CONTENT

UNIT 1: THE ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONAL

Pages Lesson R/W/S/L Grammar Vocabulary

- Warm up Video: How giant
tsunamis work?
Lesson A:
- Reading: Killer waves. - Grammar &
Checking understanding exercises: The
zero conditional
A natural disaster - Listening: Tsunamis -Matching the pictures
with the words
- Writing & Speaking: Using
questions to generate ideas. A
paragraph about natural
disasters heard on the news

1-28
- -Warm up Reading: Plastic in
the ocean
-Grammar & -Put the words in the
Lesson B: Water -Reading: A Plastic Ocean
exercises: The First correct group
Pollution
-Listening: Sea animals Conditional
and micro plastic
-Writing & Speaking:
Writing about a
documentary about
pollution

-Warm up: Guessing from a

picture what the topic is about

-Reading: A real or a fake

tree for Christmas?

Lesson C: Your -Listening: Trees carbon - Grammar & exercises: - Matching the best word
carbon footprint footprint The Zero and First option for each sentence
conditional (combined)
-Writing & Speaking: What
type of tree will you choose to
decrease your carbon
footprint.
-Practice: The Zero -Vocabulary from
Lesson D-E: -Reading: Silicon Valley
and First previous reading
Closing Activity: (Jigsaw reading)
Conditional
Reading Practice
-Revision: Vocabulary
and Grammar.
Revision: Self-
assessment
 UNIT 2: PHRASAL VERBS AND THE SECOND
CONDITIONAL
Pages Lesson R/W/S/L Grammar Vocabulary

- Warm up: Vacations vocabulary

- Building language: Phrasal -Matching the word

Lesson A: verbs. -Grammar & with the correct
29-35 -Reading: A vacation story exercises: Phrasal group
Compound verbs
Words -Listening: Visiting a street
market
-Writing and Speaking: An
unexpectedly awful
vacation that you had in the
past.

-Warm up: Guessing the

Lesson B: meaning in context
“Imaginary -Reading: If I could live my - Grammar & exercises: -Match the word with its
36-42 situations” life all over. Second conditional synonym
-Listening: An adventurous
weekend
-Writing and Speaking: If you
could choose one adventurous
trip where would you go?

-Reading: An island at the

top of the world.
43-51 -Writing: What would you -Grammar &
suggest to people on how not exercises: Modal -Match the word with
to discharge their anger on its definition
Lesson C: their loved ones?
“Giving -Speaking: The five lessons
suggestions” from Mr. Rogers that every
adult should know
- Listening: Meeting someone
-Reading: ¨The Green Card¨ -Grammar and exercises: Matching the word with its
52- 61 Lesson D-E: -Writing: A summary about the The SecondI conditional. definition
Closing Activities text.
Revision: Self -Speaking: What would you
assessment do if you got the green card?
-Reading: ¨A friend from my Grammar and Matching the Phrasal verbs
childhood¨ exercises:Phrasal verbs. with their definition,
-Writing: writing about yourself
.
-Speaking: Comment ideas
about the text.
 UNIT 3: PAST TENSE MODALS AND
BE EXPRESSIONS
Pages Lesson R/W/S/L Grammar Vocabulary
- Reading: Farming
marginal lands.
-Writing: When was the last time you -Grammar & -Matching the word
Lesson A: could have accomplished something with its definition
62-70 exercises: Past
About great?
farming tense modals
- Speaking: A video to
talk about something you
regret

- Listening: Sustainable
agriculture
-Reading about
How society works

71-81 Lesson B: -Writing: students opinion on how -Circle the word with its
Environmental society works - Grammar &
definition
issues - Speaking : students will talk about exercises: Be
- Match words with
how are they prepared for society and expressions
definitions
what abilities will be used in the future
- Listening about 3 things you don´t
have to do to cause a bad first
impression

- Reading about
process of reports
-Writing about a
Lesson C: hypothetical situation in a
82-87 classroom - Search out for
Practicing - Exercises:
writing skills - Google meet Writing skills words in the
about advantages and disadvantages of dictionary
writing different types of reports.

Lesson D-E: -Reading: ¨A wristwatch phone¨ Exercises: past -Matching words with
Closing activities -Writing: A resume of the text modal verbs pictures according to their
88-95 -Speaking: Do you think it will be able meaning.
Revision: Self- to use a wristwatch phone in the
assessment near future?
 UNIT 4: PASSIVE VOICE
Pages Lesson R/W/S/L Grammar Vocabulary
Lesson A: - A reading about a bank heist
“A bank heist story” story
-Writing & Speaking: Report a - Grammar & - Matching
97 - 102 bank heist story. words with
exercises: Passive
-Listening: The largest diamond voice pictures
heist.

-A reading: Why is Ukraine being

attacked by Putin?
Lesson B: “Why is -Writing & Speaking: A timeline
103-111 Ukraine being of events that have occurred in a -Making
invaded by historical moment. - Grammar & sentences per
Russia?” exercises: Passive words.
-Listening: Audio with voice Part 2
exercise to choose the right
option: Ukraine is being
invaded by Russia.

Lesson C: -A reading about the UK’s Grammar & exercises: -Matching

112-119 response to Ukraine Refugees. Comparatives words with
“The UK’s response -Writing: The design of a Superlatives And definitions.
to Ukraine comparative infographic of the Equalities
Refugees” Russia-Ukraine force and the
support of European countries to
each of them.
Speaking: Summary and
reflection of learning questions.
-Listen to an audio and
mark the sentences True
or False about the UK’s
posture regarding the
emission of VISAS to
Ukrainians.
Lesson D: “Russia’s Grammar exercises: - -Application of
- -Reading: How to create news-
invasion to Ukraine Style videos. Passive Voice and vocabulary
120-122 report” - -Listening: Tutorials to create an comparative and throughout the
informative video. superlative forms. Video.
- -Writing: Russia’s invasion to
Ukraine report (script)
- Speaking: An informative video
about Russia’s invasion to
Ukraine.
123-126 Lesson E: “what Grammar exercises: - Vocabulary
Self-assessment of the skills:
have I learned so listening, writing, reading. Also, Passive Voice and checking.
far?” the grammar and vocabulary comparative and
were considered. superlative forms.

UNIT 5: DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH

Pages Lesson R/W/S/L Grammar Vocabulary

-A reading about the seven
wonders of the world
127-134 Lesson A: -Writing about interview -Matching words
- Grammar &
“Travel & from people in the street exercises: with pictures
Tourism”
Reported
Speech
- Reading about South America
Lesson B: “Out of -Writing about a third - Grammar & -Matching words
135-141 town” person´s story exercises: with definitions
-Students have to make a Reported Speech
presentation about a
rainforest documentary
Lesson C: -Reading about students’
“Globalization” viewpoint about
142-146 globalization - Grammar & -Matching words with
- Writing about the exercises: Reported definitions
interpretations that Speech 2
students can make on a
poem
- Opinions about the use of
reported speech(video)

Lesson D: -Reading about A travel guide Grammar & exercises:

147-149 “Closing activity” -Match the correct definition Reported Speech Matching words with
True or false sentences definitions

Lesson E: -Quiz time about Reported Grammar & exercises:

150-151 “Revision" Speech Reported Speech
UNIT1 A natural disaster Lesson1A
The Zero Conditional
WARM UP
Watch the video and answer the questions:

1. What is the video

about?
2. Can you recall any
natural disaster in the
last 10 years?
3. Where and when did
it happen?

Retrieved from:
[Link]
nnel=Ridddle

READING: Killer waves

[Link]
BUILDING LANGUAGE: Match the pictures with the words
1. Tidal waves 5. earthquakes 9. Open ocean
2. shore 6. path 10. Warning signs
3. damage 7. ridges 11. Collapse of rocks
4. oscillate 8. wave swept 12. debris

1
B. PUT THE FOLLOWING PARAGRAPHS IN ORDER

Many countries have the This natural disaster is caused by

technology to know when a tsunami is earthquakes or volcanic eruptions
about to happen. For example, under ocean. For example, if a stone is
Australia’s earthquake monitors are thrown in a pond or a swimming pool,
used to detect events that might cause this produces several small waves or
tsunamis around the coast and the ripples. This is similar to what happens
south-west Pacific Ocean. In places when tsunamis are created.
where tsunamis occur frequently, like
Japan and Hawaii, there are official
tsunamis warning systems.

They’re monsters of the open ocean, Tsunamis are not like normal waves;
trains of giant waves that travel for they can travel up to 950 kilometers per
thousands of kilometers and have hour –as fast as an airplane! The waves
enough power to destroy and drown that reach the coast can be as high as 30
anything or anyone in their way and meters, but in the open ocean, tsunamis
they’re called tsunamis! Tsunami is a have relatively small heights. They can
Japanese word which means, “harbor pass under a ship and not be felt or
wave.” In the past tsunamis were seen, nor detected by planes from the
sometimes referred to as “tidal waves” air.
or “seismic sea waves.”

C. CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

a. Choose the most suitable heading from the list for each part /1-4) of the article. There
is an extra heading which you do not need to use.

How are tsunamis formed?

Can tsunamis be predicted?
What are tsunamis?
How do tsunamis differ from other waves?

1.

2.

3.

4.

2
b. Read the paragraphs in order and answer the following questions.

1. If a tsunami is about to happen, how can it be detected?

2. What do they mean when they use the phrase “monsters of the open ocean”?

3. What happens if a hard object is thrown into the water and how does it relate to
tsunamis?

4. When a tsunami starts, can it be seen or felt? Why?

5. If there is a warning system, can tsunamis be stopped? Explain your answer based
on the reading and the previous video.

GRAMMAR:
Zero Conditional
We use if or when+ present simple + present simple for zero conditional
Zero conditional speaks about facts and statements that are always true.

3
EXERCISES:
1. Complete the zero conditional sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

 If they _______________
DONT SROP(not stop) the noise, neighbors ________________
WAKE UP (wake up)

 If he __________________
IS TELLS
(to be) available, _________________ (tell) him to call me.

 If she SWEATS(sweat) too much, she DEHYDRATES

__________________ (dehydrate).

 WANT (want) to be fit, they __________

If they___________ NEED (need) to exercise every day.
DONT LISTEN
 If I HAVE
(not listen) to music, I always _____________ (have) headaches.

 If you ___________
PRESS (press) the power key, a green light always ______________
APPEAR (appear)

2) Complete the zero conditional sentences by choosing the correct words from
the box. Put the verbs in the correct form.

I/not feel food / not stay plants/grow students/not use Polly/not have

1. Their teacher doesn’t get annoyed their mobile phones in class.

Their teacher get annoyed STUDENTS, IF THEY DONT STAY their mobile phones in class.
2. I go to the doctor’s very well
3. fresh for longer unless you put it in the fridge.
4. _____________________________
PLANTS GROW if you water them daily.
DONT HAVE
5. IF POLLY a lot of homework, she goes out with friends

3) Write the zero conditional sentences using prompts.

Example: I / feel / faint / I / see / blood I feel faint if I see blood.
1. if/no/rain/grass/not/grow
IF THERE IS NOT RAIN , THE GRASS DOESNT GROW
2. my daughter/eat/too much chocolate/she/get/sick
IF MY DAUGTHER EATS TOO MUCH CHOCOLATE SHE GETS SICK
3. iron/rust/it/get/wet
IRON RUST GETS IT WET
4. ice/float/you/drop/it/in water
ICE FLOATS IF YOU DROP IT IN WATER
5. I/when/wear/it/cold/jacket/is/a

4
 LISTENING
A. CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Listen to the audio and answer if the sentences are TRUE or FALSE. Then correct each false
statement to make it true.
Link: [Link]

Statements T or F
1. Tsunamis appear expectedly and grow to the size of a multi-story building.

2. A tsunami’s biggest danger is its suddenness.

3. Tsunami is a Chinese word that means water at the shore.

4. The name “tsunami” comes from a fishermen story, who saw their port being
destroyed by a fierce wave when they were returning from their catch.

5. Tsunamis are dangerous not because of their length and speed but because of
their height.

6. Tsunamis grow to an incredible size when the reach the coast.

7. They say that 88% of the life cycle of a tsunami happens on the surface of the
water.

5
WRITING & SPEAKING
Write a 100 words paragraph about a natural disaster that you remember from the
news. Answer these questions to generate ideas:
a. What is it?
b. How is it formed?
c. Can it be predicted?

Use the zero conditional and include the following words.

Damaging Natural disaster debris Collapse
To refer to suddenness Unexpected (ly) shock

6
Unit 1 Water pollution Lesson
1B
The First Conditional

WARM UP
Watch the video and answer the
questions:
IS A documentary about plastic pollution
1. What is the video
about?
2. Can you relate to the
problem?
3. Is this an important
matter? Why?

Retrieved from:
[Link]

READING: Water Pollution

A. BUILDING LANGUAGE: Put the words in the correct group

dump reuse recycle filmmaker premiere waste

polluted shot documentary rubbish spoiler scene

Film Pollution
FILMMAKER, PREMIERE, SHOT , DUMP , REUSE , RECYCLE , WASTE,
DOCUMENTARY,SPOLIER , POLLUTED,RUBBISH
SCENE

B. CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Match the missing sentences with the correct place in the text (1–5).

7
 4

1. This prompts them to travel around the 2. We live in a world full of plastic, and only a
world to look at other areas that have been small proportion is recycled.
affected

3. The results are disastrous, but it isn’t 4. But the film doesn’t only present the negative
too late to change. side

5. These are contrasted with scenes of polluted cities and dumps full of plastic rubbish.

b. Read the paragraphs and watch the video one more time in order and answer the
following questions.

1. What will happen if we keep producing the same amount of plastic?

2. What actions can we take now if we want to avoid more plastic in the ocean?

3. In the video they mention the phrase “dealing with the issue at source, “what do they mean
by that?

4. If they deal with the issue at source, will they be able to solve the problem? Why?

5. If smaller pieces of plastic are thrown in the ocean, will it have any impact on animals?
Mention an example of this from the video (0.00 – 6.00 minutes).

8
 GRAMMAR

REMEMBER THE RULES AND THE STRUCTURE:

The first conditional is used to talk about something that will probably happen or is
likely to happen in the future. It can also be used to give advice.
The clause with a future meaning uses: “will,” “be going to,” or a modal, such as: “might”
or “should,” or other
words that indicate a future time.

The First Conditional ( If clause + Pres. Simple + Main Clause or Main clause +If
clause ) is about the future and describes situations that are likely to happen.

You have to use a comma to separate the If clause from the main clause when the
if-clause comes first, as in If she arrives in time, we’ll go to the cinema’.

In future time clauses, the present simple is used in phrases beginning with before,
as soon as, after, until, unless and when and the main clause comes in the future
simple.

As soon as he gets home, I’ll call you

EXERCISES
1. Match the sentences halves and write down the complete sentence.

a) As soon as the babysitter arrives B

b) I will give you a key C
c) As long as you’re back by midnight D
d) I will call you E
e) If it doesn’t rain tomorrow A

A. We’ll go to the beach

B. You can go to the party
C. In case I’m not at home
D. I will leave
E. When I finish work

2. Complete the sentences with the suitable verb tense.

DONT HAVE DONT COME

a) We ______ (not have) a football match if they _________ (not come).
DONT SELL
b) I ___ (not sell) my painting unless the customer AGREE
_______(agree) to pay the
price I’m asking for.

9
 PAY ATTENTION
c) You __________ (not get) lost If you
DONT GET _______ (pay attention) when I talk.
CONCENTRATES ARCHIEVES
d) If she ____(concentrate) on her task, she ______(achieve) the goal.
RUN ARE
e) If we _______________(run) everyday, we_________ (to be) ready for the marathon.
f) You_________(feel)
FEEL happier if you NURTURE
___________(nurture) your spirit.

3. Complete rewriting the sentence using the words given. Use no more than 5 words.
a) If the taxi doesn’t come soon, we’ll miss the train.
We’ll miss the train (unless)

b) John will not take part in this game because he doesn’t know the rules.
, he won’t take part in this game. (As long as)

c) Unless your father gives his permission, we can’t go to the party.

If , we can’t go to the party. (give)

d) Take my advice. You will feel better.

You will feel better if (you)

e) I will pay the bill if I get my check tomorrow morning.

, I will pay the bill. (as soon as)

f) I don’t have enough sugar, so I can’t make a cake.

If , I will not make a cake. (more)

g) If I can’t be at the meeting, I will leave my notes with you.

I will leave my notes with you (in case)

h) I will not go to Milan if I don’t get paid what I deserve.

, I will not go to Milan. (unless)

i) If I don’t spend much, I will save enough money to buy a car.

I will save enough money to buy a car (as soon as)

4. Make questions for the following statements.

a. They will feel more relaxed if they do some Tai Chi.

b. If you TV breaks again, you will go to your uncle Tom’s house.

10
 c. If he doesn’t lift heavy items, he won’t hurt his back.

d. She will go to the movies as soon as her sister arrives home.

e. Tomorrow, we will leave very early if the weather is on our side.

LISTENING
A. CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

a. Listen to the audio and complete the sentences with the words provided in the box.
Link: [Link]

Micro One-off implies staggering incidences Break down

plastic
Digestive tracts Food Wider Carrier bags polyethylene bioavailable
chain range

One million bottles a minute is astaggering

____________ figure. What's more worrying is that
these plastics willbreak downinto smaller pieces. I'm heading to meet Sarah Nelms,
______________
a specialist in oceanmicro plasticto learn more about her latest work. I've been
________________
looking through the digestiva tracts of marine mammals. This is the kind of
_______________________
plastic that most people think of, and this was found in the stomach of a common
dolphin. This was actually a _______________,
one-off incidences like
I didn’t find any other _________________
this, but most of the plastic I was finding is not actually visible to the naked eyes, so
in that circle there is a micro plastic. We’re finding micro plastic in seal poo, so that
implies that it is passing through the digestive tract, but we don't know
kind of _______________
what kind of impact it's having on the way through the animal's body and if you can
see that, then you've got amazing eyesight. These tiny bits of plastic weren’t
produced to be that size. They have been broken down over time and they were
fragmented into smaller and smaller pieces until they’re microscopic.
So, what are we looking at here? This is your micro plastic. It’s under a microscope,
so you can actually see it now, and this is a particle that’s called low-density

11
 ployethylene carrier bags
___________________and it’s the kind of plastic that we use widely in making ____________

So, what was found, that we described earlier on, it should have come from a carrier
bag or some kind of plastic container. So, what’s concerns me more is that the bigger
things that I picked up on the beach are the things I’m able to remove and they’re
probably not as dangerous as the things you’re collecting here. So, the smaller they
are essentially the more impact they can have. The smaller they are, the more
bioavaitable wider range of animals right from baleen whales
______________ they are to a _____________________
food chain
right down to microscopic view plankton which are the base of the _________________.
So, if they have an impact on those animals, then it affects the whole food chain
higher up. Essentially, the smaller the animal, the smaller the piece, the more it
affects into our food chain.
It’s clear that both fish and mammals are eating the plastic that we are introducing.
I don’t know yet how much is entering our oceans and why.
I want to find out the scale of the issue, so I’m heading to a country where plastic
pollution has reached a critical level.

b. Based on the audio answer the following questions

1. Where can we find micro plastic and where is it coming from?

Primary microplastics are tiny particles designed for

commercial use, such as cosmetics, as well as microfibers
shed from clothing and other textiles, such as fishing nets
2. What is low-density polyethylene?
It is a thermoplastic polymer, from the olefinic group,
formed by multiple ethylene units.

