: superar
- incurable: incurable
- life-threatening: mortal
- on the verge of: a punto de
- out of breath: sin respiración
- out of shape: en baja forma
- overcome: superar
- overreact: exagerar
- overweight: con sobrepeso
- quick fix: solución temporal
- quit: dejar
- recover: recuperarse
- relapse (n): recaída
- side effect: efecto secundario
- stage: etapa
- swap: intercambio
- vanish: desaparecer
- well-being: bienestar
- wipe out: eliminar
- workout: ejercicio
Unit 3: THAT’S ENTERTAINMENT
- appeal to: gustar
- awesome: impresionante
- behind the scenes: tras bambalinas
- boom: estruendo
- box-office hit: éxito de taquilla
- by leaps and bounds: rapidamente
- cast: reparto
- character: personaje
- dub: doblar
- fast-paced: acelerado
- figure: cifa
- filmgoer: espectador
- gender: género
- leading role: papel principal
- look on: mirar
- move with the times: avanzar con el tiempo
- outnumber: superar en número
- outrageous: intolerable
- plot: trama
- predictable: predecible
- reflect: reflejar
- release (v): lanzar
- script: guión
- set: equipo
- sold out: agotado
- stand out: resaltar
- stunt: escena de riesgo
- wise: sabio
- worth seeing: vale la pena verlo
Unit 4: WORLD OF WORK
- clerk: dependiente
- deadline: fecha de entrega
- field: campo
- fond of: querer a
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- glare (v): resplandecer
- make one’s mind up: decidirse
- mumble: hablar entre dientes
- nonsense: tonterías
- out of work: sin trabajo
- overtime: horas extras
- part-time: media jornada
- people skills: don de gentes
- perk: beneficio
- position: posición
- qualification: calificación
- rehearse: ensayar
- reliable: fiable
- resignation: renuncia
- rewarding: gratificante
- rise (n): aumento
- room for advancement: espacio para avanzar
- seasonal: de temporada
- shift: turno
- sick leave: baja (de enfermedad)
- slave: esclavo
- starvation: hambre
- steady job: trabajo estable
- teamwork: trabajo en equipo
- trace (v): encontrar
- wage: salario
- work (one’s) way up: abrirse camino
Unit 5: LAW AND ORDER
- behind bars: tras la rejas
- breed (v): criar
- bypass: evitar
- cell: celda
- charge with: cargar con
- comply: cumplir
- concerned: preocupado
- convict (v): condenar
- court: tribunal
- defy: desafiar
- enforce: hacer cumplir
- fine (v): multar
- forbidden: prohibido
- gambling: apostar
- get into trouble: meterse en líos
- go straight: ir por buen camino
- grab: coger
- guilty: culpable
- let (someone) off the hook: salir de rositas
- offender: criminal
- outlaw (v): ilegalizar
- pool: piscina
- repeal: revocar
- reward: recompensa
- robbery: robo
- shoplifting: hurto
- term: condena
- theft: robo
- think through: pensar bien
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- thoroughly: cuidadosamente
- trial: juicio
- assassination: asesinato
- drug dealing: tráfico de drogas
- assault: agresión
- harassment: acoso
- phishing: suplantación de identidad
- murder: asesinato
Unit 6: LIVING GREEN
- average (adj): promedio
- beast: bestia
- carbon footprint: impacto ambiental
- crop: cultivo
- dump (v): tirar
- eco-friendly: ecologico
- endangered: peligro de extinción
- flooding: inundación
- fossil fuel: combustible fósil
- greenhouse effect: efecto invernadero
- hazardous: peligroso
- insulate: aislar
- knock down: tirar abajo
- landfill: vertedero
- large-scale: a gran escala
- layer: capa
- leak: fuga
- lean: delgado
- melt: derretirse
- moisture: humedad
- plain: sencillo
- revive: recuperar
- sink: hundirse
- slow down: disminuir
- soil: campo
- thaw: derretirse
- trample: pisar
- vast: grande
- waste: desperdiciar
- pollute: contaminar
- endanger: poner en peligro
- global warming: calentamiento global
For and against essays
Structure:
- introduction (the situation)
- advantages and disadvantages
- conclusion (opinion)
Connectors:
- moreover: además
- however/ nevertheless: sin embargo
- according to: acorde con
- such us: como por ejemplo
- unfortunately: por desgracia
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- surprisingly: sorprendentemente
- as a result/ therefore: como resultado
- due to/ owing to: debido a
- although: aunque
- despite/ in spite of (at the fact): a pesar del hecho
- provided (that): siempre y cuando
- therefore: por lo tanto
