CHAPTER-6

Solutions of Non-homogeneous Linear Partial

Differential Equations with Constant
Coefficients
6.1 Introduction

In the previous chapter, we have discussed the methods of

solution of homogeneous linear partial differential equations with
constant coefficients. In this chapter, we discuss the methods of
solution of non-homogeneous linear partial differential equations
with constant coefficients because such type of equations are
frequently encountered in our study.

6.2 Non-homogeneous Linear Partial Differential Equations

with Constant Coefficients

A linear partial differential equation with constant

coefficients is known as non-homogeneous linear partial
differential equation with constant coefficients if the orders of
all the partial derivatives involved in the equation are not equal, e.g

The equations ( ) , (
) , and
are non-homogenous linear partial differential equations
with constant coefficients.
188

6.3 Reducible and Irreducible Linear Differential Operators

A differentiable operator ( ) is known as a reducible

linear differentiable operator, if it can be written as the product
of linear factors of the form with and c as
constants.

A differentiable operator ( ) is known as irreducible

linear differentiable operator, if it is not reducible.

For example, the differential operator which can

be written in the form ( )( ) is reducible, whereas the
operator which cannot be decomposed into linear factors
is irreducible.

6.4 Reducible and Irreducible Linear Partial Differential

Equations with Constant Coefficients

A linear partial differential equation with constant

coefficients ( ) ( ) is called as the reducible linear
partial differential equation, if ( ) is reducible.

Again, a linear partial differential equation with constant

coefficients ( ) ( ) is called as the irreducible linear
partial differential equation if ( ) is irreducible.

For example, ( ) is a reducible partial

differential equation with constant coefficients, since
( )( ), whereas ( ) is an irreducible
partial differential equation with constant coefficients, since
cannot be decomposed into linear factors.
 189

Further, the equation ( ) is a

reducible partial differential equation, since
( )( ) ( )( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( ),
while the equation ( ) ( ) is irreducible, since
( ), where can not be decomposed
into linear factors.

6.5 Important Theorem on Linear Factors of ( )

If ( ) is a reducible differential operator, then the order
in which the linear factors of ( ) occur is unimportant

Proof. In order to prove the theorem, we must show that

( )( )

( )( ) …(1)

where and are linear factors of

( ).
In general, the reducible differential operator ( ) can be
decomposed in n linear factors and hence can be written as

( ) ∏ ( ) …(2)

Therefore, the proof of (1) is immediate, since both sides of

it are equal to ( )

( ) ( )

Note: We are interested only in finding C.F. of reducible and

irreducible non-homogeneous linear partial differential equations,
because the methods of finding P.I. in both cases, are same as the
190

methods of finding P.I. of homogeneous linear partial differential

equations.

6.6 Complementary Function (C.F.) of Reducible Non-

homogeneous Linear Partial Differential Equation with
Constant Coefficients Given by ( )

Let ( ) …(1)

be the reducible non-homogeneous linear partial differential

equation with constant coefficients.

Also, let ( ) ( )( )

( ) …(2)

where a’s, b’s and c’s are constants. Then (1) becomes

( )( ) ( ) …(3)

It shows that any solution of the equation of the form

( ) is a solution of (3) i.e.,

or …(4)

which is of Lagrange’s form .

∴ Lagrange’s auxiliary equations for (4) are

…(5)

Proceeding as usual, two independent integrals of (5) are

 191

( )
and { ( )

∴ The general solution of equation (4) is given by

( )
( )
{ ( )
…(6)
( )

where ϕr and ψr are arbitrary functions.

The general solution of (3) is the sum of the solutions of the

equations of the form (4) corresponding to each factor in (2).

Case of Repeated Factors: While factorizing ( ) into linear

factors, it may possible that a number of its factors are repeated.
Let the repeated factors of ( ), repeated two times be
. Now, let us we consider the partial differential
equation

( )( ) …(8)

Again, let us take ( ) …(9)

Then (8) reduces to ( ) …(10)

As before, the general solution of equation (10) is given by

( )
( ), if …(11)
( )
or ( ), if …(12)

where and are arbitrary functions.

Substituting the value of v from (11) in (9), we have

192

( )
( ) ( )
( )
or ( ) …(13)

which is of Lagrange’s form .