3. How can micro plastic affect humans?

Because they do not biodegrade, but only break down into
smaller parts, microplastics end up being absorbed or ingested
by many organisms, lodging in their bodies and tissues. It is
the case of the human being.
4. What is more dangerous, big plastics and micro plastic? Why?
microplastics are dangerous since they are made up of different types of
monomers, which can have toxic effects on the organs of vertebrate and
invertebrate species: in addition to potential chemical contamination, they can
obstruct the digestive tract of animals, many of which confuse them with
Humans, Humans do not escape the harmful effects of microplastics, for
example, animals that people consume.
5. Where do you think the journalist is heading? Support your answer.

12
WRITING & SPEAKING
Write a 90 words paragraph recommending a documentary film about pollution.
Answer these questions to generate ideas:
a. What is it about?
b. Why did it call your attention?
c. What is the impact of the problem in Ecuador?

13
Unit 1 Your carbon footprint Lesson
1C
The Zero and First Conditional

WARM UP
Look at the picture. Can you guess what is the image about? Support your answer.

1. Christmas time
2. Decorating a tree
3. Carbon footprint

READING: What is the most eco-friendly Christmas tree?

A. BUILDING LANGUAGE: Complete the sentences with the words from the box. Use a
dictionary to confirm the meanings.

landfill emissions absorb recyclable Carbon footprint

miles impact decompose disposal Greenhouse gas

impact
1. Airplanes have an ________________ on the environment – they have a strong effect.
absorb
2. Plants ___________________________ carbon dioxide from the air – they take it in
gradually.
emissions
3. Cars produce a lot of ____________________ – when you drive them, carbon dioxide goes
into the air.
carbon footprint is the total amount of carbon dioxide that your activities
4. Your _______________________
produce.
diosal
5. The ________________ of rubbish can be a problem, especially if it can't be recycled.
landfill
6. Rubbish that can't be recycled is often buried underground in a _________________
decompose
7. Vegetables ______________________ easily – they break down naturally into smaller
parts.
greenhouse gas
8. Carbon dioxide is a __________________ – we believe that it causes a gradual warming
of the surface of the earth.
9. Most plastic bottles are _______________________
recycable – they go through a special process so
that the plastic can be used again.
miles
10. In the UK we measure distances on roads in ____________________ – one mile is 1.6
kilometers.

14
B. CHECKING COMPREHENSION
Put the chunks of text in order (1-10), so you can read the whole text again.

First up, the natural tree. It takes up to 12 years to grow a typical Christmas tree.
During this time, it has a positive impact on the environment because it absorbs
carbon from the atmosphere and nitrogen from the soil. But once the tree is 2
chopped down, it slowly starts releasing emissions back into the atmosphere.

Most artificial trees are made in China, which means they have to be packaged 6
and shipped to the UK. The good news is that you can reuse a plastic tree.

Experts think it's about ten years. If you do decide to throw out your plastic tree,
it's most likely to end up in landfill, as it's not currently recyclable.
8
Even though there are other factors you might want to consider when you buy a
Christmas tree, in terms of environmental impact, reuse for artificial trees and
disposal for natural trees are just two factors you might want to keep in mind. 10

It's the ultimate Christmas decoration and British people buy millions of them
every year. But what impact does the Christmas tree have on the environment
and should you go fake or fir? 1
Overall, your choice of Christmas tree has an impact on your annual carbon
footprint. To give you a better idea, driving 12 miles in an average-size petrol car
produces as much greenhouse gas emissions as buying a natural tree. Or 54 miles 9
if that tree ends up in landfill. If you get an artificial tree, that's roughly equivalent
to driving 135 miles.

The biggest potential environmental impact for a natural Christmas tree comes
from its disposal. If your tree ends up in landfill, its carbon footprint will be a lot
higher. That's because organic matter which decomposes away from oxygen 4
produces methane, a greenhouse gas which contributes to global warming. It's
much better if your tree gets incinerated.

So how many years would you have to keep it so that it has a lower environmental
impact than buying a natural tree?
7
The biggest impact of a plastic Christmas tree on the environment comes from
production. Artificial trees are usually made out of a combination of metal and
plastic, the production and processing of which can significantly increase 5
the tree's carbon footprint.

Transporting a tree can contribute to its overall carbon footprint, so buying a tree
that's locally grown can help keep its carbon footprint down. 3

b. Answer the following questions

1. If we grow a Christmas tree for several years, what happens to the atmosphere?

15
 2. How is transportation related to the tree’s carbon footprint?

3. Why will the tree’s carbon footprint increase if we produce more artificial trees?

4. Why will your annual carbon footprint be higher if a natural tree ends up in a
landfill?

GRAMMAR
ZERO AND FIRST CONDITIONAL

The First Conditional (If clause + Pres. Simple + Main Clause or Main clause +If clause) is about the
future and describes situations that are likely to happen.

You have to use a comma to separate the If clause from the main clause when the if-clause comes
first, as in If she arrives in time, we’ll go to the cinema’.

In future time clauses, the present simple is used in phrases beginning with before, as soon
as, after, until, unless and when and the main clause comes in the future simple.

The Zero conditional is about something that is always true.

 Both verbs (If clause + Main Clause) are in the Present Simple, as in If he’s not at home by
six, I call the school.
 You can use When/If in the zero conditional
 In case means ‘because it’s possible that...’. It’s related to precaution, as in
o I wear two watches, in case one of them stops.
 Unless means except if/if not, as in
o ‘I won’t go to the party unless you come and pick me up.
o I won’t go to the party if you don’t come and pick me up

16
1. Complete the sentences. Use the zero and first conditional:

1. When I’ get my degree + (simple future)

2. If I’m in a good mood + (simple future)
3. Let me know when + (simple present)
4. When we cook together + (simple present)
5. If you want to run faster + (simple present)
6. He can buy a new computer when + (simple present)
7. If we miss the bus + (simple future)

2. The sentences below are about the future. Fill in the gaps with these

model:
1The fridge is empty! You must do the shopping before you start cooking

dinner. 2Your children won’t learn to be independent unless you let them go out on

their own. 3She’ll call us to give us her address as soonshe

asfinds a flat to rent.
4You should put on your winter coat if you go out. It’s freezing
after
outside!5 we make a decision, we’ll let them know about our wedding date.
6Their friends will visit them when they come to Oxford.
7He’ll go out to visit his friends after he finishes reading his new book
8They won’t finish the meeting until Roger says he decided not to leave the
before
company.9He’ll see you 6:00 p.m. He’ll arrive here at about 5:55.
10I’ll stay here he arrives. I have nothing else to do.
until

3. Choose the right answer. There can be more than one answer.
a. I will go to the party if she ... me.
 invites
 doesn't invite
 will invite
b. I ... very upset even if those gossips ... to be true.
 Won’t be ... turn out
 am ... will turn out
 am ... turn out
c. If I don’t have to do this, I ...
 Do it
 will do it
 won’t do it

17
 d. When you like someone, the room ... different.
 feels
 seems
 will be

e. I ... you alcohol, unless you ... 21.

 sell ... will be
 won't sell ... are
 will sell ... aren’t
f. If you want to be with me, ... me that you love me.
 tell
 will tell
 don't tell

LISTENING
A. CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

a. Listen to the audio and answer the following questions:

Retrieved from: [Link]

1. When a real Christmas tree is growing, it has a _____ effect on the environment,
because it takes in carbon and nitrogen.
a. Positive
b. Negative

2. Currently about ______________of all real tress nationwide come from two states
North Carolina and Oregon.
a. 75%
b. 50%

3. Transporting the trees can _________________ their overall carbon footprint.

a. decrease
b. increase

4. In order to decrease your carbon footprint when it comes to trees, we all should:
a. Buy artificial trees

18
 b. Buy at a local farm
c. Reuse an artificial tree for at least five years

5. Artificial trees can make ______________ ill.

a. Manufacturing workers
b. Tree buyers

b. Listen to the previous audio, and write what you hear. Check your answers with
your teacher.

1. Christmas tree farmers __________________________________________________________season.

2. The Associated Press reports ______________________________________________ own
______________________ one.
3. Price wise _____________________________________________________________ dollars
compared to _________________________________________ for a _______________________________
tree.
4. If you’re _____________________________ tree year ______________________, it can __________
money.
5. Getting a tree from farm to your living room requires a few more steps:
a.
b.
c.
d.

WRITING & SPEAKING

Based on the given information, which type of Christmas tree would you choose?
Why? Write a 100 words paragraph.
Answer these questions to generate ideas:
a. Do you prefer a real or an artificial tree?
b. Are you willing to reuse your tree for several years? Why?
c. What is the impact of real trees versus artificial ones on the environment?

19
Unit 1 CLOSING ACTIVITY Lesson
1D
The Zero and First Conditional

1D. CLOSING ACTIVITY

READING PRACTICE
Warm up
Match the words with the pictures

4 economic ecosystem

5 Influential people (influence)

1 technological advancement

6 anxiety

3 investments

2 start-ups

20
BUILDING LANGUAGE
Read the following chunks of text and try to find the meaning of the words in bold in context:

a) The Code is a book that gives us a more extensive history of the modern American tech
industry. In the book the authors point out that Silicon Valley is the product of 75 years
of history, as well as a story of big government, incredible entrepreneurship and
technological advancement, including the famous people who are also these business
leaders who kind of took their companies and broke out from the pack and became really
market-disrupting, market-defining companies.
b) For almost a decade they have said that Silicon Valley had told itself a good story: “It was
saving the world.” This way of thinking gave the modern tech worker purpose, optimism
and self-confidence. But soon enough the bad headlines arrived about the industry, the
country and the world. Many of themopted for meditation but it seemed not to be enough,
and anxious tech worker admitted that they had a problem and started going to therapy

c) Silicon Valley is a group of small towns which includes Palo Alto, and San Jose on the
south of San Francisco. It is considered as the tech capital of the world because it has
the largest concentration of high-tech companies and research centers. Nevertheless,
it´s not the only center for high tech in the USA.

Vocabulary Definitions

1. Technological a) Who creates an inspiring vision of the future.

advancement
2. leaders b) Adj. To feel some uneasiness because of fear
of danger or misfortune; greatly worried.
3. Market-disrupting c) Something set up as an object or end to be
attained.
4. Self-confidence d) Generally applied to economic and industrial
sectors wherein technological innovation is
emphasized.
5. purpose e) The discovery of knowledge that promotes
the understanding.
6. anxious f) Wherein places cease to function in a regular
manner.
7. High-tech g) Accepting and trusting oneself and having a
sense of control in life.

READING
To read the next texts, you need to pay attention to the following instructions:
1. Work the reading in groups. Each group will answer the questions of one text and will
discuss about it
2. On a second part of the activity, students from the different groups will be gathered in one
new group and will share their previous knowledge, so the new group is aware of the
whole information.
3. In the new group, students must become experts in the topic and will record an audio
about what they have learned from it.
4. The students’ speaking and writing participation will be assessed at the end of the activity.

21
TEXT #1
What is so special about Silicon Valley?
To start a conversation about Silicon Valley is interesting because of the many stories the world
has heard throughout the years. The rise of entrepreneurs who count on their billion dollar
companies is nothing new nowadays.
But not too much has been said about the economic ecosystem of Silicon Valley, the influence that
surrounds it and has contributed to its progress.
A book written by Margaret O’Mara, The Code, gives us a more extensive history of the modern
American tech industry. In her book O’Mara said that the Silicon Valley of today, is the product of
75 years of history, as well as a story of big government, incredible entrepreneurship and
technological advancement, including the famous people who are also these business leaders who
kind of took their companies and broke out from the pack and became really market-disrupting,
market-defining companies. However, she said that there are thousands of both technical and
nontechnical people who helped make the magic happen.
In her book O’Mara called Silicon Valley, a Galapagos, because unlike most people think, Silicon
Valley was a little agricultural valley in Northern California, further away from the main centers of
business such as Washington, New York, Boston, the ladder being the original capital of high tech.
This valley gathered not only technologists but also experts in marketing, legal, investments and
other specialized business services, which have played a crucial role in creating a very distinctive
community.
1. Write the main idea of the text and extract 3 supporting ideas

Supporting
idea 1

Supporting
Main idea idea 2

Supporting
idea 3

2. In the text, what do they mean when they mention the words: economic ecosystem?
3. Share what you have learned and your thoughts about the text with your classmates.
Record your participation during a virtual meeting

22
TEXT #2
Silicon Valley and mental health awareness
Recently, I read an article in The New York Times that described how tech workers are seeking
help and founding some start-ups at the same time.

According to some interviews with workers at the field, they have felt the pressure of being in a
juxtaposition when working on projects they didn’t support or with companies whose philosophy
they didn’t share. They even have wondered if what they have been doing these past few years still
matters to people.
For almost a decade they have said that Silicon Valley had told itself a good story: “It was saving
the world.” This way of thinking gave the modern tech worker purpose, optimism and self-
confidence. But soon enough the bad headlines arrived about the industry, the country and the
world. Many of themopted for meditation but it seemed not to be enough, and anxious tech worker
admitted that they had a problem and started going to therapy. Some reports mentioned that
Silicon Valley is approaching its anxiety the way it knows best. Now there is on-demand therapy, so
they are doing the matching of therapists with clients using the tools of online dating. It seems like
for them the cure for tech’s ills, is more tech.
Mental health is crucial if we are pursuing a happy life. It affects how we feel, think, and live our
liveswhich means we need to prioritize our emotional, sociological and psychological well-being.

Taking into consideration the aforementioned, do you agree with their saying that the cure for
tech´s ills is more tech?
1. Write the main idea of the text and extract 3 supporting ideas

Supporting
idea 1

Supporting
Main idea idea 2

Supporting
idea 3

2. Write your opinion on the last question

3. Share with your classmates what you have learned from the reading and what your
thoughts about the text are. Record your participation during a virtual meeting

23
TEXT #3
Have you heard about Silicon Valley? Do you know where it is?
Do you think it is silicon? Do you believe it is a river valley? Well, it is not. This amazing place is for
sure one of the most famous valleys around the world. Even though, the first computer was not built
there as many people believe (It was built in England), Silicon Valley, in the United States of
America, is themost popular place for the contemporary computer industry.
People around the world must be grateful with researchers at the colleges in the USA, especially
California. Some say we should also thank the hippies, a movement that was born in the 1960s.
During this decade, this new youth culture started in California, and they found out that it was the
perfect place for them. On the other hand, there was another movement, the “Beach Boys”, they
were more conservative, and they thought totally different than the hippies, but they shared a
dream, this dream was called California.
Regardless of the group they belonged to, the campuses at Berkeley and Stanford, near San
Franciscowere the nest of new ideas, new culture and different ways of living. Graduates were not
looking for big jobs at the time, on the contrary, they wanted to start their own businesses and
freedom was essential for them to achieve that dream; it included to stay in California, near San
Francisco.
Silicon Valley is a group of small towns which includes Palo Alto, and San Jose on the south of San
Francisco. It is considered as the tech capital of the world because it has the largest concentration
ofhigh-tech companies and research centers. Nevertheless, it´s not the only center for high tech in
the USA.
1. Write the main idea of the text and extract 3 supporting ideas.

Supporting
idea 1

Supporting
Main idea idea 2

Supporting
idea 3
2. What do you think the author meant when he said: “People around the world must be
grateful with researchers at the colleges in the USA, especially California?”
3. Share with your classmates what you have learned from the reading and what your
thoughts about the text are. Record your participation during a virtual meeting.

24
TEXT #4
What kind of investment were the people in Silicon Valley looking for?
According to some experts most people overlook the public sector side, education, and Research
& Development investments. For instance, the first generation of people who went to Silicon
Valley in the 1950s, they were young men with engineering degrees but not many connections,
unlike graduates from the Ivy League who had the money and families with a strong financial
position. At the beginning, the people who went to the Valley were middle-class kids who moved
to California because the living was easy and it was not that expensive. In contrast, to buy a
bungalow in the Valley now can cost up to $3 million.
Experts recalled Steve Jobs example, when he stumped in Congress for two weeks, demanding a
tax cut and how he had to fight his frustration when it was not happening. Jobs then went to the
governor of California, who was a great ally of the tech industry and agreed to make a tax break
at the state level. This anecdote shows the timing Jobs had, some might say that he was at the
right place, at the right time. Even though he never voted in his life, he recognized that lawmakers
were really important. Because education was key for Apple’s growth, he managed to put
personal computers in front of kids for the first time. As a result, Apple’s computers were in
classrooms across California, so the next tech generation could have their computers as their
first exposure to personal computing.
The trilogy of tech power at the time were Silicon Valley (Palo Alto), New York and Washington,
these three cities played a fundamental role in the tech industry evolution. Now the valley is
known as the tech capital of the world.
1. Write the main idea of the text and extract 3 supporting ideas.

Supporting
idea 1

Supporting
Main idea idea 2

Supporting
idea 3

2. Why do you think Palo Alto (tech capital), New York (wall street) and
Washington(congress) were mentioned as the trilogy of tech power?
3. Share with your classmates what you have learned from the reading and what your
thoughts about the text are. Record your participation during a virtual meeting.

25
TASK 1

Complete the chart with the number (1-4) in the best order that the whole writing
should be presented

Silicon Valley and mental health awareness

What kind of investment were the people in Silicon Valley looking for?

Have you heard about Silicon Valley? Do you know where it is?

What is so special about Silicon Valley?

TASK 2: Discussion (Post-Reading)

In the text #2, they mentioned that: “Mental health is crucial if we are pursuing a happy life.” Do
you agree? Why? Share your opinion in a speaking practice.

