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Organisms and
Population

Tarun Sir
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Organism and population

Ecology- interactions among organisms and between the organism and its physical (abiotic) environment. four
levels of biological organization – organisms (physiological ecology), populations, communities and biomes

Reason for variation in temperature and precipitation – Tilt of earth axis and rotation of earth around sun

Name of biome Mean annual precipitation Mean annual temperature

Desert Less than 50 cm 50 – 200 c

Grassland 50-100 cm 0-25

Temperate forest 50-220 10-20

Tropical forest 150-400 20-25

Coniferous forest 50-200 0-10

Arctic and alpine tundra 20-120 -10 to 0

Habitat- Both biotic and abiotic components (Temperature, light, water and soil)

Niche- range of conditions that organism can tolerate, diversity in the resources it utilizes and a distinct
functional role in the ecological system, all these together comprise its niche.
Abiotic factors –
Temperature Most important factor, Decrease- equator to pole, from ground to top
affect kinetics of enzyme (snow leopard not found in Kerala, mango tree not in
Germany Eurythermal – Tolerate wide range of temperature Stenothermal –
tolerate narrow range of temperature (most organism)

Water Life originated in water, In desert adaptation for water, Aquatic life- PH, dissolve
oxygen, mineral and salt concentration important-salinity- Fresh water- less than
5ppt, Marine-30-35 ppt, Hypersaline lagoon- more than 100 ppt Euryhaline-wide
range of salinity, Stenohaline- narrow range of salinity

Light In Plant -photosynthesis and flowering depend on light, some herbs, shrubs -
adapted to Grow in shade In animals – light control migration, foraging and
reproduction, UV is harmful, deep sea- red algae present

Soil Nature and property variable, depend on – weathering, transported or not

feature of soil- Grain size, aggregation, percolation, water holding capacity
of the soils. pH, mineral composition and topography determine -
vegetation in any area This dictates the type of animals’ benthic animals -
bottom of water body

Response to Abiotic Factors-

With time organism evolve → constant internal environment→ so that all biochemical reaction can occur with
maximum speed → constancy in temp. and salt and water balance → this increase overall fitness of organism (this
process of maintenance of constant internal environment is homeostasis)
Constant internal condition→ in terms of temperature -Thermoregulation and Osmoregulation (salt and water
balance)→

Example of Air conditioner in office and home → keep temp of room constant
maintenance of →Maximum efficiency achieve → this is artificial mean
homeostasis
Regulator Thermoregulation- by physiological mean (sweating and shivering -
warm blooded) and by behavioral mean (cold blooded)
Conformer Change internal condition (decrease efficiency of reaction)
Small size animal - Heat loss is by body surface → small size more surface area → tend to
not in colder area lose more heat → so smaller size animal not found in colder area
Why all conformer Thermoregulation is energy requirement process→ those organisms
not become which can afford this much energy become regulator
regulator
Unfavorable condition for -Short duration- (Migration and Suspension) Long duration (Adaptation)
Migration Movement from unfavorable to favorable condition for Food, shelter and
reproduction – Example – Siberian crane (from Siberia to Bharatpur bird
sanctuary or Keolado national park (other example- locust, arctic tern,
cyclostomes)
Suspension Suspended activity -Metabolic or Physical (Seed dormancy, spore in bacteria,
Hibernation-winter sleep -polar bear, Aestivation-Fish and snail-summer
sleep, Diapause-suspension for Zooplankton
Adaptation Desert plants- sunken stomata, thick cuticle, CAM pathway, Leaf modified into
spines, photosynthetic stem
Desert animals- Concentrated urine, drink less water, produce metabolic water
by fat oxidation
Colder area- Blubber in seal-as insulator, Allen’s rule- Short ear, short limb in
colder area to avoid heat loss
Physiological adaptation – High altitude→ low pressure → Low O2 tension →
altitude sickness- fatigue, nausea, headache, vomiting, heart palpitation→ Body
adapt by → increase RBC, increase breathing rate, decrease binding affinity with
Oxygen
Biochemical adaptation – In deep sea and high temperature
Behavioral adaptation – Desert lizard→ summer -hide in burrows → Winter –
Bask in sun to maintain body temperature
Halophytes- vivipary, Pneumatophore
Hydrophytes- No mechanical tissue, root cap absent