∴ Lagrange’s auxiliary equations for (13) are

( ) ( )
…(14)

Taking the first two fractions of (14), we get

so that , say …(15)

where is an arbitrary constant.

Taking the first and the third fractions of (14), we get

( )
( )

( )
or ( ), on using (15)

This is a linear ordinary differential equation, whose

integrating factor (I.F.) is given by I.F. ∫( ) ( )

and therefore, its solution is given by

( ) ( ) ( )
∫ ( )

( )
i.e., ( ) ( )

which on using (15), can be written as

( )
( ) ( ) …(16)
 193

where is an arbitrary constant.

From (15) and (16), the general solution of (13) or (8) is

( )
( ) ( ) ( )

( )
or , ( ) ( )-, if …(17)

where and are arbitrary functions.

Again, substituting the value of v from (12) in (9), we obtain

( )
, ( ) ( )-, if …(18)

where and are arbitrary functions.

In general, if ( ) is repeated r times, then we get

( )
∑ ( ), if …(19)

( )
or ∑ ( ), if …(20)

6.7 Working Rule for Finding C.F. of Reducible Non-

homogeneous Linear Partial Differential Equation with
Constant Coefficients

Let the given reducible non-homogeneous linear partial

differential equation be ( ) ( ).

First of all, we factorize ( ) into linear factors. Then,

we use the following rules to have the complementary function
(C.F.) of ( ) ( ).
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Rule I: Corresponding to each non-repeated factor( )

the part of C.F. is taken as ( )
( ), if .

We now have the following three particular cases of Rule I:

Rule I(A): Take in rule I. Then, corresponding to each

linear factor ( ), the part of C.F. is ( ), .

Rule I(B): Take in rule I. Then, corresponding to each

linear factor ( ), the part of C.F. is ( )
( ) .

Rule I(C): Take and in rule I. Then,

corresponding to linear factor D, the part of C.F. is ( )

Rule II: Corresponding to a repeated factor ( ) , the

part of C.F. is taken as ( )
, ( ) ( )

( ) ( )-, if

We now have the following three particular cases of Rule II.

Rule II(A): Take in rule II. Then, corresponding to each

repeated factor ( ) , the part of C.F. is

( ) ( ) ( )

( ),

Rule II(B): Take in rule II. Then, corresponding to a

repeated factor ( ) , the part of C.F. is

( ),
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )-,
 195

Rule II(C): Take and in rule II. Then, correspon-

ding to a repeated factor , the part of C.F. is

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Rule III: Corresponding to each non-repeated linear factor

( ), the part of C.F. is taken as

( )
( ), if

We now have the following three particular cases of Rule III:

Rule III(A). Take in rule III. Then, corresponding to each

linear factor ( ), the part of C.F. is ( ) .

Rule III(B). Take in rule III. Then, corresponding to each

linear factor ( ), the part of C.F. is ( )
( ) .

Rule III(C). Take and in rule III. Then, corresp-

onding to linear factor , the part of C.F. is ( ).

Rule IV. Corresponding to a repeated factor ( ) , the

( )
part of C.F. is taken as , ( ) ( )

( ) ( )-, if

We now have the following three particular cases of Rule IV.

Rule IV(A). Take in rule IV. Then, corresponding to

repeated factor ( ) , the part of C.F. is

( ) ( ) ( )
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( ), .

Rule IV(B). Take in rule IV. Then, corresponding to a

repeated factor ( ) , the part of C.F. is

( ),
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )-,

Rule IV(C). Take and in rule IV. Then, corresp-

onding to repeated factor , the part of C.F. is

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Solve ( ) .

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

( )( ) …(1)

Here, we see that equation (1) is a reducible non-

homogeneous linear partial differential equation.

The part of complementary function C.F. corresponding to

the factor ( ) is ( ).

Again, the part of complementary function C.F.

corresponding to the factor ( ) is ( ).

Therefore, the general solution of (1) is given by

( ) ( ) …(2)

where and are arbitrary functions.

 197

Example 2. Solve ( ) .

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

,( )( ) ( )-

or ( )( ) …(1)

Here, we see that equation (1) and hence the given partial
differential equation is a reducible non-homogeneous linear
partial differential equation.

The part complementary function of C.F. corresponding to

the factor ( ) is ( ).