26
Unit 1 REVISION Lesson
1E
The Zero and First Conditional

1E. REVISION
VOCABULARY
a) Circle the correct words

1. When I decide to Influence/influential people, I usually achieve the goal.

2. You will fall in love with all technologist/technological devices if you visit Best buy stores
at Christmas.
3. Betty will get anxiety/anxious if you don’t call her right away.
4. If you want to make some invest/investments in the project, you need to come up with a
good plan.
5. Mathew and Dylan can become great leaders/leadership if they work together.

b) Match

3 1. To rise Technologists, engineers, marketing

experts
5 2. To take Make the project happen
4 3. To become To the occasion
2 4. To help Your company to the next level
1 5. To gather An entrepreneur

GRAMMAR
a. Complete the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.

become (become) an adult, you ___________

1. When you______________ need (need) to take good care of
yourself, and you probably _________________
will spend (spend) less time with parents.
tell
2. When I_______________ (tell) people about the idea of moving out, many people's
reaction________________
are want
(to be) like, 'What do your parents say?' because if you ___________
(want) to become more independent, it is very likely that you _____________
enjoy (enjoy) to live
in a different place.
3. Even if my best friends _______________ know (know)
dont like (not like) any of my decisions, I__________
that I ____________
count (count) with their support and respect.
dont have(not have) to get up so early to get to the office,
4. If I rent this apartment, I ________________
avoid
and I ________________ (avoid) all the traffic in rush hours.
5. Unless you _________________
have dont able (not be able) to
(have) enough money, you __________________
are
live on your own nor ________________ (to be) responsible to pay for all your expenses.

b. Complete the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parentheses.
1. If I _________________________(know)
know something from her, I _______________
call (call) you.
2. Unless you _______________
come (come) right away, you _______________
miss (miss) the whole show.
3. Samantha can ________________
get (get) a job really quickly if she ________________
finishes (finish) her
27
 engineering career. She is the best student of her class.
4. We _____________ drive
arrive (arrive) on time if you ____________________ (drive) faster, otherwise we will
be very late.
5. If his neighbors park
_______________ (park) their cars on his driveway, Tom _________________
will call
(call) the police, and that happens every time.

COMMUNICATION
Complete the dialogue with the sentences a-e.

a. It’s no big deal

b. That’s more like it
c. You know what?
d. I can’t be bothered
e. Will you help me?

A: Hey Chris. What are you working on?

B: I have to make a collage for a school project.
A: And you’re using the computer for that? Why don’t you get a piece of paper and glue pictures
on that?
B: ____________
c You need to do a lot of searching for pictures.
d
A: ____________ It’s actually a lot easier to do than using a computer program.
e
B: _____________
a
A: Sure. ____________ Look, you just put this here and then glue this here and ….here, it’s done.
__________________
b
B: You’re right. It’s super easy and it doesn’t look anything like what the other kids are doing.
Thanks!

28
UNIT 2 Compound words Lesson
2A
Phrasal Verbs
WARM UP
Put the words in the correct group:

First class flight Crummy hotel Bag snatch Delicious meals

Scooter crash On time city tours Flight delay Five stars hotel

Comfortable vacations Troubled vacations

first class flight crummy hotel
delicious meals bag snatch
on time city tours scooter crash
five stars hotel flight delay

A. BUILDING LANGUAGE: Match the pictures with the words

7 4 3

1 8 6

2 5

29
B. READING: A Vacation story
a. Read the text and complete the title with an expression that best suits the story

Our vacation ___________________

Jane and I were sad, and our
boss said we should go on a
vacation to a beautiful coast if
we didn’t mind the cost. Then
we came across a picture on
Facebook of an old friend
sitting on a boat he’d bought in
the Philippines. We couldn’t
get over how gorgeous it was.
We immediately phoned the
travel agent, who we were quite fond of, and told him to set us up a flight using our joint
savings fund. Our plane was to take off the next week, and that is when our plans started
falling apart. Our plane got delayed due to bad weather and we ended up sleeping in a
tiny bed in a bad part oftown in a crummy hotel. The next day, on the way back to the
airport, wouldn’t you guess, our taxi ran out of gas.
Thirty hours later we finally arrived at our hot hut on the beach and settled in. We took
a nap and woke up to some strange man in a robe who we thought was going to rob us,
but he just wanted to rub our backs. I don’t know how he got into our room. For dinner,
the restaurant only served ox head, which they cut off with an axe right in front of our
eyes. It was terrifying. We ran into our old friend while watching ducks by the docks
after dinner. He got drunk and started screaming at us but we couldn’t make out what
he was saying. The next morning our wallet and purse were stolen. We decided we’d
had enough. We couldn’t put up with any more trouble. We went home the next day and
never looked back.

30
b. CHECKING COMPREHENSION
Find the meaning of words in context to answer the questions.

1. When they said: “if we didn’t mind the cost,” what did they mean?

2. When they said: “we couldn’t get over how gorgeous it was,” what did they
mean?

3. What inspired Jane and her husband to take a vacation?

4. Why did they end up sleeping in a tiny bed?

5. What happened when they woke up at their hut on the beach?

31
 GRAMMAR

Phrasal verb
A phrasal verb is a combination of a verb and a particle which can be: a preposition, an
adverb, orboth.

Preposition,
Verb + Adverb, or
both

A phrasal verb has a meaning which is different from the original verb. You may need to
try toguess the meaning from the context.
The adverb or preposition that follows the verb is sometimes called a particle. The particle
changesthe meaning of the phrasal verb in idiomatic ways. They are also known as
compound verbs

EXERCISES

1. Write the missing verbs in order to complete the phrasal verbs in the sentences:

Look pick hurry take

keep gone get turn

a) Could you after my dog for me while I go into this shop?

b) What time does your plane off?

c) Prices have up three times this year.

d) I hope I'll through the exam next week.

e) Can you up the radio please? I can't hear it.

f) Where did you up that funny accent?

g) This notice said we should off the grass.

h) You should up or we'll miss the plane.

32
 2. Choose the correct particle to complete the sentence.

a) I'll find OUT/UP the name of the shop for you.

b) It took her a long time to get OFF/ OVER her illness.

c) She is always nervous when the plane takes OUT/OFF

d) He told me UP/ON until the traffic lights.

e) My alarm didn't go ON/OFF and I overslept this morning.

f) He's fallen BEHIND/ OUT with his lessons because he's training hard for a football match.

g) Can you deal UP/WITH this order, please?

h) He was driving his new sports care very fast just to show OFF/ OUT

i) I'll try one more time. If that doesn't work, I give UP/ DOWN.

j) I wasn't trying to chat her UP/WITH! I was just making conversation.

k) They've knocked OUT/ DOWN five shops to build a huge new cinema complex.

l) Please put the butter BACK/ OUT in the fridge when you've finished with it.

3. Complete the sentences with the following phrases so that they make sense:

In Madrid – How different you look – the broken window – her shoes – the
rubbish tonight – my car – the house – the money she owed Pete

1. I grew up

2. Two men tried to break into

3. I have to go to the garage to pick up

4. As she came in, she took off

5. She promised to pay back

6. I can't get over

7. I asked him to sort out _

8. You can leave out

33
LISTENING
A. CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

VISITING A STREET MARKET

Listen to the audio and answer if the sentences are TRUE or FALSE. Then correct each
false statement to make it true
Link: [Link]

Statements T or F
1. There is a bargain for the whole week.

2. He is in a healthy relationship

3. He was willing to try on a jacket, but he found a stain on it.

4. He was also attracted to some of the records from 1970 that were on sale.

5. He offered $30 for 10 records because they had a scratch on them.

6. The seller offered to throw in a free vase along with the records.

7. The buyer only bought the records that day.

34
WRITING & SPEAKING
Write a 90 words paragraph about an unexpectedly awful vacation that you had in the past.
Answer these questions to generate ideas:
a. Where did you go?
b. What exactly happened to you?
c. Make sure you include information about: accommodation, food, transportation and any
detail that can help you to explain why it was not a pleasant break.

35
 Imaginary Situations
Lesson
Unit 2
2B
The Second Conditional

A. READING

Read the following text and answer the questions below

IF I COULD LIVE MY LIFE ALL OVER

If I had to live my life all over again, I’d dare make more mistakes next time. I would relax. I
would limber up. I would be sillier than I have been this trip. I would take fewer things seriously.
I would take more chances.

I would take more trips. I would climb more mountains, swim more rivers. If I had to live my
life all over again, I would eat more ice cream and fewer beans. I would perhaps have more
actual troubles, but I would have fewer imaginary ones.

You see – I’m one of those people who live seriously and sanely hour after hour, day after day,
But I have my moments, and if I had to do it all over again, I’d have more of them. In fact, I’d
try to have nothing else but moments one after another, instead of thinking so many years
ahead.

I’ve been one of those people who never goes anywhere without a thermometer, a hot water
bottle, a raincoat and a parachute. So, If I could, I would travel lighter than I have, I would start
barefoot earlier in the spring and stay that way until later in autumn.

I would go to more dance floors, and I would pick more daisies.

Attributed to Nadine Stair, 85 years old

a. In the text circle the words given in the box and guess the meaning in context. Share your
thoughts with the rest of the class.

Dare Regret Pastime

sillier Over again Limber up

36
B. VOCABULARY

Match the vocabulary with the correct synonym and write 1 – 6 next to the letters A-F

1. Limber up A. Challenge _____

2. Silly B. Hobby _____
3. Dare C. Remorse _____
4. Regret D. Foolish ______
5. Pastime E. Once more ______
6. Over again F. Stretch ______

C. GRAMMAR
SECOND CONDITIONAL

The second conditional uses the past simple after if, then 'would' and the VERB IN infinitive:

if + past simple, ...would + infinitive

Note: We can use 'were' instead of 'was' with 'I' and 'he/she/it'. This is mostly done in formal writing

Second Conditional has two uses:

First, we can use it to talk about things in the future that are probably not going to be true. Maybe
imagining some dream, for example.

If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house. (I probably won't win the lottery) If I met the Queen
England, I would say hello.
She would pass the exam if she ever studied. (She never studies, so this won't happen)

Second, we can use it to talk about something in the present which is impossible, because it's not true
For example:

37
If I had his number, I would call him. (I don't have his number now, so it's impossible for me to
call him).
If I were you, I wouldn't go scuba diving with sharks.

GRAMMAR STRUCTURE

EXERCICES
1. Choose the correct number from column A to form a complete sentence with column B

Column A Column B
1 If a dear got into your If I Were you
garden, c a
2 You wouldn’t b I would be rich
pass the exam b
3 If I were you, c It would eat all your plants
e

4 I’d love to visit India If you didn’t study

d
5 I would write a book I wouldn’t open that
g umbrella inside the
e
house. It’s bad luck!
6 You’d be very healthy If I had the chance
h f
7 I wouldn’t do that If I had more free time
g
a
8 If I had a penny for If you ate an apple
each Coke I have h everyday
ever drunk,
9 If I had one wish If I could go back in time
j i and decide again
10 I would choose another I would pray that families
career j were together to support
i each other in this pandemic

38
2. Fill in the gaps the following statements. Use the second conditional.

a) I ............................... got
would´t get(NOT GET) so angry with you if you .......................... (GET) more work done
were
b) If the dress ………………………………. (BE) cheaper, I (BUY) it
would buy
c) My would be
brother……………………(BE) a were
great basketball player if he............................ (BE) a
foot taller
were would´t refuse
d) If he …………………………… (BE) asked to drive the car, he ........................ (NOT REFUSE)
would have
e) She ………………………………(HAVE)
decided
so much success if she only ......................(DECIDE) to move
forward

3. Give advice using “If I were you…” Use the expressions in the box

a) Your friend hasn’t been feeling well lately

if were you i would see a doctor
b) Your brother wants to lose weight
if i were you i would´n eat so many sweets
c) Your friend has a headache
if i were you i would take an aspirin
d) It’s a cold evening. Your sister is leaving the house in a T-shirt
if i were you i would put on a jacket
e) Your classmate has been having nightmares recently
if i ere you i wouldn´t watch so many horror films
4. Choose the correct form of each verb to make second conditional sentences.

a) If I (find) a purse in the street, I WOULD CALL (call) the police.

b) We (go) skate boarding if it WERE (be) sunny.

c) If they THEY WOULD RECOGNIZE

(see) her again, (they/recognize) her?

d) If I (have) a million dollars, I NEVER WORK (never/work) again.

e) If he (not/be) a good player, heWOULDN´T BE (not/be) in the team

f) (he/do) me a favor if I ASKED (ask) him?

39
5. Rewrite the following sentences using the second conditional:

a) It’s raining, so we can’t have lunch outside

b) I’m busy, therefore I won’t come with you
c) This book is too expensive, so I’m not going to buy it
d) It’s cold, so we won’t go to the beach
e) I won’t call him because I haven’t got his phone number

6. Use your own ideas to complete the sentences. Be ready to share your ideas in class:

YOU WOULDN´T GET TIRED SO FAST

a) If you took more exercise,…………………………………………………………………

THEY LET YOU OUT

b) Would you go to the party if……………………………………………………………..

I WOULD COUGH UP A LOT FROM THE SMOKE

c) If you smoked a cigarette around me,……………………………………………….

I WOULD SPEND MORE TIME WITH MY FAMILY

d) If I didn’t have to work tomorrow,…………………………………………………….

e) I’d be extremely happy if…………………………………………………………………..

YOU WERE AT MY BIRTHDAY PARTY

THE WOULD NOT BE SO MANY DUTIES , I WOULD PAY THE

f) If I were Education Minister,…………………………………………………………….
TEACHERS BETTER.

I WOULD SPEND A LOT OF MONEY

g) If I could go anywhere in the world, ………………………………………………….

40
 LISTENING: An adventurous weekend
A. CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING

Link: [Link]

a. Choose the six correct answers

Which activities do the speakers say they are going to do?
Snowboarding Dirtboarding
Canyoning Bungee jumping
Go up the Eiffel Tower Visit Notre Dame cathedral
Visit the old parts of the city Go round the Louvre
Go to the Museé D’Orsay Visit Montmartre and look at
the views
b. Choose the correct option

1. A dirtboard is a. A board with wheels that you stand on

b. A board with no wheels that you stand on
c. A board that you sit on

2. To go canyoning you a. ropes and a helmet

need… b. a guide and special equipment
c. ropes and special equipment

3. Zip-wiring is …. a. scary and difficult

b. easy and exciting
c. scary but exciting

4. Paris looks so a. at night

beautiful… b. on television
c. in the photos

5. The impressionist a. the Louvre

paintings are in.. b. The Museé D’Orsay
c. The Rodin Museum

41
WRITING & SPEAKING

If you could choose a weekend, whose weekend would you prefer? The boy’s or the girl’s?
Why?
Answer these questions to generate ideas:
a. Do you like extreme sports?
b. Do you like taking some risks when having fun?
c. Do you prefer bigger, crowded cities?

Use the second conditional and include some of the words in the box.
No regrets To live over again Challenging
confident To dare overjoyed

42
UNIT 2 Giving suggestions Lesson
2C
Modal Verbs

A. READING

Audio link: [Link]

Read the following article and answer the questions below.

An island at the top of the world
Svalbard is without a doubt one of the most fascinating and unique places on the planet. Here are
some facts about Svalbard to give you a flavor for this remote Arctic destination before
you plan your trip there.

Svalbard is an archipelago of islands

Svalbard consists of a group of remote, Arctic islands. There are 9 main islands. The
total land area of Svalbard is 24,209 square miles.
The sun doesn’t set in Svalbard for five months of the year
Svalbard is so far north that the sun doesn’t set for the entire summer, from April 19th through
to August
23rd. A great time to visit if you are a sun worshipper. Don’t forget your shades!

One night in Svalbard lasts for three months during the winter
Can you imagine not seeing a sunrise for three months? The opposite of the midnight sun
in summer is the polar night during the winter. It commences around the beginning of
November and ends at the end of January. You will not see a glimpse of the sunlight in
Svalbard during that time.

Svalbard is a great place to see the northern lights

Due to its twenty-four-hour darkness during the winter and its far northerly location,
Svalbard is an excellent place to view the northern lights. Svalbard’s cold, dry climate

43
means more clear nights than most other places in the northern lights belt. Don’t expect
to see them in the summer though.

Svalbard is home to seven national parks

Svalbard is a highly preserved area with at least 60% of the land being protected. There
are seven national parks, twenty-nine protected areas, fifteen bird sanctuaries and six
nature reserves, making it an ideal placeto view wildlife in its natural home.
Svalbard’s waters are home to the largest animal to have ever lived on planet earth
The blue whale, the largest of the earth’s animals, is a frequent visitor to the waters
around Svalbard. These solitary visitors can weigh up to 200 tones and grow up to 24-
28 meters in length. They make an impressive sight and are one of the many natural
wonders that attract photographers and wildlife watchers to the area.

In Svalbard there are more polar bears than people

Svalbard has a human population of just under 2,700 and an estimated polar bear
population of 3,000. It is one of the best places on earth to see and photograph polar
bears in their natural home.

You don’t need a visa or residency permit to live and work in Svalbard
Everybody has the right to live and work in Svalbard indefinitely regardless of
citizenship. Svalbard is outside of the Schengen area and has its own rules. There is a
limited welfare system so it is essential that immigrants have the means to support
themselves.

EXERCISE:
Three people are going to visit Svalbard. Look at their descriptions and give suggestions
from the text using can or should.

a)John: I am going to visit Svalbard Archipelago on my next vacation with 2 friends.

We want tosee the northern lights. When should we travel?

b)Irene: I like to be in contact with nature. What sights should I be aware of?

c)Rachel: I’m going to Svalbard for the first time and I don’t know what kind of
clothing and objects I should bring? Should I bring lots of money? If not, can I work
there?

44
 B. VOCABULARY

Match the vocabulary with the correct definition and write 1 – 10 next to the letters A-J.

1. Fascinating
2. Worshipper
3. Flavor
4. Shades
5. Commences
6. Glimpse
7. Sanctuary
8. Welfare
9. Residency permit
10. Wildlife

a) Someone who to honor or show reverence for as a divine being or supernatural power

b) characteristic or predominant quality

c) Extremely interesting or charming

d) A nature reserve

e) living things and especially mammals, birds, and fishes that are neither human nor

domesticated ___

f) financial support given to people in need

g) A document or card required in some regions, allowing a foreign national to reside in a

country__

h) To get a brief look at

i) To start

45
 j) Relative obscurity; sunglasses

C. GRAMMAR

GIVING SUGGESTIONS/MODAL VERBS

Use Should/shouldn’t to offer suggestions Use would/wouldn’t to offer
• What should I do? suggestions
• You should start you report assoon • What would you do?
as possible. • I would go to the park.
• You shouldn’t waste your time • I wouldn’t take the bus.
doing anything.
Use if-clauses to offer suggestions. Use verbs in the imperative
If you have time, visit the new formto offer suggestions
shopping mall. • Check out the mall downtown.
If you can´t afford it, • Be sure to wear warm clothes.
don’t buy those shoes. • Don’t talk to strangers.
If you like children,work as • Don’t pay more than 20 dollars for a
nursery nurse. cab.

1. Complete the sentences with the correct modal verb:

a. You would/could/should spend your vacation in Tahiti. You have enough money.

b. You don’t have to / mustn’t / shouldn’t go to bed so late. It's not good for you.

c. Every motorcyclist could/would/should be wearing a helmet.

d. Could/would/should you tell me how much it costs? It seems to be perfect.

e. You don’t have to /must / mustn’t copy during exams.

f. Stop smoking! You really would/should/could not smoke.

g. You must/ mustn’t/ needn’t be a good writer to win the Pulitzer Prize.

2. Complete the sentences with the positive or negative forms of must or have to.
a. Students-----stay at school during lunch break, they can go out.
b. This is a private school, so the students ---- to wear their uniforms at all times.
c. You ---- hand in your assignment before the deadline.
d. Students-----come to class late.

46
 e. If a student breaks a school rule, s/he ---- to stay at school after hours to meet with the
principle.
f. Students-----to pay for the transportation as the university has its own bus system.