Population – same species members, compete and share resources, can interbreed, live in common
geography
Two view -Ecologist- product of sexual and asexual, Geneticist -only product of sexual is population
Attributes for population- Birth rate, death rate, Sex ratio, Age distribution, Population density
Birth rate No birth per capita per unit time
Death rate No of death per capita per unit time
Sex ratio Number of female per capita male
Age Three group- Reproductive, post reproductive and post reproductive
distribution Expanding-pyramid shape- Pre-reproductive>reproductive > Post
reproductive
Stabilizing – bell shape-Pre-reproductive =reproductive > Post
reproductive
Declinig -Spindle shape- Pre-reproductive>reproductive < Post
reproductive
Population Main method- counting number per unit area symbol- N
density Banyan tree and parthenium- Biomass and area cover Bacteria –
counting colony, Fish-number in single catch, Tiger- pug marks and faecal
pellet

Population growth – depend upon- Reduced weather, competition, Resources (food and shelter)
Nt+1 =Nt + (B+I) – (D-E) Nt+1 -Population density in time t+1 , Nt – initial population density
B-natality-number of births, D- Mortality, number of deaths I- immigration- member of same species enter in
population Emigration – member move out in normal population – mainly birth and death difference responsible,
in newly colonize population – immigration involve
Growth model
Growth Exponential Logistic -Verhulst logistic
model
Resources unlimited Limited
Shape of curve J-shape S-shape
Equation dN/dt = rN dN/dt = rN(K-N/K)
Since resources are unlimited so K = carrying capacity -maximum population
even slowest animal like elephant density in ecosystem supported by
can show maximum number resources
Depend on – size of organism
Age of organism size of ecosystem
Exponential growth- K>>N
Asymptote- K=N (here N= constant)

Life history variation- pacific salmon fish, bamboo - reproduce once), oyster, pelagic fish (give more progeny-
reproduce many time) fish and mammals (produce less progeny, reproduce many time)

Population interaction –
interaction
Predation (+, -) Example-lion eating deer, bird eating grain, Cow eating grass
Role- (a)conduit of energy, (b) control population of prey (prickly pear
cactus introduced into Australia-control by moth) (c) maintain
biodiversity (star fish Pisaster-important predator), Predator is prudent
(not kill all prey at a time)
Prey adaptation – Animal- camouflage, mimicry, poison (monarch
butterfly acquire poison in larvae stage) Plant – Spines and thorns,
chemicals (strycine, caffeine, nicotine) Cardiac glycoside in Calotropis
Competition Def- two closely related species compete for limited resources ,supported
by Darwin- Not necessary competition occur between closely related
(- ,-) Species (visiting flamingo compete for zooplankton with small fish) Not
necessary competition occur between limited resources(Goat presence
Abingdon tortoise extinct -interference competition ) new def-species
decrease ‘r’ example-competitive release(presence of superior species,
inferior species distribution limited ) Balanus-superior, Cathamlus-
inferior barnacle
Effect – ‘r’ decreases and gause competitive exclusion (tow species
competing cannot co-exist indefinitely, one has to extinct)
How to avoid competiton- resource portioning-different time or mode of
feeding, Mac- arther warbles-mode of feeding or foraging different
Parasitism +, - Parasite get- free shelter and food, co-evolution-parasite evolve to cause
harm and host evolve to protect it (give host specific parasite- obligate
parasite)
Parasite adaptation – loss of sensory organ, high reproduction capacity,
bisexual, hook and sucker and anaerobic respiration, two intermediate
host (human liver fluke-fish and snail) effect of parasitism- decrease life
span, growth and reproduction Type of parasitism- Ectoparasitism
(leech, lice and ticks, copepods on marine fish) Endoparasitism
(tapeworm, ascaris)
Holoparasite- complete parasite- Cuscuta-complete loss of chlorophyll,
Partial parasite- orobanche, striga Brood parasitism – cuckoo bird lay
egg in nest of crow
Ammensalism One gets loss other no harm or benefit, Alexander Fleming culture
staphylococcus growth decrease due to penicillium
-,0
Commensalism Cattle egret (+) and cattle, Mango (0) and Orchid (+), Whale and Barnacle
(+), Sea anemone and Pilot fish (+)
0,+
Mutualism +, + Lichen (algae and Fungi), Mycorrhizae (Fungi and Plants), Pollination
(Pollinator and Plant), Yucca and moth, Wasp and Fig
Ophrys (orchid) and bee – Example of pseudo copulation