Again, the part of complementary function C.F.

corresponding to the factor ( ) is ( )

Hence, the general solution of (1) is given by

( ) ( ) …(2)

where and are arbitrary functions.

Example 3. Solve .

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

. / . / . / . / . /

or ( )

or ,( ) ( ) -
198

or ( ) …(1)

Here, we see that equation (1) is a reducible non-

homogeneous linear partial differential equation and there are
two repeated linear factors ( ).

∴ The required general solution is given by

, ( ) ( )- …(2)

where and are arbitrary functions.

EXERCISE 6(A)

Solve the following partial differential equations:

1. ( )( )
2. ( )
3.
4. ( )( )
5. ( )
6. ( )
7. ( )
8. ( )

ANSWERS

1. ( ) ( )
2. ( ) ( )
3. * ( ) ( )+
4. ( ) ( )
5. ( ) ( )
 199

6. ( ) ( )
7. ( ) ( )
8. ( ) ( )

6.8 C.F. of Irreducible Non-homogeneous Linear Partial

Differential Equation with Constant Coefficients Given by
( ) ( )

Let ( ) ( ) …(1)

be the irreducible non-homogeneous linear partial differential

equation.

When the operator ( ) in (1) is irreducible, it is not

always possible to find a solution with the full number of arbitrary
functions, but it is possible to construct solutions which contain as
many arbitrary constants as we wish. We now state and prove a
theorem which will be used to find C.F. of (1).

Theorem. If ( ) is an irreducible differential operator, then

( ) ( )

Proof. Since ( ) is an irreducible differential operator,

therefore, it consists of terms of the form .

Also ( ) , ( )

∴ We have ( )( )

The theorem follows by combining the terms of the

differential operator ( ).
200

We now discuss the method of finding C.F. of (1).

Let us consider the PDE ( ) …(2)
To find C.F. of above, we assume a trail solution of the form

∴ …(3)
Putting the values from (2) & (3) in (1) , we get
( ) ( ) since
This means that and are connected by the relation
( ) …(4)
Let ( ) is of degree in . Then, we solve ( ) for
various values of . Let ( ) ( ) ( ) be the roots of ( ) .
∴ ( ) ,1 (5) are the solutions of (2).
Thus, we can construct the solution of (2) containing as many
arbitrary constants as we need. The series (5) may not be finite, but
if it is infinite, it is necessary that it should be uniformly
convergent, if it has to be a solution of (2).
The general solution of an irreducible non-homogeneous
partial differential equation (1) can be put in the following form:

( )
∑

where ( ) are arbitrary constants such that ( ) .

6.9 Working Rules for C.F. of Irreducible Non-homogeneous
Linear Partial Differential Equation with Constant
Coefficients of the Form ( )
The following steps are to be kept in mind, while finding the
C.F. of an irreducible non-homogeneous linear partial differential
equation. ( )
 201

Step 1. If necessary, factorize ( ) into factors ( ) and

( ), where ( ) consists of a product of linear factors in
and ( ) consists of a product of irreducible factors
in .

Step 2. Write down the part of C.F. corresponding to the factor of

( ).

Step 3. Write down the part of C.F. corresponding to the factor of

( ).

Step 4. Adding the C.F. corresponding to ( ) obtained in

step 2 and the C.F. corresponding to ( ) obtained in step 3,
we obtain the C.F. of the given partial differential equation
( ) i.e., ( ) ( ) .

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Solve ( ) .

Solution. Here, the differential operator is not a linear

factor in and . Therefore, the given equation is an irreducible
non-homogeneous linear partial differential equation.

Let be a trial solution of the given PDE.

Then, we have and .

Putting these values in the given differential equation, we get

( ) so that or
202

Replacing a by b2 , the most general solution of the given

partial differential equation is given by

where and are arbitrary constants.

Example 2. Solve ( )( ) .

Solution. Since the factor ( ) is linear in and ,

therefore, the part of C.F. corresponding to it is ( ),
where is an arbitrary function.

Again, to find C.F. corresponding to the non-linear factor

( ), we proceed as follows:

Let …(1)

be a trial solution of ( ) …(2)

∴ and .