3. Complete the sentences with the correct modal verb. Use must, mustn't, or don't have to.

I go to school from Monday to Friday. We

wear a uniform, so I normally wear sports clothes. We
arrive late, and we go toevery class. In class,
we shout, play or sing. We have lunch atschool, so I
sometimes go home. When school finishes, I look after my little
sister. When my parents come home I stay in, so I usually
go out with my friends. When I get home, I do my homework.
I go to bed late, except on Fridays,
when I go to bed before midnight.

4. Complete the statements with the correct modal verb and the verbs in parenthesis.

Exercise if-clauses type 1

1. If you (call)me early, I

(give) you a ride. Use imperative form
2. If she _(not hurry up), she 7. Make sure (wear)sunblock at the
(miss) dinner. beach
3. The Indians said, “We
nothing to eat if you _(kill all the 8. Don’t forget (wear) a mask atall
buffaloes.” times!

Exercise if-clauses type 2 9. Remember (Keep) the

distance when going out!
4. At lot of pupils (do)
better at school if they
(listen) to the teacher.
5. If I (be)a cook,
I (make) bread to sell in
my town

6. They (be) more

47
5. Complete using : should / shouldn't / mustn't

1. We ___________________ invite the Nortons to our party. They are nice people.
2. Young children _________________ stay at home on their own.
3. Before you go to the dentist's, you ___________________ brush your teeth.
4. You _____________________ smoke in bed!
5. You ___________________ shut the windows because it is raining.
6. You ___________________ forget her birthday again.
7. You ___________________ go to the theatre when you are in Vienna. It's great.
8. They ___________________ tell her about John's accident. She could break down.
9. You ____________________ cross the street when the traffic lights are red.
10. The doctor told Charlie that he ______________________ drink too much alcohol.
11. My mum thinks I _______________________ spend so much money on clothes.
12. "Twilight" is a really great book. You ______________________ read it soon.
13. The teacher said to me, "You _________ get up earlier because you are late again!"
14. You __________________ tell lies!
15. You ______________________drive the car. You are only thirteen!

Complete the list of suggestions for "Trick or treat".

Write: should or shouldn't in the gaps:
1. You _____________________ wear a Halloween costume.
2. You _____________________ play really mean tricks on people.
3. You _____________________ wear black clothes at night.
4. You _____________________ take a bag with you for sweets .
5. You ______________________ go on your own.
6. You ______________________ stay out very late.
7. You _______________________ always go with friends.
8. You _______________________ always tell an adult where you are going.

48
6. Select the correct modal verb to complete the statements.

SHOULD: giving advice

MUST/ MUSTN’T: strong obligation

1. I don't think you ______ eat so much chocolate. It's bad for your health.
2. Children _______ behave well when they're in class.
3. If you drive a car, you ______ stop at marked crossings.
4. I think waiters _______ try to be pleasant with customers.
5. Some workers ________ wear hard hats because their jobs are considered dangerous.
6. If you feel sick, you ________ stay at home. It's better for you.
7. Police officers ___________ wear a uniform.

MUST: strong obligation, it’s personal. It involves the speakers opinion.

HAVE TO: strong obligation. It´s external: law, rules

8. ___________ I do my homework? My teacher always checks if we have done the exercises.

9. I __________ get my hair cut. I don't like it so long.
9. We _______________ go home late. My mother has told me to arrive at ten o'clock.
10. I ____________ study hard. I want to pass the exam.
11. In Spain, children ___________ go to school until they're 16.
12. You ___________ phone every day, darling!

MUSNTN’T: strong prohibition.

DON´T HAVE TO: it’s not necessary

13. You _____________________ accept things from strangers!

14. When you go into a clothes shop, you ___________________ have to buy something. You can just
look.
15. You __________________________ steal things from shops.
16. Children _________________________ pay bills.
17. Children _______________________ eat junk food every day.
18. Some millionaires ______________________ get up very early.

49
 D. WRITING

Have you ever discharged your anger from work on your loved ones, even though they are not
responsible for what happened? What would you do different the next time? What would you
suggest to people to do if they encounter with a situation like that?
Write an essay of 100-120 words length. Use modal verbs and if clauses.

E. SPEAKING
By using breakout rooms, students will discuss the following prompt:
Would you consider essential the content of the following video: The 5 lessons from Mr. Rogers that
every adult should know”?
Note: Students will give their personal opinions with the correspondent reasons and will havefrom 5 to
10 minutes to perform this activity on live – synchronous session.

Note 2: One person can be the moderator in order to ask the questions.
Note 3: Use modal verbs
Video:
[Link]
mans

50
 F. LISTENING
MEETING SOMEONE

Audio link: [Link]

I2mkPFiS7emRGhLN_miYH0fGoHaHfaA/view?usp=sharing

Select the correct answer according to the audio:

1. What was Doug doing before he arrives Diane´s 6. He wants to go down town next Thursday because
house? there is…
a. rehearsing his salute a. a famous singer
b. walking in the street b. a great movie
c. saying nonsenses c. a circus performance
2. Where did they meet for the first time? 7. Diane can’t accept the invitation in because she...
a. At the corner a. quit her job
b. At Gary’s party b. has to attend to school

c. At school c. has to work

3. What was Doug doing at there ? 8. What does Diane have to do this Friday?

a. dancing with a girl a. go out with Doug

b. see a movie
b. having some food
c. cook for her family
c. standing all alone
9. What does Doug have for this Saturday?
4. Where does Doug live?
a. one ticket for a baseball game
a. next to Diane
b. two tickets for the football game
b. behind Gary’s house
c. three tickets for the moon
c. around the corner
10. At the end of the conversation, Doug wants to
5. What does Doug want to do next
leave quietly because he ….
Thursday night?
a. is late to get to the football game
a. to go out with Diane
b. is embarrassed about not getting a date
b. to stay at her house
c. crashed into Diane´s brother
c. to chat online

51
Unit Closing activities Lesson

2 2D

Pre-reading activities

A- Read the following words and match them with their possible meaning:

1. Quality a) a participatory member of a political community ___

2. Suburbs: b) a granted authorization to live and work in the United States ___

3. Green card: c) the residential area on the outskirts of a city or large town ___

4. Fingerprint:. d) either of the two sexes(male or female) ___

5. Gender: e) impression made by the papillary ridges on the ends of the fingers
and thumbs ___
6. Citizenship: f) the degree of excellence of something ___

B- Observe the picture:

- What can you see?

- What do you think the reading will talk about?

52
 Reading
¨………………………………………………………………………………………………………¨
- What do you think the reading will be about?
1-The Green Card is officially known as a Permanent Resident Card. It is provided to a non-U.S. citizen so
that it can serve as an ID that proves their status as a lawful permanent resident with the ability to live and
work in the United States. It contains biographical information on the front including: legal name, date of
birth, country of birth, gender, face photo, laser-engraved fingerprint, date you became a resident, and card
expiration date.
2-Having the U.S. Green Card has some benefits that almost all the people all over the world want to have,
for example: applying for citizenship, living permanently anywhere in the United States, owning a
property, attending public schools, applying for a driver's license in your state or territory, getting a job,
leaving and returning to the U.S. under certain conditions, joining certain branches of the army, purchasing
or possessing a firearm, being protected by all U.S. laws, voting in local (but not federal) elections where
U.S. citizenship is not required, and very important one: receiving the food program coupons and some
medicines.
3- The United States tops the ranks as a country in terms of quality of life. That includes: security, economy,
freedom, large shopping markets, etc. It is true that some of these points differ a bit and it is somewhat
questionable to say, the quality of life remains very high compared to another nearby country.
4- Another point is its security system, which is quite strong; there are very tough laws against crime and
vandalism. However, it is well known that the security here is classified about a medium level. There are
suburbs and areas where it is really dangerous, but even so, security is still superior to that of another Latin
American country.
5-The education provided in the United States is undoubtedly one of the most accepted in all countries. If
you got to study in there and graduated, it would serve you to work in any job, business or company
anywhere in the world. The American tittles have weight and recognition in all kind of areas and it will be
easier to obtain a good position as a worker.
6- Although it is said that the United States is a dream country, not everything is true, only living there you
can discover that it isn’t exactly rosy. For example: most of the institutions are public, this is not exempt
from paying them, especially universities, which are private; work does not give the same benefits as
another country, if you are fired you’re out; companies are not obliged to give you holidays; health is
excessively expensive; the distances are very long from one point to another, if you don’t have a car, it will
take you in an approximate of up to 3 to 4 hours to reach your destination.
So, what would you do if you got the green card?

53
 While-reading activities

C- Read the text again and match the statements with their correct paragraph.

a) __ The quality of life is better than any of the nearby countries.

b) __ Law protection in this country is the highest of the American continents.

c) __ You can study in the United States and then get a good job.

d) __ It represents the legal personal information needed to identify people in the country they are

living.

e) __ The United States has another dark color that people usually don’t know.

f) __ People can do different things since the moment they obtain this document.

D- Answer the following questions about the text:

1- Who needs to get a Green Card to live in the United States?

2- Why do some people want to get this ID of the United States?

3- Is the quality of life in the United States worse or better than other countries from the same
geographical area?

4- What characteristic does the education in the United State have?

5- Why isn’t the United State a dream country?

Post-reading activities

E- Give a title to this reading.

¨ ……………………………………………………………………………………………… ¨

54
F- Think and write different ideas that you would do if you really got the Green Card to
Live in the Unites States. Share your answer with your classmates.

¨If I got the Green Card to live in the United States, I would ……………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

G- Select the main idea from each paragraph and write a summary in not less than120 words.

55
UNIT REVISION Lesson
2 2E

Pre-reading activity
A. Observe this picture. What do you think is happening? What idea do you have about the theme of the
text we are going to read today?

Reading

I was brought up in a small town near Paris. My parents are English, so I grew up speaking
English and French. A young English student lived with us during the school holidays, and she
looked after me when my parents were away on business. I remember my father always told
off if he heard us speaking in English, because she was studying French. Usually we changed to
French for a few minutes, and then carried on in English when he couldn’t hear us, because it
was easier for both of us. She was an artist, and we got on very well. I looked up to her, and later
tried to become a painter myself. Unfortunately, I took after my father, who wasn’t artistic, and
so I was never successful.

While-reading activities

B-Read the text and answer the questions.

1. What languages did the author speak?

2. What language did her father tell her off for using? Why?

3. Why did the author want to become a painter? Why was she not successful?

56
C- Brought up is a phrasal verb. Which other phrasal verbs can you find in the text?

D- With the help of the text match the phrasal verb from A with the definition from B.
A B
1 grow up a. admire and respect someone
2 bring up b. continue (doing something)
3 tell (someone)off c. develop from being a child to being an adult
4 take after (someone) d. take care of (someone or something)
5 look after (someone or e. talk angrily to someone because they have done something
something) wrong
6 get on(with)(someone) f. have a friendly relationship with someone
7 carry on (doing something) g. look or behave like another member of your family
8 look up to (someone) h. care for children until they are adults

E-Complete the sentences with a phrasal verb from exercise D in the correct form. Use each verb once.

1 You really _________________ your father. You look just like him!

2 I don’t _____________________________ very well with my mother; we argue a lot.

3 I ____________________________ in Brazil. It was a happy childhood.

4 We ___________________________ arguing, even though Dad had told us to stop.

5 My brother always _______________________________ for borrowing his records because I always scratched
them!

6 After their mother died, the children were ___________________________________ by their aunt.

7 I still _____________________________________ my older brother, and ask him for advice.

8 My sister _______________________________ me when I was ill.

Post –reading activities

57
F Answer these questions about yourself.

1 Where did you grow up?

2 When you bring up a child, what do you think is the most important thing to teach him or her?

3 As a child, did anyone tell you off? Why? Did this make you stop or did you carry on anyway?

4 Which member of your family do you get on with best?

5 Who in your family do you take after?

6 Who looks after you when you aree ill?

7 As a child, who did you look up to?

G. Using the idea from exercise 4, write one sentence for each phrasal verb that is true for you.
E x. I grew up in a small country town.

Vocabulary of the unit

I- A. Match the words with their corresponding meaning:

A- to take off 1. A nature reserve ___

B- sanctuary 2. To stop feeling unhappy about something __
C- to run out of (sth) 3. To start __
D- glimpse 4. To begin to fly __
E- to fall apart 5. Relative obscurity __
F- commences [Link] separate part of something from the rest with
a knife __
G- to get over 7. Extremely interesting or charming __
58
H- shades 8. To break into pieces __
I-to cut (sth) off 9. To get a brief look at __
J- fascinating 10. To have no more of something __

I-B. Select the correct words and complete the meaning of the statement:

a) be careful b) regret c) danger

d) shod e) relax

1. He wasn´t barefoot on the grass. He was ________.

2. People have ___________ about the war Russia- Ukraine. They can´t ______ about this matter.
3 .Don´t dare to do that! You have to __________ with all your actions.
4. We aren´t sure about safety on that small boat. You’ll be in ____ if you fall into the river.
5. Do you _____ your answer? You must be satisfy and feel well.

Grammar

II. A- Read carefully all the statements and select the correct option to complete the meaning.

pay for/ pay back - pick up/ pick in - find out/ find back

sort up / sort out - look for/ look after

a) Mum, I want to go dancing with my husband tonight, I´m wondering if you can ________ my baby for
two or three hours.

b) That´s fake news. You must learn to ______ all the information you read on the medias.
c) I can lend you some money but you must _______ as soon as possible, ok?
d) My boss sent me to _______ all the apples on this field.
e) She got the job. Try to ______ her cell phone number to congratulate her.

59
B- Write sentences with the left words. Read them aloud.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

C- Choose the correct preposition to complete each of the following sentences:

1. My alarm clock went _______ (= started to ring) at 7:ooAM.
a) __off b)__on c)__in
2.Go________.(=Continue)
a)__on b)__up c)__away
[Link] ___________!(=Leave!)
a)__on b)__up c)__away
4. They went ________ the contract (= they pursued it )
a) __away b)__after c)__along
5. I could really go ________ some fries. (= I would really like to eat some fries)
a) __up b)__with c)__for
6. it’s hard to go ________ things as usual. (= It's hard to continue doing things as I did them before).
a) __about b)__along c)__around
7. Prices went __________ (= increase) last year.
a) __up b)__out c)__over
8. Let’s go (= review) your notes.
a) __along b) __out c)__over
9. Many business are going ______(=falling/going bankrupt).
a) __under b) __out c)__over
10. Mike and Tina are going _______.Mike and Tina are a couple (boyfriend + girlfriend).
a) __out b) __off c)__on

III.A- Complete using: should, would, shouldn’t, wouldn’t.

60
1. We haven't seen you for weeks! You ___________ come more often.
2. I __________________ do it if I thought it necessary.
3. ___________________ you like to have a cup of coffee?
4. He was clearly hurt by your words. You ___________________ have said that.
5. She __________________ have said that if she hadn't been convinced she was right.

III. B - Complete the sentences with the suitable verb tense for first conditional:
a) If you ________ in public places you __________ into trouble. (GET-SMOKE)
b) You _______ an accident if you _______ so carelessly. (CAUSE- DRIVE)
c) If you _______ harder, you ________ in your exams. (SUCCEED-TRY)
C – Match the statements with their possible ending for second conditional.

a) If I were you 1. If I have more free time __:

b) If she saw a mouse 2. I´ll try to relax ___

c) I would see my friends more often 3. She would panic ___

D – Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tenses. Mix conditional exercise.
1. If you ______a professional soccer player, who ___________ (you/play) for?
2. If he ____________ (not study) now, he won´t have time later.
3. The teacher __________ (be) angry if you didn´t do the homework.
4. What ______________ (you/ give ) me if it were my birthday tomorrow?
5. If we recycle more, there __________ (not be) so much rubbish.
6. If they had something to eat, they _________ (not be) hungry.
7. What ___________ (you/buy) if you had a credit card?
8. If they _________ (not hurry) up, they will miss the film.
9. If the bus _________ (not arrive) soon, we´ll be late.
10. If I ____ (be) you, I wouldn´t eat so many sweets.
11. If you play the music too loud, you ________ (wake up) the neighbors.
12. If the waiter _________ (not/ serve) us soon, we´ll have to leave.
13. We´ll have dinner outside in the garden, unless it ___ (be) too cold.
14. I would take more photos if the camera ______ (work)
15. If he _______ (not be) afraid of heights he would travel by plane.
16. If she didn´t like modern art, I __________ (not/date) her.

61
 About Farming Lesson
Unit
Past tense modals 3A

A. READING

Read the following text and answer the questions below.

FARMING MARGINAL LANDS

To call land "marginal" means it is not very good. Farmers have their own way to describe it. Marginal
land is the last to be planted under good conditions and the first to be avoided when situations are
bad. Low quality soil is not the only reason why land could be considered marginal. The land might
be in an area where rainfall is limited. Or it might be on a hillside that rises too sharply. Yet there are
uses for marginal land. Most often it is used as grassland. Grasses provide excellent feed forgrazing
animals like cattle, sheep and goats. A farmer might use native grasses or non-native [Link]
way, it is important to establish good ground cover to avoid the loss of
soil through erosion. Forage crops like clover and alfalfa could be planted. These members of the
legume family provide high protein food for grazing animals. They also improve
the quality of the soil. Most plants use up nitrogen. But legumes put nitrogen back into the soil.
Forage crops also help limit erosion. But using marginal land for grazing is not as simple as it might
sound. There is a risk of overgrazing. Cattle can damage forage crops by eating down to the root. Also,
the animals crush the soil with their weight. That can make the ground too hard for
growing. A way to reduce the damage is to move animals from one field to another. This method
is known as rational grazing. Agricultural experts say rotational grazing is extremely important for
marginal land. Another use for marginal land is for tree crops. Studies have shown that the white pine
and loblolly pine are two kinds of trees that grow well on such land. They grow fast and provide good
quality wood. Another kind to consider is the poplar. And there are slower-growing trees like the
black walnut that provide wood as well as a nut crop. Trees help support the soil. They reduce the
damaging effects of wind and rain. And they can provide grazing animals with shade from the sun.
Marginal lands need care to protect them. Failing to take that care might only make a bad situation
worse.

1. What does the expression “marginal” mean from the text?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2. How are marginal lands useful?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. What are the benefits of planting legume in marginal lands?
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
4. What are the two types of trees that provide a good quality of wood?
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
5. What is a “rational grazing”?