Thus, from the partial differential equation (2), we get

( )

This will be true if and only if, we have

or …(3)

Replacing by in (2), the solution of (1) i.e. the part

of C.F. corresponding to ( ) is given by

∑ ( )
 203

where and are arbitrary constants.

∴ The required solution of the given PDE is

( )
( ) ∑ …(4)

Example 3. Solve ( ) .

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

( )( ) …(1)

Here, we see that the equation (1) is an irreducible non-

homogeneous linear partial differential equation with constant
coefficients.

Let be a trail solution of ( ) .

∴ ( ) so that or

Hence, C.F. corresponding to the factor ( ) is

C.F. = ∑ …(2)

Again, let be a solution of ( ) .

∴ ( ) so that or

Hence, C.F. corresponding to the factor ( ) is

C.F. ∑ …(3)
204

From (2) and (3), the general solution of (1) is given by

∑ ∑ …(4)

where and are arbitrary constants.

Example 4. Solve ( )( ) .

Solution. We see that the given partial differential equation is an

irreducible non-homogeneous linear partial differential equation

C.F. corresponding to the linear factor ( ) is

C.F. = ( ) …(1)

We now find C.F. corresponding to the irreducible factor

( ) as follows:

Let be a solution of ( ) .

∴ ( ) so that or

Hence, C.F. corresponding to the factor ( ) is

C.F. ∑ …(2)

Therefore, the general solution of given equation is

( ) ∑ …(3)

where is an arbitrary function and are arbitrary constants.

 205

EXERCISE 6(B)

Solve the following partial differential equations:

1. ( ) .

2. ( ) .

3. ( ) ( ) .

4. ( ) ( ) .

ANSWERS

∑ ( )
1. , where and are arbitrary constants.
2. ∑ , where are
arbitrary constants.
( ) ( ) ∑ ( )
3. where
are arbitrary function and are arbitrary constants.
( )* ( )
4. ( ) ( )+ ∑ ,
where are arbitrary functions and are arbitrary
constants.

6.10 Particular Integral (P.I.) of Non-homogeneous Linear

Partial Differential Equation ( ) ( ) whether
It is Reducible or Irreducible

Consider the following non-homogeneous linear partial

differential equation ( ) ( ) …(1)

The methods of finding particular integrals of the non-

homogeneous partial differential equations are very similar to
206

those of ordinary linear differential equations with constant

coefficients.

We give below a list of some cases of finding P.I. of (1).

Case I. When ( ) and ( ) .

In this case, the particular integral (P.I.) is given by

P.I. ( ) ( )

Thus, in this case, replacing D by a and by b, we get the

required particular integral (P.I.).

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Solve ( ) .

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

( )( ) …(1)

∴ C.F. ( ) ( ) …(2)

where and are arbitrary functions.

and P.I. ( )( ) ( )( )
…(3)

Hence, the required general solution of the given equation is

( ) ( ) ,( )( )-

Example 2. Solve ( ) .
 207

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

,( )( ) ( )-

or ( )( ) …(1)

∴ C.F. ( ) ( ) …(2)

where and are arbitrary functions.

and P.I. ( )( )

or P.I. ( )( )
…(3)

Hence, the required general solution of the given equation is

( ) ( ) …(4)

Example 3. Solve . / . / .

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

( ) …(1)

∴ C.F. ∑ , where …(2)

and P.I. …(3)

∴ The required general solution of (1) is given by

∑ …(4)
208

where and are arbitrary constants and and are

connected by relation .

EXERCISE 6(C)

Solve the following partial differential equations:

1. ( )
2. ( )
3. ( )
4. ( )
5. ( )

ANSWERS

1. ( ) ( )
2. ( ) ( )
3. ( ) ( )
∑ ( )
4. , where and are arbitrary
constants.
∑ ( )
5. where and are
arbitrary constants.
Case II. When ( ) ( ) or ( )
In this case, the particular integral (P.I.) is given by

P.I. ( ) or P.I. ( )
( ) ( )

which is evaluated by putting ,

provided the denominator is non-zero.
 209

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Solve ( ) ( ).

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

( )( ) ( ) …(1)

∴ C.F. ( ) ( ) …(2)

where and are arbitrary functions.

P.I. ( ) ( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

, ( ) ( )-

, ( ) ( )- …(3)

∴ The required solution of the given PDE is

( ) ( )

, ( ) ( )-

Example 2. Solve ( )( ) ( ).

Solution. Here, ( ) ( ) …(1)

210

where are arbitrary functions.

and P.I. ( )
( )( )

( )

( )
( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

, ( ) ( )-

, ( ) ( )- …(2)

∴ The general solution of the given partial differential equation is

( ) ( )

, ( ) ( )-

Example 3. Solve ( ) ( ).

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

( )( ) ( ) …(1)
 211

∴ C.F. ( ) ( ) …(2)

where and are arbitrary functions.

and P.I. ( )

( )
( ) ( )

( ) ( )
( )

( ) ( ) ( )
( )

* ( ) ( )+ …(3)

∴ The general solution of the given partial differential equation is

( ) ( ) ( )

EXERCISE 6(D)

Solve the following partial differential equations:

1. ( ) ( )

2. ( )( ) ( )

3. . / . / . / ( )

ANSWERS

1. ( ) ( ) * ( )
212

( )+

. /
2. ∑ ∑

* ( ) ( )+

where are arbitrary constants.

3. ( ) ( )

, ( ) ( )-

Case III. When ( )

In this case, the particular integral (P.I.) is given by

P.I. , ( )-
( )

which is evaluated by expanding , ( )- in ascending

powers of or or or as the case may be. In practice,
we shall expand in ascending powers of . However, if we
expand in ascending powers of , we shall get a P.I. of
apparently different form. In this connection, remember that both
forms of P.I. are correct because any one can be transformed into
other with the help of C.F. of the given equation.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Solve .

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

 213

. / . / . / or ( )

or ( )( ) …(1)

∴ C.F. ( ) ( ) …(2)

where and are arbitrary functions.

and P.I. ( )( ) ( )( )

( ) ( )

( )( )

( )

…(3)

∴ The required general solution of (1) is given by

( ) ( ) …(4)

Example 2. Solve .

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

. / . / . / or ( )

or ( ) …(1)

∴ C.F. ( ) ( )

where are arbitrary functions.

214

and P.I. ( )
( )

, ( ) - …(3)

∴ The required general solution of the given PDE is

( ) ( ) …(4)

Example 3. Solve ( ) .

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

( )( ) …(1)

∴ C.F. = ( ) ( ) …(2)

where are arbitrary functions.

and P.I. ( )( )
. / . /

( )
. /{ }

. /. /

. /

. / …(3)

∴ The general solution of the given PDE is

 215

( ) ( ) . /

EXERCISE 6(E)

Solve the following partial differential equations:

1. ( )( ) .
2. ( ) .
3. ( ) .

ANSWERS

1. ( ) ( ) ( )
2. ( ) ( ) ( )

are arbitrary functions.

3. ( ) ( ) (
) where are arbitrary functions.

Case IV. When ( ) , where V is some Function

of and .

In this case, the particular integral (P.I.) is given by

P.I. ( ) ( )

Important Note. If ( ) and ( ) . Then, P.I.

( )
in which, case I fails, can be found by treating
216

as product of with ‘1’ and applying the result of

case IV. Thus, we can evaluate P.I. in this case, as follows:

P.I. ( ) ( )
( ) ( )

which can be evaluated as explained in case III by treating

.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Solve ( ) .

Solution. Since ( ) cannot be resolved into linear factors in

and , therefore, C.F. is obtained by considering the equation

( ) …(1)

Let a trial solution of (1) be …(2)

∴ and .

Then, equation (1) becomes ( )

so that or

∴ From (2), we have C.F. ∑ …(3)

where are arbitrary constants.

P.I. ( ) ( )

. /
 217

2 . / 3

. / . / …(4)

∴ The general solution of the given PDE is

∑ . / …(5)

Example 2. Solve ( ) ( ).

Solution. C.F. , ( ) ( )- …(1)

where and are arbitrary functions.

and P.I. ( )
( )

*( ) ( ) +
( )

( )
( )

( ) ( ) …(2)

∴ The required solution of the given equation is

, ( ) ( )- ( )

Example 3. Solve .

Solution. Given that ( )

218

or ( )( ) …(1)

∴ C.F. ( ) ( ) …(2)

where are arbitrary functions.