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 B. VOCABULARY

Match each word from the left with its right definition.

a. The part of a plant that grows down into the earth to get water and food and holds the
plant firm in the ground
b. After everyone or everything else
1Alfalfa c. Slight darkness caused by something blocking the direct light from the sun:
2Crush d. The sloping surface of a hill between its top and bottom
3Erosion e. A small and round object produced by a plant and when it is planted, a new plant can
4Feed grow
5First f. To press something very hard so that it is broken or its shape is destroyed.
6Hillside g. The act of deciding how to do something
7Last h. Coming before all others in order, time, amount, quality, or importance:
8Planning i. Relating to a system in which the person who does a particular job is regularly
9Rainfall changed:
10Root j. Food eaten by animals that are not kept as pets
11Rotational k. A farm animal with thick wool that eats grass and is kept for its wool, skin, andmeat
12Seed l. Rain, or the amount of rain that falls:
13Shade m. A plant grown as food, especially for farm animals, or used in
14Sheep salads.
n. Soil being gradually damaged and removed by the waves, rain, or
wind

C. GRAMMAR

PAST TENSE MODALS

Could have +past Would have +past Should have +past
participle participle participle
It means that It means that you It means that something
something was wanted to do did not happen, but we
possible in the past, something in the past, wish it had happened.
but it did not happen. but you could not do it. We use should have to
talk about past mistakes
Short form: Short form: or regrets. .
Could’ve + past participle Would’ve + past participle
Short form:
Example Example Should’ve + past participle
I could have gone I would have called
directly to college, you, but there was Example
but I decided to take no phone service. I was so worried about
a year off. you. You
should have called me.

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 Exercises
1. Make the correct past modal form (use could have/would have/should have)
a) William had lived many years in Brazil. He (speak) Portuguese.
b) I could hear you quite well. You (not shout).
c) I was not sure where to go for the holidays, but I (like) to go to Italy.
d) She (ride) her bike at night in the neighborhood but it wasn’t allowed.
e) She (not eat) so much carbohydrates because she had a pageant ahead
f) I (understand) him if he had spoken louder.

g) They ended up being much more tired than expected, so I think we

(go) at midnight.
h) You (be) a better trainer if you focused more on the details.
i) If you had talked to Ann about your problems, I'm sure she help you
j) You not vacuum the carpets because Carol had already done it.

2. Modals of Deduction Worksheet

a) Where's Clare? Her bag's here and her computer's still on so she gone
home. (must have/might have/can’t have)

b) I can't remember my password! But I written it in my notebook as sometimes

Ido that. (must have/may have/couldn’t have)

c) He wasn't answering the phone before. Maybe he went to the shop or he been in
the shower. (must have/might have/couldn’t have)

d) Sorry, I don't know if she's here or not. She was feeling ill so she gone
home. (must have/might have/can’t have)

e) She cleaned the whole house on her own in two hours. She must have had
some help. (must have/might have/can’t have)

f) Wow! Have you finished all that already? You been hungry! (must have/may
have/can’t have)

g) He known about it when I saw him. I'm sure he would have told me. (must
have/might have/couldn’t have)

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3. Complete the sentences with PAST MODAL VERBS (could have, should have,
wouldhave, can have, may have, might have)

a) If you wanted to stay in that hotel you booked before!

b) He committed the crime, as he had both the motive and the opportunity.

c) If I had known about your accident, I phoned you.

d) Lucy attended the concert, but we aren't sure.

e) You finished that book already! You only started reading it an hour ago.

f) I think they got lost - surely they'd be here by now!

g) Oh no! My phone isn't in my bag. I left it on the train.

h) She been a lawyer but she decided to study accountancy instead

i) You gone to Dan's party - it was fantastic!

j) I'm so sorry I woke you up. I called you if I knew you were sleeping.

4. Check through the different uses of PAST MODALS VERBS to speculate about the past:

TYPE EXAMPLE USE

1 I would have gone to that party - a decision made too late
2 I should/ought to have asked her for her email - advice coming too late
3 You might have enjoyed the concert - opinion, possibility but too late

Now, look at the following phrases and write in which type you think they are. Then use one
of the modals verbs and the infinitive verb in brackets to fill the gaps:

a) ___ If I had gone to the sales, I’m sure I _____________ something. (to buy)
b) ___ Clare was very upset you didn’t go to her birthday party. You ______________ (to go)
c) ___ No one´s answering the phone. They ____________________ out. (to go)
d) ___ The lights are out. They _________________ to sleep. (to go)
e) ___ We ________________ Dave to the party if we had known he was in town. (to invite)
f) ___ You _______________ at Samanta . She’ll never forgive you. (to shout NEGATIVE)
g) ___ I __________________to have done some acting when I was younger. (to love)
h) ___ You __________________ to the pub on Saturday. We had a great time. (to come)
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 i) ___ She ___________________ her mind. I’m not sure. (to change)
j) ___ You ___________________ so much money on clothes. You’ll have problems getting to the
end of the month now. (to spend NEGATIVE)
k) ___ She told me she __________________________ you if you have given her your address. (to email)
l) ___ She’s really shy. You ______________________ her you like her. (to tell)
m) ___ She __________________________ yes to a date. You never know. (to say)
n) ___ You __________________________ her weight. She was very upset. (to mention NEGATIVE)

A note to remember:

PROBABILITY VERB EXAMPLE

100% past simple She knew.
almost certain 95% must have We must have arrived.
50% (possible) could have She could have forgotten.
possible but unlikely might/ may have We might/may have made
a mistake.
highly unlikely can’t/couldn’t have You can’t have lost it.
0% impossibility past simple negative He didn’t know.

5. Rewrite the sentences using a modal from the above table, as in the example.

Example: It is almost certain that he left before breakfast.

He must have left before breakfast

1. He has almost certainly been spotted by the police by now.

2. It is almost certain that he realized how serious it was.
3. It is highly unlikely that he thought things through clearly.
4. Possibly he escaped by boat.

1. _________________________________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________________________________

3. _________________________________________________________________________________________

4. _________________________________________________________________________________________

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6. Analyze all these statements and then complete them with the correct form of the verbs in
parentheses. Use the corresponding Modal Perfect studied in classes.
a) Nobody told her anything about the argument. She ______________________________________ (know)
about it.
b) She ________________________________________ (leave) the office because her coat and bag aren’t
there.
c) I ___________________________________________ (drive) to work , but the weather was so nice that I
decided to walk.
d) It’s possible that I _________________________________________ (forget) to tell Joe about the meeting.
e) You ___________________________________________ (call) her on her birthday. She never forgets to call
you.

7. Rewrite each sentence using a modal perfect. There may be more than one answer.
a) It’s possible that I took your jacket by mistake.
I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
b) That man know how to speak four languages.
That man ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
c) I didn’t wear a sunhat, and now my head hurts.
My head hurts. I …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
d) It rained last night so the grass is wet.
It ………………………………………………………………………………………. The grass is wet.
e) The man you saw wasn’t Jack. He’s been abroad since the summer.
You …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….

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D. WRITING

Try to answer the question below.

Question: When was the last time you could have accomplished something great? Explain.

Example Answer: The last time I could have accomplished something great was when I climbed
Mt. Kilimanjaro. It was brutal. It is the highest mountain in Africa. Its peak reaches over 19,000
ft. About half way through the climb, I thought I was going to make it to the top. However, my
guide kept urging me along, but after eight days the climb wasn’t over. Thinking of reaching the
summit was magical. I felt like I had almost accomplished something great…..

68
 E. SPEAKING

Make a 90 seconds video and share information about the following topics:
1. Something you regret not saying to someone
2. Something you regret not doing when you were younger

Audio link: [Link]

LEARNING ABOUT SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Listen to the following audio and complete the blanks with the words missing

Many colleges and universities in the United States provide education in agriculture. But only a few
schools offer experience in traditional hands-on field in to classes.
Sustainable agriculture is a major at these colleges. They teach the need for farming to
improve the environment and make good use of natural resources. Students grow organic food and
use as little fossil fuels and as possible.
Sterling College in Craftsbury Common, Vermont, is one of the colleges that sustainable
agriculture. Students produce some of their own . They prepare the soil for planting with
their hands or simple . They do not use much big that uses gasoline.
This month, students are making their and maple syrup. After liquid sap is taken from
sugar maple , it goes to a sugarhouse where the sap is boiled. Students built the sugarhouse.
The college has solar-powered barns, gardens, fruit trees, greenhouses and animals.
Sterling College President Will Wootton says the school's Sustainable Agriculture Program
pay for farm jobs. The money reduces the cost of the students' education.
The students care for steers, , chickens, a turkey, goats and .

69
A pig and a guard llama also live at the farm. Goshen College in Wolf Lake, Indiana, is another college
teaching sustainable agriculture.

In June, students at the Agro ecology Summer Intensive Program begin taking courses like Introduction
to Soils. Agro ecology examines the connection between agricultural and the environment.
At the same time, Goshen students start nine weeks of work on the college's farm. They will plant crops
like collard greens, kale, _, lettuce and eggplant. They will mix leaves, animal waste and
food waste from the college's kitchens to make compost. The students use the mixture to fertilize the
soil instead of buying chemical fertilizers that could harm the .

Professor Dale Hess directs Goshen College's Environmental Education Collegiate Program. Professor
Hess says a major value of sustainable agriculture is making good use of what you have. He says
knowing how to do this may be especially valuable if fossil fuel should become _.
Professor Hess says food security is national security.

70
A. READING

How society works?

Since we are born, we all have somebody that expects something about us, whether be our parents
our mediate family our classmates our teacher or bosses. We have to fulfill certain aspects and
meet certain qualities, but are we prepared to do it? Are we able to accomplish everything in life
? What is more or less likely to happen in someone’s life? Let’s answer these questions.
Are we prepared to meet the requirements, aspects and qualities that society impose us?
Prepared……. Absolutely not, nobody gets to know anything without experimentation.
Experiences are the external factors that determine the acquisition of abilities to overcome those
factors. Every /any healthy human is capable of learning said abilities, whether be survival or
academic, the beauty of mankind relies on being able to learn from experience and solutions
towards the imposed problem. The domain of fire, the invention of the wheel, agriculture, water
supply, electricity and internet. All of these landmarks in science were made through the
experimentation of many inconveniences and overcoming them.
Are we able to accomplish everything in life?
Of course, as said before, the most human defining ability is capability to solve many problems
and to learn and apply all these different solutions into daily life and form knowledge, eventually,
knowledge got compile and with the development of the print we were able to create books, where
the information to solve the complications lie and are passed through time. Because of these
human beings that are well trained and motivated can learn and successfully accomplish different
tasks whether be in the emotional or complex and dexterity realms.

What is more likely to happen in someone’s life?

In a modern western society, an individual is supposed to be educated and trained into many activities
of their liking, social and economic issues are determinant if the individual is more or less likely to be
part of the upper or working class or being part lower class that more often tends to be part gangs, drug
abuse, etc. So decisions and choices are the one that make the path of each and everybody
Advantages and disadvantages decisions and choices are part of life and the experiences an
individual has throughout its life, all these elements are the bricks and mortar of a life so take
advantage of every opportunity to learn to have joy and live life as it should be lived.
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 B. VOCABULARY
Read the text carefully, look at the words in bold and circle the synonym which is the same in
meaning to each word on the left.

Words Option 1 Option 2 Option 3

in
bold
Acquisition Loss Gai Property
n
Knowledge Reduction Technique Improvement
Landmark Over there Starting point Earth
Accomplish Finished Cleaned Uncleared
Dexterity Flexibility Adaptability Capability

Issues Harmony Affairs Unnatural

Throughout Reducing In everything Extensive

Disadvantage Harm Disability Benefit

Match the vocabulary with the correct definition and write 1 – 9 next to the letters A-I.

1. Acquisition
2. Knowledge
3. Landmarks
4. Accomplish
5. Dexterity
6. Issues
7. Throughout
8. Disadvantages

A. A skill or ability in using the hands or body

B. To complete a mission or task
C. .The act or process of achieving mastery of a quality or a feature or element.
D. Absence or deprivation of advantage or equality.
E. A point in question or a matter that is in dispute, as between contending parties in an action at law.
F. In every part
G. Something used to mark a boundary of land or a starting point
H. The fact or state of knowing; the perception of fact or truth; clear and certain mental apprehension

72
C. GRAMMAR
BE EXPRESSIONS
Be able to Be likely to Be supposed to
It is used to talk about It is used to talk It is used to talk about
abilities. We often use it in about how obligations and
places where it is not probable things arrangements.
possible to use can. are.
Example: Example: Example:
• I will be able to achieve • It is likely • Where were you?
my goals. that our sales You were supposed to be
increase next year. at the meeting.
• She is able to speak fast.
• I think • I’m going to travel
• They were able to travel women are more by ferry.
alone. likely to spend It’s supposed to be a
their money in nice
travelling. route with lots of
magnificent landscape.

1. Complete each statement affirmative, negative or question with "(be) supposed to" in the
present and past tenses form. Use the main verb provided in parenthesis.
1. You ........................................tea at eleven (serve).
2. Peter! ................................... you had to be here an hour ago
3. You .......................................to each other during the exam (talk)
4. We........................................ alcohol in the venue (not drink).
5. You ........................................as he said. (do)
6. The travel agency ...........the tickets for our journey? (book)
7. Mathew ...............................this homework before watching TV every Friday (finish)
8. I ...............................................my sister with her thesis, but she couldn’t finish it on time (help)
9. She… ................................ here an hour ago, I’ worried (arrived)
10. Sheila… ............................................ you with your chores, not drag you down! (help)
11. We ...................................... in before the people at the door, somethings is wrong with the line (get in)
12. Our new house… ................... bigger than the old one but it doesn’t feel so
13. Carmen and I........................ you to the party, but we don’t want to go (take )
14. We .................................. the show and we failed(steal)

73
 2. Select the correct verb and fill in the gaps with : BE SUPPOSED TO.
smoke make be start speak give be

a) I`m going to order this textbook. It ………………………… very good.

b) Why doesn’t Tom come to work today? He ……………………………….. ill.

c) The test ……………………………….. start at 9:00but almost all the students were late.
d) I ………………………………………….. give a presentation at the conference tomorrow but I think
I’m going to change my plans.
e) She …………………………………….. speak on the phone during the exam. Not allow.
f) Oh I’m sorry. I thought you …………………………………………………….. make tea here.
g) They …………………………………………………….. smoke in the library.

3. Form sentences with be supposed to as in the examples, and translate them into Spanish.
A.- Example: smoke make be start speak give be
a) They say Gwen plays the piano really badly.

Gwen is supposed to play the piano really badly.

b) They say it’s going to be windy tomorrow. / ………………………………………………………………….

c) They say there are going to be showers in the west./………………………………………………………
d) They want it to be a secret, so don’t tell anyone else./…………………………………………………….
e) I’ve heard that Geoffrey knows a lot about Canterbury./…………………………………………………
f) Stop!You musn’t touch that./………………………………………………………………………………………….

B.- Example: Geoff has been told to stay at the office until 6:30 today.
Geoff is supposed to stay at the office until 6:30.

b) People say the weather in Scotland is really wet.

The weather …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
c)They said we musn’t tell anybody.
We ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
d) Fishing is not allowed here.
People ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
e) They don’t really want me to use the company cat at weekends.
74
I ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
f) They say that there are wonderful beaches in Mexico.
There ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

C.- Read what the teacher says about a citizen duty:

A: ¨People are supposed to pay for the subway in Boston but sometimes they don’t.¨

- Now, write your comment sentence.

B: ……………………………………………………………………………………….

4. Complete each statement affirmative, negative or question with "(be) able to” in the future,
present and past tenses form. Use the main verb provided in parenthesis.
1. you fell really hard (keep going )
2. I................................ make it on time there is a traffic jam (make it)
3. The… ....................... this year’s festival because of the pandemic (come)
4. She ..................................... the rope so well now she looks fragile.(jump)
5. Our cat ........................................... trees anymore because it broke a leg(climb)
6. If you help us tomorrow, we… ......................... finish it on time.
7. I .........................................my cellphone since i broke the screen.(use)
8. If I sleep early ............................ more for tomorrow (rest)
9. The church ..................... to overthrow kingdoms during the inquisition
10. You ................... if you don’t finish your homework first (go)
11. I ....................... to fix the problem. If you don’t tell me what is going on
12. Sarah…...................... to talk in front of an audience to save her life
13. In the future… ..................... Telepathy? (use )
14. …………Superman…........................... In space ? (breathe)
15. ………………………………… this car before it gets dark(fix)

5. Analyze each sentence and complete them with the correct form of: be able to.
(affirmative, negative or interrogative)

a) Our cat ………………………………………. climb trees anymore because she was injured.
b) If you help us tomorrow, we ……………………………………………………. finish on time.
c) We overslept. Fortunately, we …………………………………………………... catch 7:30 train.
d) They are short of time. They …………………………………………………… renovate the house by the

75
 end of the year.
e) Ouch, it hurts! I …………………………………………………….. move my arm at all.
f) You can ask Tom. But I am afraid he …………………………………………………… translate the article
till Friday.
g) No problem. We ………………………………………………….the castle by noon.
h) Josh …………………………………………………… eat five sandwiches for a snack. He is a big eater.
i) …………………………………………… find a job when you live in Spain?
j) Ann feels much better. She …………………………………….. go out tomorrow, I hope.
k) The police …………………………………………… catch the burglar because he’d set off the alarm.
l) Mum is ill. I’m afraid ……………………………………… cook at the weekend.
m) Fortunately, I can speak Spanish a little bit. I ………………………………………… them directions.

6. Complete each statement affirmative, negative or question with "(be) more likely
to”or“less likely to’.

1. My mother................................... to be in the garden watering the plants. when its raining.

2. I .................................be very busy tomorrow. it’s sunday.
3. I will… .................... get hot wearing this coat
4. I will .............................. get cold wearing this coat
5. Is it ..................... that you will cry during a sad movie?
6. Is it ...................... that you will cry during a comedy movie?
7. You are.......................to loose weight if you keep eating too much
8. You are......................to gain weight if you keep exercising a lot
9. It is ............................... that we fall asleep if the principal keeps talking

7. Replace the words possible/impossible/probable/improbable with Likely and Unlikely.

a) It is impossible / ……………………. that you go to that party.
b) I am possible /………………… going to fall asleep in a minute.
c) It is probable/ ……………….. that they will get a dog.
d) It is improbable / ……………. he’s going to win the race.
e) It is probable / …………….. she will arrive late.

76
f) It is improbable / ……………. that I get a cold.

8. Mark the correct word between ¨likely¨ and ¨unlikely¨

a) It is unlikely/ likely that we get a cat. I’m allergic.
b) You are unlikely/ likely to fall asleep early, I heard you were up till late last night.
c) She is unlikely/ likely going to become a linguist. She just loves languages.
d) You are unlikely/ likely going to pass that exam. You haven’t studied anything.
e) I am unlikely/ likely going to eat that cake. I’m very hungry.
f) It’s unlikely/ likely that we go on vacation in Greece this summer. We don´t have any money.

8. Fill in the blanks with the provided words.

1. She was supposed to here at 4 pm.

2. My brother was not supposed to hisfriend’s toys.
3. We are supposed to swimming but it’sraining hard right now.
4. Students are supposed to from the teacher’s explanation.
5. I’m supposed to groceries this Sunday.
6. They are not supposed to the event. So many people have bought the tickets.
7. I’m supposed to in at the airport at eight.
8. The song is easy everybody is supposed to along.
9. Those college students are supposed to all the tasks by Friday.
10. He was supposed to surgery 20 minutes ago

Damage, Purchase, Check in, Sing , Arrive, have, Cancel, Be still, Deliver , Take notes, Start

77
D. WRITING

Prepare an essay on any of the questions you saw on the reading exercise at
the beginning of the unit This assignment must:
 Not be shorter than 100 words
 Your opinion on the selected question
 An agreement or disagreement over the stated on the reading

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..…
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

78
E. SPEAKING
In this section, by using Google meet, students will discuss about their daily activities and
their current skill set and what abilities are more likely to be used in the coming years.
Note : use be expressions

79
F. LISTENING

Watch and listen to this video footage of what you are not supposed to, if you don’t want to make
a bad first impression , then answer the questions.

Link: [Link]

 What are the 3 things you are not supposed to do?

 In what situation is not bad for your personal image to arrive late ?

 Are you personally good remembering the names of people ?

 Loud colors are good for a first impression ?

 Loud perfume is the best when you are in a formal situation, right?

 What other things are a turndown for a first impression in your opinion ?

80
● Name 3 good ways to make a good first impression that aren’t opposite of the ones in the
video

 Imagine you are in an interview for a job in a law firm what would wear ?

 How do you manage to remember people’s name ?

 Do you think the “Ecuadorian hour “ exists?

81
Unit Practicing skills Lesson
3 3C
Writing

A. READING
Process of writing a report
A report is a specific form of writing that is organized around concisely
identifying and examining issues, events, or findings that have happened in a
physical sense, such as events have occurred within an organization, or findings
from a research investigation.

Structure Advantages and Disadvantages

1. Introduction They are the second and third paragraphs.
Balance the positive and negative points fairly
2. Advantages
You can use numbering or bullet points to
3. Disadvantages
highlight main points
4. Conclusions and recommendations
Use a range of specific vocabulary or set phrases
Don’t use a lot of adjectives and dramatic
language. A report gives factual information
Introduction
It is the first paragraph, it is mandatory to: Use Phrases you can use to in the 2nd and
headings – this makes it easier to findthe main 3rdparagraph:
information
State the aim of the report and where youcollected Suggesting additional ideas
the information Another option would be to
… I would also suggest …
not a letteR Moreover / Furthermore.
Apart from this / In addition to this

Making recommendations
Conclusions and recommendations In I would strongly / highly recommend …
the last paragraph you have to: My first / second recommendation would be to ..
Generalize It would be (highly) advisable to …
Express opinions impersonallyGive
the recommendations Listing ideas
I would suggest the following: …
The following are highly recommended: ……….
Phrases you can use to end:All They suggested the following reasons:
things considered, … We have
no hesitation in

82
 Question: Your colleague has been asked to accept a group of 50 students from another
country for two weeks. You have been asked by your principal to find out what the advantages
Example1: and disadvantages would be if accepting this group. Is it a good idea?

Report on Proposed Visit by 50 Overseas Students

Introduction
The purpose of this report is to consider the advantages and disadvantages of accepting a largegroup of
students from overseas for two weeks. I have discussed the issue with all the senior members of college
staff.

Advantages
All those I interviewed believe that for students this would be an exciting opportunity to explore aforeign
culture, both in the classroom and socially. Overall, they thought the visit would be stimulating for the
college at a quiet time of the year.

Disadvantages
Some members of staff are concerned that:
1 There would be insufficient seating in the library at bus times;2 The
visitors might be more interested in enjoying themselves than studying;
3 The restaurant queue would be very slow at lunch time.

Conclusion and recommendation

Clearly, the group might cause some practical difficulties, but above all, everyone thought that the visit
should be seen as an opportunity not to be missed.
Retrieved: [Link]

In order to plan future courses our language academy would be grateful if you could write a short
Example2:
report giving us your views of the course. If you have any suggestions we would also like to hear
them.

Report about language course

Introduction
This report is intended to evaluate the success of the months English Course, which I have
attended recently at the Academy Center in English.

Negatives points
First of all, as there were twenty of us in the class, we were a bit crowded, and also the computer room was not
big enough for all of us. Another thing to mention as a drawback is the cost of the course being too high.

Pluses
As I had expected, the teachers were well-qualified and friendly, and what´s more, there were a pleasant
atmosphere among the other students. As a consequence, my English improved a lot.

Conclusion
To sum up, my only suggestion would be reducing the number per class. Otherwise, the course was great and
interesting and I have enjoyed studying. I would recommend it to my friends and I am sure I will be back in the
future.

Retrieved from: [Link]

83
B. VOCABULARY

Read the two previous examples of reports and look for the words in bold in a
dictionary. Write the meanings and a sentence for each word so you can
remember them.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

84
 Look at the exam question and report and do the exercises to improve your writing skills.
1. Fill the gaps with the correct words below
Subheading Information Recommend Aim
1. You might be asked to write a report when a person in authority needs .
2. In the first line of the introduction, you should say what the of the report is.
3. A report should be divided into paragraphs, each with a clear on the left.
4. At the end of the report, you will probably be asked to what should be done.

2. Check your understanding: True or False

1. The aim of the report is to recommend an activity and present for Macklemore's visit. True False
2. The recommendations are based on the author's opinion. True False
3. Most students agreed that the best activity was an interview. True False
4. A small minority of students liked the idea of making a book as a present. True False
5. The report makes polite suggestions based on the research done. True False

85
3. Check your writing: useful language.
Match the words and phrases with their purpose.

Summarize what you found out Conclude by giving your recommendations

Say why you are writing the report Say how you got your information

1. The aim of this report is to ...

2. It is based on a survey of ...
3. The majority/minority of ...
4. I would recommend that we ... / Perhaps we shouldconsider ...

4. Check your writing: gap fill – making recommendations.

Complete the second sentence to make recommendations in a more formal way.
1. We should write a letter to the Dean’s office
Perhaps we could consider .
2. I should write my paper
I would recommend .
3. She should prepare questions before her exam
It would be advisable .
5. We should invite all students.
I would recommend .
6. We should use a different background for the interview.
Perhaps we could consider .
7. We should designate representatives from
each state. It would be advisable .
8. We should make the booklet with professionals.
Perhaps we could consider .
9. Teachers should give students the tools to be better adults
I would recommend .
10. my mom should not cook dinner tonight .
I think that perhaps .

86
 Prepare a report to answer the following request (120-150 words length)

Recently, some data on the increase in patients receiving medical care in hemodialysis clinics
appeared in your city's newspaper. The university authorities authorized research projects to
analyze the causes of this increase in patients and carry out preventive campaigns. Among the
causes, several of them were identified, such as:
[Link] of affected staff.
[Link] habits.
[Link] situation.
You have been asked to write a report where you take into account that all these variables have
dimensions and indicators to which you must refer, to make it known to the population and
prevent this disease. Remember to make some recommendations to your work.

E. SPEAKING

In this section, by using Google meet, students will discuss about the advantages and disadvantages of
writing different types of reports about: service complaining, asking for a warranty, product change, etc.

Use the image on the link as a guide to make your report.

[Link]

87
Unit Closing activity Lesson
3 3D

Pre-reading
A.- Match the words with their correct pictures:

[Link] [Link] [Link] voucher [Link] break [Link] flights

B.-Write sentences with all these words and read them in classes.

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

C.- Read carefully:

¨…………………………………….¨

Last week my wife suggested we should have a weekend break: Barcelona or Paris.
After a few minutes on my computer I was able to book flights and a hotel, then
print out airline tickets and a hotel voucher, all done in less than half an hour.
Nothing surprising about that, you might say.

Then, I suddenly remember how things were different when I was a child. If my
parents wanted to go away they couldn´t just use the Internet (because there was
not internet). Well, of course it existed, but ordinary people weren´t able to use it.
It was only used by a few universities and some government agencies. They had to
phone a travel agent or drive into town and go to a travel agency.

88
 It´s the same thing with phones. I remember once, when I was a teenager, going out with some
friends and missing the last bus home. Of course, none of us had a mobile phone. So we spent
hours searching for a phone box so we can call for a taxi. Eventually we managed to find one,
but by then it was 2 am and we were freezing cold.

In those days mobile phones were an expensive luxury. Even if you had one, you were only
able to use it in big cities because there was no signal in the countryside. And they were huge
(not much smaller than a house brick). Now I have a phone that´s not bigger than a box of
matches. And I can phone anyone, anywhere in the world, any time I feel like it. It can even
be used to look at the Internet.

Can you imagine how exciting it was the first time an engineer managed to make a phone
small enough to put in your pocket? It must have been amazing. But I´m sure that in the future
they will be able to make them small enough to wear as a wristwatch!

While-reading activities

D.- Write True (T) or False (F) according to the reading. Justify the False one.
a) My husband wanted to visit Barcelona or Paris. ____
b) My parents had Internet at home. ____
c) When I was a teenager I didn´t have a mobile phone. ____
d) Nowadays, my phone is small. ____
e) I have a wristwatch phone. ____

E.- Answer these questions in reference to the text:

1.- Did the man go to a travel agency to make book flights?

2.- What time did the man last in making all the reservations?

3.- What is the difference between now and when the man was a child?

4.- What did a few universities and some government agencies use?

5.-Why did ordinary people weren´t able to use the Internet?

6.- Where did everybody have to go if they want to make book flights?
89
7.- Did the man remember a story about when he was a teenager?

8.- Did he go out with his relatives when he was a teenager?

9.- What did he miss once when he were out with his friends?

10.- Did they have mobile phones?

11.- What place did they spend hours searching for?

12.-Why did they have the need to search for that place?

13.- Was it early when they finally find it?

14.- Were they hungry and thirsty?

15,- How much do you think a mobile phone cost in those days?

16.- Could people use their mobile phones everywhere they go? Why?

17.- Which was the size of a mobile phone in that time?

18.- Is the man´s phone bigger than a box of matches ?

19.- Can the man call a person who lives in the other side of the world at night?

20.-How do you think an engineer felt when he was trying to make a small

pocket phone?

90
 Post-reading activities

According to the reading:

Do you think it will be able to use a wristwatch phone in the near future?

Listen to your partners’ opinions and comment if it is possible or not according with
the development of the technology nowadays; advantages or disadvantages of this
kind of accessory.

B. Write a title for this reading: …………………………………………………………………………

C.- Analyze the main ideas of each paragraph of the text and write a resume in not less than
120 words.

91
 What have I learned so far? Lesson
Unit 3E
3 o Self-assessment

LANGUAGE BUILDER

Vocabulary
Label the pictures with the following words

Crush Erosion Feed Acquisition Dexterity Throughout

Foreign Interviewed Staff Issue

b c d
a

e g h
f

j
i

GRAMMAR
PAST TENSE MODALS

Put the words in the right order.

a. Never do that again!

Have / hurt / could / you / yourself

92
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

b. It’s all my fault!

Happen / I / shouldn’t / let this / have

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

c. I didn’t know that the man was a swindler.

Card credentials / him / wouldn’t / told / I / have / my

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

d. Where are Sue and Matt?

Have / the meeting / They / about / must / forgotten
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

e. What a nasty weather!

We / stayed / at home / have / should
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

BE EXPRESSIONS

Complete the sentence with the correct expression of the verb TO BE. They can be affirmative or
negative.

1. Mariah haven’t studied at all. ____________________ (pass) the level.

2. I am sure men ______________________ (spend) money in luxurious motorcycles than women.

3. Sales ____________________ (rise) on Christmas time.

4. Kids __________________________ (sleep) very early at nights.

READING
Read the following text and label the paragraphs with the most suitable regret.

A. I wish that I had let myself be happier.

B. I wish I hadn’t worked so hard.
C. I wish I had stayed in touch with my friends.
D. I wish I had taken more risks in my life.
E. I wish I’d had the courage to express my feelings.

93
 LISTENING

Listen to the following video and mark the sentences True or False.
1) What will likely happen?

a) There will be big crowds.

b) The games will be cancelled.
c) The games will be held.

2) What will likely happen eventually?

a) The companies will not merge.

b) People will lose their jobs.
c) People will work from home.

3) What does the professor say is unlikley?

a) The campus will open.

b) Things will never go back to normal.
c) He will only teach from home.

4) Who will likely attend the party?

a) Susan and her family

b) Tom and his family
c) Their coworkers

Link: [Link]

94
 WRITING

Write a 100-120-length composition about the following question:

Have you ever made a big mistake with irreversible, negative consequences? If so, you’re not alone.
Share a situation that have made you feel regret. Do not forget to use the past tense modals learned.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

95
96
 A bank heist story! Lesson
Unit
4A
o Passive Voice

WARM-UP

A. Watch the video (from 1:00 to 3:00) and answer the following questions.

What is the video about?

______________________________________
______________________________________

Do you remember any heist in

Ecuador? When, where and who
was the robbery master mind?
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Follow the link:
[Link]

READING
A bank robbery story

PREVIEW THE READING

LANGUAGE BUILDER

[Link] the pictures with the phrases from the box.

1. Vault 6. Heist 11. claim

2. Dealer 7. Shoot 12. Seal off
3. Tenant 8. Jewelry 13. standstill
4. Lead by 9. Unidentified 14. thieves
5. Retrieved 10. Feat 15. Dial

97
 a b c d

e g h
f

i j k l

m n o

WORK WITH THE READING Tip

Sequencing events Read the first time to get the
main ideas. Then, read it again
for details.

C. Read the following fragments and put the story in order (from 1 to 11).
taken but the bank has not yet revealed how much
Police arrived within minutes after shots were
Detective Superintendent Andy Chan of B Division later made a statement saying that no
arrests had been
heard coming from inside the bank and a member of the public dialed 99
Armed robbers have escaped with an unknown quantity of cash in a daylight raid on a
bank in Central District, Hong Kong.
One customer told reporters, 'We were told
A large area of Central District was sealed
It is thought that at least ten million Hong Kong dollars (US$ 1.3 million) in cash and
other valuables were
off bringing traffic to a standstill. However, all of the thieves managed to escape.
made so far but he was confident the men would be found soon.
to lie on the floor and that if anyone moved, they would be shot.

98
 Comprehension check

Scanning
C. Read the fragments in order quickly and answer the following questions.

1. How much money was taken?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
2. What was taken besides cash?
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. What happened to the customers in the bank?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. When did the police arrive?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. What progress have the police made?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR – Passive Voice

We use Passive voice when we focus more in the result of the action and not in the person who
make the action. The passive voice is also used when the doer of the action is not known, not
specific, or less important than the action itself.

Here we have a set of examples for the different tenses in active and passive voice.

99
 Tense Subject Verb Object
Present Active: Rita writes a letter
simple
Passive: A letter is written by Rita
Active: Rita wrote a letter
Past
simple Passive: A letter was written by Rita

Active: Rita will write a letter

Future
Passive: A letter will be written by Rita

GRAMMAR PRACTICE
D. Turn these sentences into the passive form
SIMPLE PRESENT SIMPLE PAST

1. They skip rocks in the river 1. He found love with her

S
2. He runs the practices on the other 2. They started a fire with a lighter.
gym
3. Sandra killed the mouse in the kitchen.
3. I feed my baby every two hours
4. I built the IKEA furniture in
4. Jhon develops the program for the afternoon.
the computer.
5. We won the championship.
5. I burrow money from my mon.
6. Nat broke Mary’s leg accidentally.
6. She cooks dinner 20:00
7. People from all over the world visited
7. Japan manufactures the best cars the museum.
_

A. Can you find the correct passive or active form?

 The club was founded by Ron and Peggy.

 Children played football.

100
  The telephone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell.

 An Irish man is the writer of this book.

 Her mother packed her son’s backpack.

 The chart was made by us.

B. Grammar Gap fill. Fill in the blank with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Use the passive
voice form.

The most famous bank heist (1) _______________ (carry out) in 2000. Armed robbers have escaped with
an unknown quantity of cash in a daylight raid on a bank in Central District, New York.

It (2)_________________ (think) that more than US$ 5 million in cash and jewelries (3)
_________________(take) from the vault, but the bank manager hasn’t revealed yet how much.

All the streets that surround the bank (4) ______________________ (seal off) bringing traffic to a
standstill. Nevertheless, all of the robbers managed to escape. One of the witnesses told reporters, ‘We
(5) _________________ (force) to cover our eyes and lay on the floor and that if anyone moved, they
would shoot right away” Other witness said that their belongings (6)_______________ (take) as well.

Police arrived within minutes after shots and screams (10) _________________ (hear) coming from
inside the bank and a member of the public dialed 999.

Detective Superintendent Robert Mendez of the second Division later made a statement saying that no
arrests (11) _________________ (make) so far but he was confident the men (12)
_____________________ (find) soon.

LISTENING
Comprehension check
C. Listen to the audio and mark the sentences True or False. Then, correct each false statement to make
it true. Link: [Link] (from 0:29 to 3:00)

1. The largest diamond heist in history was in 2003. True False

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

2. Fortunately, the diamonds were retrieved later. True False

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
3. Leonardo Bartolo was a diamond dealer for a while. True False

101
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
4. The police were convinced that Leonardo Bartolo was the robbery True False
mastermind hired by an anonymous dealer to make the heist.
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

WRITING & SPEAKING

Imagine you are a journalist and write a report of 90 words length about a bank heist story.
Use the following key words and phrases:
lie on the floor robbers sealed off confident bank
arrests valuables shots cash

Note: Use the passive voice

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Make a one-minute video reporting the bank heist story you created above and
…………………………………………………..…
upload it on the Moodle platform.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
Suggestions:……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Use as much images or videos as you can while you are reporting to illustrate the
……………………………………………………
story.……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
- Follow the reading example of the pg. 79 as a guide.
……………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………… 102
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
 Why is Ukraine being invaded by Lesson
Unit Russia?
4B
o Passive Voice – Part 2

WARM-UP
A. Watch the video and answer the following questions.

What is the video about?

______________________________________
______________________________________

Do you know why Ukraine is

being invaded by Russia?
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

Follow the link: [Link]

B. Listen to the video. Circle the correct answers.

1. An estimate of:
a. more than 5000 civilians have been killed.
b. Less than 500 civilians have been killed
c. Almost 5000 civilians have been killed

2. In order to Russia seeks peace, Ukraine’s president Zelensky said that:

a. Every Ukrainian must defend freedom and fight.
b. Every Russian must defend and fight.
c. Every Ukrainian must defend their posture and look for Victory.

3. According to what Ukraine’s president Zelensky said, it is implicit that the results of persistence
of defending freedom will add a peaceful life:
a) During war
b) In short terms
c) In long terms

103
 READING
Why is Ukraine being attacked by Putin?

PREVIEW THE READING

LANGUAGE BUILDER

C. Look for the meaning of these words in a dictionary and create a sentence per word.

1. Troops 6. Deploy 11. Overtures

2. Tanks 7. Lead to 12. Stance
3. Civilians 8. Warfare 13. Antagonistic
4. Bounded 9. Bloody 14. Reunite
5. Flee 10. Statehood

Example: 1. Troop: The troop liberated the people of the town from the invaders.

2. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
6. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
7. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
13. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
104
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

WORK WITH THE READING

Skimming

C. Read the title, the following article, and see the photos in order to choose
the main idea of the whole text.

1. The article focuses on pointing out the reasons the president of Russia has to
invade Ukraine.
2. The article focuses on illustrating and informing the current crisis in Ukraine.
3. The article focuses on informing by mentioning in detail all the new Western
sanctions on Russia.

Why is Ukraine being attacked by Putin?

In a recent speech, the Russian president laid out the nationalist ideas that encouraged him — and
helped cause the Ukraine crisis. On February 23, 11:50 pm: In a Wednesday night speech, Russian
President Vladimir Putin said that a “special military operation” would begin in Ukraine. Russian
troops and tanks have been used to attack Ukraine on all fronts. Multiple news organizations
reported explosions in multiple cities and evidence of large-scale military operations happening
across Ukraine. Also, indiscriminate killing, sexual violence, and torture are been reported and
documented. Many reporters have said that “Unfortunately, 5000 civilians have been killed in the
105
 conflict" Some pictures of bodies on the streets have been shared on social media. Bodies, which
appeared to have been shot in the back, or bodies of people whose hands were bounded behind their
backs. Therefore, it is not surprising that over 11 million Ukrainians have been forced to flee their
houses and be displaced".

Perhaps the biggest question behind the current crisis in Ukraine is this: What is Vladimir Putin
thinking?

The Russian president’s decision to deploy large numbers of troops to eastern Ukraine has already
triggered new Western sanctions on Russia. A full invasion could lead to land warfare on a scale
Europe hasn’t seen since World War II, a bloody and devastating conflict for Russians and Ukrainians
alike. What could justify even threatening that?

Putin’s clearest answer yet came in a speech delivered on Monday. He believes that Ukraine is an
illegitimate country that exists on land that’s historically and rightfully Russian: “Ukraine actually
never had stable traditions of real statehood,” as he puts it. According to him, Ukraine will no longer
be considered a separated territory of Russia. Putin also claimed that “the collapse of the Soviet Union
was a major geopolitical disaster [in which] tens of millions of our co-citizens and compatriots were
found themselves outside Russian territory.”

The overtures to the West from the current government of Ukraine are an attempt to stand up to this
false regime, as is its antagonistic stance toward Moscow. This combination — an anti-Russian
regime in what Putin views as rightfully Russian territory populated by rightfully Russian people —
is unacceptable to him.

“Ukraine might have remained a sovereign state so long as it had a pro-Putin government,” says Seva
Gunitsky, a political scientist at the University of Toronto who studies Russia. “Reuniting the lands
formally would probably not have been at the forefront of the agenda if Putin felt he had enough
political support from the Ukrainian regime.”

Reading for details

D. Read the article again and answer the following questions.

106
1. What have been used to attack Ukraine?
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Mention the most three impactful news for you that have been reported.

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

3. According to the reading, what is the main reason why Putin is attacking Ukraine?

_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

4. According to Gunitsky, what could have been done differently so that Russia would not consider
reuniting the lands?
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR – Passive Voice

107
The passive voice consists of a form of be + past participle. (If the doer of the action is known
and specific, the phrase by + noun can be used.) In passive verbs, the be form reflects the tense.
The passive can be used in all tenses and after modals.

Present Perfect Simple Passive Future Be going to Passive

108
GRAMMAR PRACTICE

E. Rewrite the sentences using the Passive Voice. Start with the words given.

2. They have cleaned the new clinic

The new clinic .

3. Thomas has written many books.

The tickets

4. The bus driver will take the tourists to the hotel. The
tourist

5. The mayor will not close the hospital.

The hospital

6. The jewels are going to be hidden in a safe place. In safe

place

7. The meeting is going to be held tomorrow at 10:00 a.m.

Tomorrow _______________________________

8. The mayor has discussed the problem with different environmental

organizations.

The problem _______________________________

9. People shouldn’t throw trash in the street.

Trash _______________________________

10. Have the police caught the man?

Has the man _______________________________

f. Change these active sentences to passive.

a. Has Lionel signed the contract? ______
b. Has the surgeon performed the operation? _____
c. Our salesmen have sold all the carpets ______
d. The zookeepers have captured the lion in the forest ____
e. Dr. Phillips have treated all the patients ______
f. Have the customers paid you? ______

109
 g. Everybody has approved Joana’s suggestion ______
h. Does the price include lunch? _____
i. They are going to cut Tom from the team _____
r. They are building a new bridge over the river_ _______
s. Tom would accept our offer. _______
t. They have found your watch ________
u. The police are going to investigate the case _____

v. He sold his house for _______

w. Who is going to pay the bill? _____
x. Disneyland is going to give us a big discount ______
y. . They are going to train me for the job _______

F. In the present perfect tense, we make passive verb forms by putting has/have + been
before the past participle form of the verb. Sentences are given in the active voice.
Change them into the passive.

1. Somebody has watered the plants.

_______________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Somebody has taken the money
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Somebody has bought the presents
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Jane has finished the report
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Alfred has killed the president
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
6. You have repaired the motorcycle
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
7. The team have built the road
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
8. We have elected that man
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
9. I have learned many lessons
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
10. The boss has fired the whole legal team
_______________________________________________________________________________________________

G. Rewrite the sentences from passive to active.

The new chemical exploded while testing
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
110
 These computers are selling in many different stores
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
Almost in every country people speak English
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
People grow coffee in Brazil
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
James Cook discovered Australia
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
People kill turtles for their shell
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….
They are building a new stadium near the old church.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………

WRITING & SPEAKING

[Link] groups of 5, create a timeline wall in Padlet with all the events that have occurred in such a way
it is explained why Ukraine is invaded by Russia. Do not forget that in each event (point in timeline),
they should be 1-2 statements that explain or support the event. This process should be done in
chronological order. In addition, use the passive voice as much as you can. Also, do not forget to include
multimedia resources that can illustrate better the timeline.

C. Once you have finished to include one-two statements in each of the chronological points or events
in the timeline, the group has to create an additional post per each point to add a third supportive
statement using Passive Voice. This time it should be orally.
111
 The UK’s response to Ukraine Lesson
Unit Refugies
4C
o Comparative and Superlative forms

WARM-UP

A. Watch the video (from 1:00 to 2:55) and answer the following questions.

What is the video about?

______________________________________
______________________________________

What is UK’s posture in the

emissions of VISAS to Ukrainians?
______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________
Are they acting effectively?

______________________________________
______________________________________

Follow the link:

[Link]

Comprehension check

B. Listen to the video. Mark true or false the following statements and correct
each false one. Finally, answer a question.

1. Before Russian invasion, The U.S.A. warned of

a devastating loss of lives and a refugee crisis TRUE FALSE

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

[Link] Johnson did not keep his promise of

being and support Ukrainians during the crisis TRUE FALSE

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

112
 3. It is estimated that at least 20000 refugees
Have left Ukraine. TRUE FALSE

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. The number of Visa issued by UK is longer than
other European countries. TRUE FALSE

_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________

5. How many Visas had UK issued and how many applications had it received?

__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

READING
The UK’s response to Ukraine Refugees

PREVIEW THE READING

LANGUAGE BUILDER

C. Match the words with the corresponding definitions.

Paragraph 1

1. lambasted a. A person or thing regarded as shameful and unacceptable.

2. response b. Criticize someone or something harshly.
3. disgrace c. A large-scale systematic plan or arrangement for attaining an
object or goal.
4. scheme d. The action of managing or operating something.
5. running e. A reaction to something.
6. paltry f. Cause someone to feel upset or annoyed as a result of being
unable to change or achieve something.
7. frustrating g. (of an amount) very small or meagre.

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Paragraph 2

8. hold back h. Total.

9. absolute i. Irritated; annoyed.
10. incompetence j. Hesitate to act or speak.
11. sack k. Inability to do something successfully; ineptitude.
12. irked l. Scolded someone severely.
13. castigated m. Dismiss from employment; fire.
14. bureaucracy n. Excessively complicated administrative procedure.

WORK WITH THE READING

Skimming
D. Read the following text and fill in the blank with the right option.

One of Britain's most popular radio hosts has (1) ____ his government's response to the Ukrainian
refugee crisis. Nick Ferrari of the radio station LBC called the situation "a disgrace". The UK has two
visa schemes (2) ____ to help refugees relocate to the UK. The government said it had received 79,800
visa applications from Ukrainians and had (3) ____ far issued 40,900 visas. However, a (4) ____ 12,000
refugees had arrived in Britain. Poland has taken in nearly 3 million refugees and Germany has taken
in 300,000. The UK's neighbour Ireland, with a population one-twelfth (5) ____ of Britain's, has
welcomed over 20,000 refugees. The UK's Home Secretary Priti Patel has apologised for (6) ____ she
called the "most frustrating" situation.

Nick Ferrari did not (7) ____ back in his criticism of his government's response. He called on the whole
government to be (8) ____. He said: "It's an absolute scandal.... This is the most embarrassing respond
to humanity. This is beyond comprehension. He also said: The support and process of Visa
applications should be faster and more efficient, considering that the tension to Ukraine are even
worse and it is larger in scale and scope in the massing of forces than anything we have seen so far. As
time passes faster and faster without a solution in the process, the despair in Ukraine also grows more

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and more disproportionately. How can this level of incompetence survive? (9) ____ the whole...lot of
them." Mr Ferrari was particularly irked by the visa application process, which includes Ukrainians
(10) ____ refuge in the UK having to fill out a 51-page online application form in English.

He also castigated the government for its mountain of (11) ____ tape. Over 200,000 Britons have
applied to accept a refugee into their home, but excessive bureaucracy means applications are
rejected if a home has a garden pond. Many say the UK's visa schemes are set (12) ____ to fail.

Which of these words go in the above text?

1. (a) rambunctious (b) lambasted (c) basted (d) blasting

2. (a) pacing (b) running (c) managing (d) scheming

3. (a) then (b) that (c) this (d) thus

4. (a) patsy (b) paltry (c) parity (d) party

5. (a) which (b) that (c) what (d) thus

6. (a) which (b) that (c) what (d) thus

7. (a) fold (b) bold (c) hold (d) told

8. (a) fried (b) feared (c) fired (d) fared

9. (a) Rack (b) Lack (c) Back (d) Sack

10. (a) wanting (b) wants (c) wanted (d) want

11. (a) red (b) blue (c) sticky (d) video

12. (a) down (b) on (c) up (d) in

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GRAMMAR – Comparative and Superlative forms

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVES

Base adjective
Comparative Superlative
/adverb

Strict Stricter (adj) / less The strictest (adj)

strict (adv) - than / the least strict
(adv)
prettier (adj) / less The prettiest (adj) /
Pretty
pretty The
(adv) – than least pretty (adv)
More carefully The most carefully
Carefully (adj) / less (adj) / the least
carefully (adv) carefully (adv)
–than
EXPRESSIONS WITH COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVES
As Hong Kong grew bigger and bigger,
-~er and -~er more and
more + adj./adv. it also grew more and more popular

The faster you are, the better (= It’s best

The+ comparative adj./adv. to be as fast and focus as possible.)
+ subject + verb, the better
One of + superlative We were one of the most interesting
adj. + musical acts in Japan.
plural noun
Intensive + Much / a lot / far / considerably
comparative/superlative nicer;
by far / far and away the nicest
EXPRESIONS FOR THINGS THAT ARE EQUAL
Subject A am/are/is/was/were AS Adj. AS Subject B

EXAMPLES
Jane is as good player as Charlotte
AM/ARE/IS They are as strong as the other team
I am as beautiful as Karen
My mom was as tall as she is now
WAS / WERE
We were as disappointed then as we are
now

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 GRAMMAR PRACTICE

E. Write the correct comparative in the statements below.

1. Robert's hat is _ (big) than mine.

2. Snakes are (long) than rats.

3. My new trousers are (wide) than those black ones.

4. Helen is (smart) than his brother.

5. German is _ (complicated) than English.

F. Circle the correct words

6. It´s a very nice house. It´s _ [the most big/the biggest/] house in the street.

7. This isn’t a cheap restaurant. It´s [the most expensive/the expensiveest/] I´ve ever been.

8. It was a very cheap painting. I´m sure it was _ [the cheapest/the most
cheap] painting in the gallery.
9. She´s a very good tennis player. Her trainer says she is _ [the most good/the goodest/the
best].
10. He´s a very dangerous criminal. The police says he is _ [the most
dangerous/the dangerousest] in the country.

G. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the adjectives in brackets:

1. Brad is by far (ugly) boy in town.

2. My friends arrived (late) we expected.
3. My dad is (good) person that I know.
4. Who is (rich) man in the world?
[Link] by plane is (expensive) and (safe) travelling by train.
6. Jennifer Aniston is (beautiful) Angelina Jolie.
7. His mother is much (old) I thought.
8. Ben is (tall) golfer in the world.
9. Tom is (fat) and (short) his brother.
10. His new novel is (exciting) his previous one.
11. Do you think that money is (good) love?
12. In my opinion, John is one of (brave) men in the world.
13. These Math exercises are (easy) yours.
14. ‘Romeo and Juliet’ is (dramatic) play we have ever read.
15. Your sister is (tall) in your family.

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 H. Fill the blank with equalities

1. Apples oranges. (good)

2. This cake the pie.(cheap)

3. My phone the one in the store. (expensive)

4. In the pasr my car Karen’s car is now. (fast )

5. Yesterday it is today. (cold)

6. In the past silver gold. (valuable)

7. There were dinosaurs (big) a house.

I. Rephrase the following sentences using comparatives and superlatives.

1. Never have I seen such a fantastic show!

It's the most
2. I've never read such a bad poem.
It's
3. I've never seen such a funny film.
It's the
4. To our great surprise we found one immediately.
The surprise was all
5. I have never met such a silly woman.
She
6. As he advanced, the jungle became thicker.
The further
7. I've never read such a good thriller in my life!
It's the
8. He's never played such a good game.
This is

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WRITING & SPEAKING

In groups of 5, create a comparative infographic of how supportive are being the

European country with Ukraine during Russia’s attack considering a description of a
comparison between Russia-Ukraine military force and other aspects. To this, each
group has to make a research and use the comparative and superlative form learned
in the Infographic. CANVA website is recommended.

Finally, each group should present in class a mini summary about the topic and what the
most challenging part of this task was. Also, they can comment their thoughts about this
learning process so far.

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 Russia’s invasion to Ukraine Report Lesson
Unit 4D
o
An authentic performance task

WARM-UP

A. Watch the video and answer the following questions.

What is the Video about?

______________________________________
______________________________________
______________________________________

Follow the link: [Link]

B. Watch the video again and answer the following questions.

1. What kind of video is it?

a. Live action video

b. Whiteboard video
c. Informative / explainer video
d. Persuasive video
e. News video
f. Tutorial video

1. Mention some elements considered for the creation of this informative video
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Mention some communicative aspects a presenter should consider to inform an

issue

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

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 STUDY
How to make video news that rock in social media?

Follow the link and watch the following tutorial and takes notes of the most
relevant tips to make a News-Style video.
[Link]

How to make your own explainer video?

Follow the link and read about an explainer video and highlight the most relevant
information of how to make an explainer video.
[Link]
[Link]
[Link]
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 ACTIVATE

The Authentic Performance task: A news-style/informative video

about Russia’s invasion to Ukraine.

In groups of five, create a three-minutes informative video or a news-style video about

the invasion of Russia in Ukraine and why It is being attacked by Russia. For that, you
and your group will use all the materials and products you have created in the previous
lessons: timeline and infographic. Each of the members should actively collaborate
and appear in the video explaining the issue. It is recommended to use the warm-up
video as a model. Not less importantly, do not forget to use the passive voice and
comparative and superlative forms in the script. It is recommended the use of
CANVA and ANIMOTO or others websites to create your video.

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 What have I learned so far? Lesson
Unit 4E
o Self-assessment

LANGUAGE BUILDER

Vocabulary
Create an example sentence per word:

1. Forces
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. Hold back
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Disgrace

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

4. Troops
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

5. Reunite
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

6. Civilians
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

7. Dealer
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

8. Thieves
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

GRAMMAR

PASSIVE VOICE

Change the following active sentences into the passive voice:

Civilians shouldn’t be in the streets 123

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________
Some people destroyed the peace symbol between Russia and Ukraine
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

The money is going to be hidden in the governor’s apartment

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

The mayor will not put the thieves in jails

_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

Reporters have written some articles about a possible World War III.
_______________________________________________________________________________________________________

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE FORMS

Fill in the blank with the correct form of the adjective

1. Ukraine military force _____________ (not powerful) than Russia’s.

2. Russia is ___________________ (long) in Asia.
3. The thieves were __________ (clever) than the police officers.
4. Ukraine is being ___________ (supported) by countries than what Russia is.

READING
Read the following text and choose the right option.

Amid growing tensions on the Russia-Ukraine border, a top US general has warned of "horrific"
consequences of any armed conflict. General Mark Milley warned that any Russian action would
result in a significant number of deaths. He said: "An invasion will not be cost-free in terms of
casualties." General Milley told reporters that Russia's 100,000 troops on Ukraine's border was
very worrying. He said: "This is larger in scale and scope in the massing of forces than anything
we have seen in recent memory, and I think you'd have to go back quite a while into the Cold War
days to see something of this magnitude." Russia says it has no plans to invade and says US
support for Ukraine is the biggest threat.

Russia has accused the USA and NATO of being the aggressors in the latest tensions. It says it is
unacceptable for US and NATO forces to be so close to Russia's borders. Moscow also called for
Ukraine to be banned from joining NATO. The US said this request was untenable. NATO said
Ukraine had the right to choose its own allies. Russia said NATO should end any military activity
in Eastern Europe, and pull troops out of Poland and the Baltic states of Estonia, Latvia and
Lithuania. In addition, it called for NATO not to deploy missiles in countries near or bordering
Russia. Ukraine's President Zelensky has accused the West of creating "panic" over a possible
invasion.

1) What is the US general's name?

124
a) Mark O'Malley
b) Mark Milley
c) Mike Milley
d) Mike O'Malley

2) What did the general say would not be "cost-free"?

a) Threats
b) Missiles
c) An invasion
d) Borders

3) How many troops did the general say are on the border?
a) 120,000
b) 110,000
c) 150,000
d) 100,000

4) When was the last time we saw such a build-up of troops?

a) 2018
b) During the Cold War
c) World War II
d) Last year

5) What did Russia say was the biggest threat?

a) US support for Ukraine
b) Climate change
c) Cybercrime
d) Space wars

6) What does Russia not want to be deployed near its borders?

a) Satellites
b) Data centers
c) Warehouses
d) Missiles

LISTENING

Listen to the following video (3:00 – 4:55) and mark the sentences True or False.