P.I. ( )
0 1 . /

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

. / ( ) ( ) …(3)

∴ The required solution of the given equation is

( ) ( ) …(4)

Example 4. Solve ( ) .

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

( )( ) …(1)

∴ C.F. ( ) ( ) …(2)

where are arbitrary functions.

P.I. 2 3 ( )

. / ( )
 219

. /. / …(3)

∴ The general solution of the given equation is

( ) ( ) …(4)

Example 5. Solve ( ) .

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

( ) ( )

or ( )( ) ( ) …(1)

∴ C.F. ( ) ( ) …(2)

where are arbitrary functions.

P.I. ( )( )
( )

( )
* ( )+* ( ) +

( )
( )( )

. / . / ( )

2 ( ) 32 3( )

. /( )
220

. /( ) …(3)

∴ The required general solution of the given PDE is

( ) ( ) …(4)

EXERCISE 6(F)

Solve the following partial differential equations:

1. ( )( ) ( ).
2. ( ) ( ).
3. ( ) .
4. ( ) .
5. ( ) .

ANSWERS

1. ( ) ( ) ( ) (
) , where are arbitrary functions.
2. ∑ ( ),
where .
3. ∑ ( ),
where h and k are related by .
4. ( ) ( )
5. ( ) ( )

MISCELANEOUS SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Solve ( ) ( )
 221

Solution. The given equation can be written as

( )( ) ( ) …(1)

∴ C.F. ( ) ( )

where being arbitrary functions.

P.I. corresponding to ( )is ( )

( ) . / ( )
( )

( ) …(3)

P.I. corresponding to is ( )( )

( )
( ) ( )

( ) . / ( )
( )

. /( )( ) …(4)

∴ The general solution of the given PDE is

( ) ( ) ( ) …(5)

Example 2. Find a particular integral of the differential equation:

( ) ( ).

Solution. P.I. corresponding to is

222

( ) ( )
( ) ( )

0 . /1 ( ) * +( )

P.I. corresponding to ( ) is ( )

( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( )

∴ Required P.I. ( ) ( )

Example 3.Solve ( )( )

Solution. Here, C.F. ( ) ( )

where are arbitrary functions.

Now, P.I. corresponding to is ( )( )

* ( ) +* ( ) +

and P.I. corresponding to is ( )( )

, ( )- 2 3
* ( )+* ( ) +
 223

, ( ) -2 3

2 ( ) 3 2 3 . /

∴ The general solution of the given PDE is

( ) ( ) . /

Example 4. Solve ( )( ) .

Solution. C.F. corresponding to linear factor ( ) is

( ). Now, ( ) cannot be resolved into linear factors
in and . To find C.F. corresponding to it, we consider

( ) …(1)

Let a trial solution of (1) be …(2)

∴ and Then, (1) becomes

( ) so that or .

∴ From (2), C.F. corresponding to ( ) is ∑

Now, P.I. corresponding to is

( )
( ) ( )

( ) . / ( )
( )
224

. /( )

and P.I. corresponding to is ( )( )

( )( )( )( )
. / . /

. /. /

. / . /

. / . / . /

∴ The general solution of the given PDE is

( ) ∑ . /

where is an arbitrary function and and are arbitrary

constants.

Example 5. Solve the following partial differential equation:

( ) ( )

Solution. The given PDE can be written as

( )( ) ( ) …(1)

∴ C.F. of (1) is ( ) ( ) …(2)

where are arbitrary functions.

 225

Now, P.I. corresponding to ( ) is

( ) ( )
( )

( ) ( ) . / ( ) …(3)

P.I. corresponding to is ( )

( ) ( )
( ) ( )( ) ( )

2 . /3 ( ) * +( ) …(4)

and P.I. corresponding to ( ) is ( )( )

( )

( ) * ( )+ ( )

* +* ( ) ( ) +( )

( )( )( )

( )( )

( )( ) …(5)

( ) ( )

∴ The general solution of the given PDE is

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
226

EXERCISE 6(G)

Solve the following partial differential equations:

1. ( ) ( ).
2. ( ) .
3. ( ) ( ) .

ANSWERS

1. ( ) ( )
( )
2. ( ) ( )
3. ( ) ( ) ( )

6.11 General Method of Finding Particular Integral (P.I.) of

Reducible Non-homogeneous Linear Partial Differential
Equation ( ) ( )

Consider the following reducible non-homogeneous linear

partial differential equation ( ) ( ) …(1)

Let ( ) ( )( )

( ) …(2)

∴ Particular of (1) is ( )
( )

or P.I. ( ) …(3)
( )( ) ( )
 227

In order to evaluate P.I. given by (3), we consider a solution

of the following equation (assuming that ):

( ) ( )

or ( ) …(4)

which is of the form .

∴ Lagrange’s auxiliary equations for (4) are

( )
…(5)

Taking the first two fractions of (5), we get

…(6)

Integrating (6), we get …(7)

where is an arbitrary constant.

or ( ) , if …(8)

Taking first and last fractions of (5) and using (8), we get

( )
. /

or . / …(9)

which is a linear differential equation whose I.F. is given by

I.F. ∫( )
228

and its solution is given by ∫ . / …(10)

( )
so that ∫ . / , and

∴ From (4), we get

( )

( )
( ) ∫ . / …(11)

where and .

Similarly, if , we can show that

( )

( )
( ) ∫ . / …(12)

where and .

Results (11) and (12) will be used to evaluate P.I. given by (3).

6.12 Working Rule for Finding P.I. of Any Reducible Linear

Partial Differential Equation (Homogeneous or Non-
homogeneous) Given by ( ) ( )

Let us consider the linear partial differential equation

( ) ( ) …(1)

Then, following rules are important while finding its P.I.:

( )
Rule I. ( ) ∫ . /
where
 229

Note that constant must be replaced by after

integration is performed.
( )
Rule II. ( ) ∫ . /
where .

Note that constant must be replaced by after

integration is performed.

We now consider some special cases of the above rules:

( )
Rule III. ( ) ∫ ( ) where .

Rule IV. ( ) ∫ ( ) ,where .

( )
Rule V. ( ) ∫ ( ) where .

Rule VI. ( ) ∫ ( ) where .

Note. If ( ) can be factored as ∏ ( ), then

P.I. for (1) ( ) ( )

( ) ∏ ( )

( )
( )( ) ( )

which is evaluated by using the above six rules for each factor, in
succession, from right to the left.
230

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Example 1. Solve ( )( ) ( ).

Solution. C.F. ( ) ( ) …(1)

where are arbitrary function.

P.I. 0 ( )1 0 ( )1

∫ ( ) , where [using rule IV]

( )
0 1 ( )

∫ ( ) , where [using rule I]

* ( ) ( )+
( )

( ) ( ) …(2)

∴ The general solution of the given PDE is

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )

Example 2. Solve ( ) ( ) .

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

( )( ) …(1)

∴ C.F. of (1) ( ) ( ) …(2)

 231

P.I. ( )( )
. / ( )( )
. /

∫. / . /

∫ . /

∫ ∫( ). /

0( ) ∫ . / 1 ∫ . /

…(3)

∴ The general solution of the given PDE is

( ) ( ) ( ) …(4)

Example 3. Solve ( ) .

Solution. The given partial differential equation can be written as

( )( ) ( ) …(1)

∴ C.F. of (1) ( ) ( ) …(2)

where are arbitrary functions.

P.I. ( ) ∫ ( )
( )( ) ( )

. / ( )
( )

∫ ( ) , using rule III

232

∫ 0 . / ∫ . / 1

. / …(3)

∴ The general solution of the given PDE is

( ) ( ) . / …(4)

EXERCISE 6(H)

1. Solve ( ) ( ) .
2. Solve the PDE ( ).

ANSWERS

1. ( ) ( ) ( )
2. ( ) ( ) ( )

( )

OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

1. is an example of

(a) homogeneous PDE (b) non-homogeneous PDE

(c) cubic equation (d) quadratic equation

 233

2. Solution of is

(a) , ( ) ( )-

(b) , ( ) ( )-

(c) , ( ) ( )-

(d) , ( ) ( )-

3. C.F. of ( ) is

( )
(a) ∑ (b) ∑

(c) ∑ ( ) (d) ∑ ( )

4. C.F. of ( ) is

(a) ( ) ( ) (b) ( ) ( )

(c) ( ) ( ) (d) ( ) ( )

ANSWERS

1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c)