1. In 2017,15 men who were transporting 318 million dollars,

were arrested by some police officers in Brazil. True False

2. This almost was considered he largest robbery in the country’s

History. True False
125
3. Police reported that the creation of the tunnel was done more than
One year ago. True False

4. The tunnel had sophisticated characteristics. True False.

WRITING

Write a report of the most impactful new you have heard so far. Use between 100-120 words of
length. Use the passive voice and the comparative and superlative forms.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

126
UNIT Travel & Tourism Lesson
Wonders of the World 5A
A. READING

a) Read the text and try to match each of the natural wonders with the pictures below.

a. The Grand Canyon is in the state of Arizona in the U.S.A. The Colorado river, which runs through the
canyon, has gradually made the impressive formations visitors see. The Grand Canyon is 277 miles long,
up to 18 miles wide and has a depth of over 5250 ft. the manylayers of rock in the canyon are thought to
be over two billion years old.

b. Mount Everest is part of the Himalayan mountain range in Asia. Standing at about
5.5 miles, it is the highest mountain in the world and also one of the youngest. Scientists believe the
Himalayan Mountains were created millions of years ago when India, which was then a separate
continent, and Asia crashed into each other.

c. Victoria Falls is a magnificent waterfall. It is 5,577 ft, wide, making it the largest curtain of water in
the world. The falls are on the Zambezi River, which marks the border between Zambia and Zimbabwe
in Africa. You can see and hear the roaring of the falls from many miles away. The people of that area call
it Mosi-oa-Tunya which means “smoke that thunders”.

d. The Great Barrier Reef is close to the northeastern coast of Australia. It is made of living coral, sand
and rock. The Great Barrier Reef is home of lots of amazing sea creatures. What makes it so unique is the
fact that it stretches for more than 1,240 miles across the [Link] is the world’s largest living structure and
can be seen from outer space.

e. The Harbor of Rio de Janeiro, located in Brazil, is one of the largest natural harbors inthe world. The
dark blue water of the harbor is surrounded by spectacular mountains including the famous Sugar Loaf
Mountain and Corcovado Mountain. The natural harbor also has some of the world’s most beautiful and
famous beaches such as Copacabana and Ipanema.

f. The Northern Lights, also called the aurora borealis, is a natural light display that dances across the
night sky. You can see this impressive light show, particularly in the skies of the northern region. It is
most intense from December to March when nights are longer andthe sky is clearer and darker. The
Northern Lights give off colors that include red, green, blueand violet, and a single display can last 10 to
15 minutes. The lights are created by storms onthe sun which affect the magnetic poles on Earth.

g. Paricutin is a volcano located in Michoacán, Mexico. On February 20th1943, the ground under a
cornfield cracked open and out of it exploded a volcanic cone made of rock and lava. The amazing event
127
was actually witnessed by a farmer. The eruptions continued and the cone reached more than 1,100 ft.
high within a year. The cone continued to grow for another 8 years but added only another 288ft. it is now
about 9, [Link].

a) Read the text again and answer the following questions. Write full answers.

• What are the measures of the Grand Canyon , and which river runs through it?

• What is the Great Barrier of Reef’s surface?

• What causes the northern lights, and when?

• When we talk about Sugar Loaf and Corcovado Mountain, what beaches surround them?

• How do local people call Victoria Falls?

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B. VOCABULARY

a) Match the seven NEW wonders of the world with the picture below.

A. Christ the
redeemer

B. Petra

C. Colosseum

D. Taj mahal

E. Chichen Itza

F. Great wall of
china

G. Machu
picchu

b) Match the words and their meanings

Runs through Huge amount of indistinct noise

Crashed into each other Able to go through

Roaring When it reaches the far end of something

Stretches An enormous pier

Harbor Show physical particularities

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C. GRAMMAR
REPORTED SPEECH
In Direct Speech, we repeat the exact words that someone said. We usually used the verb Say
and the words of the
speakers are put in quotation marks (“”).

In Reported Speech, we report the meaning of what someone said, without using their exact
words. We use a reporting verb, usually say or tell, followed by that (which can be omitted)
andthe reported statement.

130
Exercises. Rewrite the sentence using Reported Speech.

1. “I live in London ” Camila said.

2. “I I’m craving for sushi ” Carl’s wife said.

3. “My roommates, they enjoy cooking their meals .” My brother said.

4. “I have watch the whole season in one night .” Raul said.

5. “I stayed home last night .” Julio said.

Exercises. Select the right answer using Reported Speech.

1. “I wanted to go to the club .” Jorge said.

a) That he has want. b) That He want. c) That he wanted.

2. “I cant live with my salary” My Father said.

a)That he wont live with my salary … b) That he cant live with his salary c) That he can live.

3. “I must go to the dentist tomorrow.” Mario said.

a) That he should went. b) That He could go.. c) That he will go….

4. “I have studied in that school for 5 years.” Karla said.

a) That she has study b) That she has studied. c) That she studied.

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Report the following statements.
1. “I ‘m going away tomorrow ”.
James said -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. “I don’t like going to the cinema on Saturdays.”
Peter said --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. “Please get me to the airport.”
Maria said --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. “She was so beautiful when she was young.”
They said ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. “We don’t eat sweets or watch TV.”
The children said -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
6. “I love like horror films.”
My girlfriend said -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
7. “I won’t be on TV. .”
Joshua said -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
8. “There is a fire around the corner.”
Mrs. Robins said --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
9. “I love eating French food”
Barbara said ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
10. “Sara is going to star a new job tomorrow.”
Peter said --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
11. “Girls love to feel protected.”
He said -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
12. “They made a terrible mistake .”
Tom said ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
13. “I stole the show last weekend.”
Brenda said -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
14. “We are going to our class.”
They said ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

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Yes-No questions
Task 1 – Make reported questions in the present. Look at the
example. e.g.: Is this my birthday cake?

1) “Will you send me an e-mail?” Marty to Kim

2) “Were you doing homework when the earthquake happened ?” Mother to the son

3) “Did you give up the career last month?” Father to daughter

4) “Have you done the dishes and mopped the floor?” Mom to me

5) “Can’t you call your mother at home?” The officer to Tim

6) “Do you like paragliding?” I to Thomas

7) “Has your house been redecorated?” My neighbor to me

133
 [Link]

Watch the video and answer the following questions.

Pick a couple interviewees and rewrite their answers in reported speech .Must
pick at least two questions and two interviewees.
Must be at least 100 words long.
[Link]

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

E. SPEAKING

Make a loom presentation or a short video answering the questions made to the interviewees pick at least
two questions

134
 Out of Town Lesson
Unit
5B
Direct and indirect speech

The Grand Canyon

questions.
 Where is the Grand Canyon located?

_
 Who escaped in a small boat on the Colorado River?

_
 How many miles is the Grand Canyon?

_
 Can tourists travel the narrow paths to the bottom of the valley in cars?

_
 What happened in the Grand Canyon in 1919?

_
Youtube Link: [Link]

135
 [Link]

Read the text about South America and answer the following questions. Use full answers

South America
The Amazon is the longest river in South America – 6.437 kilometers. It is also very wide in some [Link]
around the Amazon River there is a huge forest called the Amazon forest. It is very hot and wet andit rains
every day. There are tall trees and enormous flowers. There aren’t any really big animals, but there are
monkeys, snakes, pumas, caimans and all kinds of birds and insects especially mosquitoes.
The Atacama Desert is in South America too, in the north of Chile. It never rains in the desert. The sky is
always clear. There aren’t any animals or vegetation. During the day it’s very hot but in the evening it gets
verycold. Lake Titicaca is the highest navigable lake in the world. It is 3.180 meters above the sea. There are
a lot of big frogs in Lake Titicaca half a meter long. Mount Aconcagua in Argentina, is the highest mountin
South America with 6.960 meters.

 Is it very hot and humid in the Amazon Rainforest every day?

__ _ _ _ _ _
 What kind of animals are there in the Amazon rainforest?

__ _ _ _ _ _ _

 Where is the Atacama Desert located?

__ _ _ _ _ _
 What is the name of the highest navigable lake in the world?

__ _ _ _ _ _ _

136
[Link]

About flying
Match each word or phrase with the correct definition
1. Layover

2. Round-trip

3. Airfare

4. Connection

5. Economy class

6. Destination

7. Direct /Non-Stop

8. Depart

a) To leave, to go on a trip or journey

b) Without stopping

c) The cheapest kind of seat on a plane

d) Astop during a long trip
e) The cost of an airplane ticket

f) When you get off one flight and on to another

g) The place you are going to
h) Traveling to a place and back

137
[Link]
REPORTED SPEECH 2

 We commonly use tell or order when we report commands and ask when we report requests.
 The imperative changes to full infinitive or not + full infinitive.
 “Stay there”, said the man
 The man told me to stay there.
 “Don’t take this away, please,” shesaid.
 She asked me not to take that away.

 We usually introduce reported questions with the reporting verb ask or the expression wantto know.
 Reported questions follow the word order of affirmative sentences.
 “Why did he come back?” she asked.
 She asked me why he had comeback
 If the direct question begins with a question word, the reported question also begins with the samequestion
word “What are you doing?” she asked.

138
A. Rewrite the sentences using Reported Speech and the verbs in bold.

3. “We lived in China for five years,” She told me

B. Rewrite the questions using Reported Speech.

1. “Where do you live?” The policeman said to the boy.

The policeman said to the boy

“What time does the train arrive?” she asked.

She asked

Peter said to John

4. “Do you speak English?” He asked me.

He asked me

139
 Direct to indirect speech practice activity

1. Jessica: "Don't play football in the garden." Jessica told me

2. She: "Don't sing that song." She told me

3. Hanna: "Don't go to the cinema." Hanna told me

4. Tom: "Don't ring me on Sunday." Tom told me

5. Teacher: "Do your homework." The teacher told me

6. Jessica: "Write a letter." Jessica told me

7. Sarah: "Help Peter's sister." Sarah told me

8. Linda: "Did he fly to Paris two weeks ago?" Linda asked me

9. She said , “I should have phoned you earlier”

10. Anna: "Open the window." Anna told me

140
[Link]

Write a personal or invented story of a family member and what happened in the pandemic,
in indirect speech, the focus can be of any type and must be between 100 to 120 words.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

E. SPEAKING

Watch the video and make a presentation about the most interesting data you saw on the short
documentary about the rainforest
Don’t forget to use reported speech on your presentation.

YouTube Link: [Link]

141
 [Link]
UNDERSTANDING DIFFERENT POINTS OF VIEW

We asked three students from around the world for their views on globalization. Here are their replies

MARY
“Globalization means the world is getting smaller in terms of communication and broader
in terms of information. I feel this is a good thing. Through the Internet, I havemade
friends from many different countries. I am improving my English, so that I can study
overseas and I hope that I can eventually work for a multinational company. Twenty years
ago, I would have never had an opportunity like this.”

HARRY
“I live in a Eastern country and a lot of people here are against globalization. They feel that
globalization means the spread of Western values and our own culture would sufferas a
result. But the world is changing so rapidly these days and I am worried that we may be
left behind in terms of technology and development of new ways of making morebusiness.
Globalization is happening whether we like it or not and I feel we need to accept it.”

STEVE
“It seems to me that globalization mainly benefits big businesses. I heard that many
factories around here have closed down and shifted operations to poorer countries where
workers are paid less and are willing to work longer shifts. The companies get tosave
money, but what about the employees in our country? Their jobs have gone overseas even
though we still are the first world power in economics.”

Read the text and answer if the statements are true or false
1. Harry “the world is changing so slowly” ___ _
2. Jill thinks The companies get to save money, ___
3. Mary feels bad because she have made friends _
4. Harry “doesn’t development of new ways of making morebusiness” ___ __

142
 [Link]
Match the following words with the right meaning.

▪ 1.-Globalization a) incorporates ideas, beliefs or people from many different countries.

▪ 2.-Multicultural b) Movement and integration of goods and people among countries.

▪ 3.-Free trade c) One company hires another one or an individual to perform tasks

 4.-Outsourcing d) Pact between nations to reduce barriers to import and export.

▪ 5. Multinational corporation e) Has facilities and other assets in at least one country other than
its home country.

1. Complete the sentences in reported speech

1. “He works in a bank”

She said ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
2. “We went out last night”
She told me____ ________________________________________________
3. “I’m coming!”
She said ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
4. “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived”
She told me ____ _______________________________________________
5. “ I’d never been there before”
She said ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
6. “I didn’t go to the party”
She told me ____ _______________________________________________
7. “Lucy’ll come later”
She said ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
8. “He hasn’t eaten breakfast”
She told me ____ _______________________________________________
9. “I can help you tomorrow”
She said ___ _ _ ___ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
10. “You should go to bed early”
She told me ____ _______________________________________________

143
 2. Turn these sentences in reported speech

1. “Make some coffee, Bob”, Carol said.(ask)

__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
2. “You must do the homework soon, Jane”, she said.(tell)
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___ _
3. “Remember to buy a map, Ann” he said.(remind)
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. “You should see a doctor, Mrs Clark”, he said.(advise)
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _
5. “Keep all the windows closed, Bill” they said.(warn)
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
6. “Go home, Paul”, Francis said.(tell)
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____ _ _ _
7. “Please stay for supper, Bob”, he said.(try to persuade)
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
8. “Don’t try to be funny.”
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
9. “Wait here till I come.”
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
10. “Go to bed and don’t get up till you’re called.”
__ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

144
 Chose the correct option for indirect speech
1. "What time is it?"

Roberto ... me what time it was.

a) ask
b) asks
c)asked

"I have a new job."

2. Samantha said she ... a new job.
a) had
b) have
c) has

3."I'm a student"
Sam said he ....
a) was a student
b) a student
c) does a student

4. "Do you work at night?"

Maria asked ....... at night
a) if she works
b) if I worked
c) does she work

5. "I don't like Monday mornings."

Stewart said he ........ Monday mornings.
a) doesn't like
b) didn't like
c) didn't liked

6. "The kids are outside."

My wife said that the kids .......... outside.
a) if they were
b) were
c) is

7. "Is he our teacher?"

My classmate asked me .......... teacher.
a) if he was our
b) he is a
c) is he a

8. "It's ten o'clock."

Emma said that ....... ten o'clock
a) it was
b) the time
c) was it

145
[Link]

Write about what you can understand about this poem from Rudyard Kipling
What is the author trying to say with the whole poem or a fragment of it.

That description is up to you

It must be 80-100 words long

[Link]

E. LISTENING &SPEAKING

Watch the video and make a presentation about what are the uses for reported speech , name at
least to examples from the video

[Link]

146
Unit Closing activity Lesson
5 5D

A. READING

Warm Up! – Reading “A travel guide”

Previous the Reading A. Match the words and pictures.

food stands - Island - station - around - authentic - temple

A. B. C.

D. E. F.

147
 B. Read the text carefully and answer the questions.

A travel guide
Whether you're travelling to the islands or the mountains of Thailand, you're likely to spend at least
one night in its capital city on the way. Bangkok might be noisy and polluted but it's also an exciting
city with plenty of things to see and do. Why not make it a longer stay?

Where to stay
The Khao San Road was a famous traveller spot even before Leonardo di Caprio's character in the
film The Beach stayed there. But it's noisy, not very pretty and not very Thai. For something more
authentic, Phra Kanong offers an alternative place to stay, with its fantastic street markets where
everyday Bangkok people eat, work and live. It's not as convenient for the main tourist sites, but it
has a Skytrain station so you can be at the Grand Palace in 20 minutes.

How to get around

Bangkok's traffic can be a nightmare. Sure, you can easily take a taxi – if you want to spend hours
stuck in traffic jams – but there are two much better ways to get around the city. To explore the
temples and historical sites, catch an express boat river taxi or a longtail boat along the Chao Phraya
river and the canals. For the modern part of the city, the Skytrain is a fast, cheap way to travel from
the river to the shopping malls and nightlife of Sukhumvit, and the famous Chatuchak street market.

Where to eat
The simple answer is: everywhere! Thai street food is among the best in the world, and for around
$5 you can eat a filling and delicious meal. Some food stands have little plastic seats where you can
sit and eat and they cook the same dish over and over, like fried chicken on rice or Pad Thai noodles.
Head for Chinatown – Yaowarat Street – and choose whatever looks most interesting from the many
excellent Chinese and Thai restaurants and food stands.

What to do
After you've seen the main sites like the Giant Buddha at the temple of Wat Pho and the spectacular
Grand Palace, and shopped at Chatuchak market, check out the snake farm and watch the live snake
show. You can even touch a snake yourself if you want to!

148
 C. Match the vocabulary with the correct definition and write 1 – 6

1. Station a) A place or a store where food, fruit, meat, among other

products, are sold. Some specialize in a product that only they
have,
2. Food stands
b) It is a piece of land surrounded by water on all sides.

c) It is something or someone that is original, that is, it is not an

3. Around imitation of something that already exists.

d) It is the center designed to concentrate departures and arrivals

4. Authentic to a population of public transport vehicles

e) Completely surrounding someone or something, or in several

5. Temple places located close and in all directions from a point

f) Building or place for religious worship; it is often consecrated

to a divinity.
6. Island

D. Match the Bangkok landmarks and places with the descriptions.

Wat Pho - Yaowarat Street - Khao San Road - Sukhumvit - Phra Kanong - Chao Phraya

1 a place that you might see in the film The Beach

2 a place where local Thai people go
3 an alternative route through the city
4 a place to go for shopping and bars
5 a place to go for food
6 an important sightseeing spot

E. Are the sentences true or false?

1. One night is enough time to see Bangkok. ( )

2. Khao San Road is an authentic Thai area of the city. ( )
3. Phra Kanong is further away from the main tourist sites than Khao San Road is. ( )
4. The river boat taxis often get stuck in traffic too. . ( )
5. Taking the Skytrain is a faster way to see the city than going by taxi. ( )
6. You need to choose where to eat carefully, as not everywhere is good. ( )

149
 Revision Lesson
Unit 5E
5 Quiz Time

1 Rewrite these statements as reported speech to complete the sentences.

1. “He works in a bank”

a. She said .
2. “We went out last night”
a. She told me .
3. “I’m coming!”
a. She said .
4. “I was waiting for the bus when he arrived”
a. She told me .
5. “I’d never been there before”
a. She said .

2 Rewrite these questions as reported speech to complete the sentences.

1. “Who was that beautiful woman?”

a. She asked me
2. “What are you going to do at the weekend?”
a. She asked me
3. “What were you doing when I saw you?”
a. She asked me
4. “How often do you go to the cinema?”
a. She asked me
5. “Did he arrive on time?”
a. She asked me

[Link] these negative sentences as reported speech to complete the sentences.

1. “He doesn’t work in a bank”

a. She said
2. “We didn’t go out last night”
a. She told me
3. “I’m not coming!”
a. She said
4. “I wasn't waiting for the bus when he arrived”
a. She told me
5. “I’d never been there before”
a. She said

150
3 Rewrite these commands/requests as reported speech to complete the sentences.

1. “Please help me carry this”

a. She asked me
2. “Please come early”
a. She
3. “Please buy some milk”
a. She
4. “Could you please open the window?”
a. She
5. “Could you bring the book tonight?”
a. She _

Reported Statements: Present Simple

1. “I live in New York”

She said __ _ _ _ _
2. “He works in a bank”
She told me _____________________________________
3. “Julie doesn’t like going out much”
She said __ _ _ _ _
4. “I don’t have a computer”
She said __ _ _ _ _

Reported Statements: Present Continuous

1. “I'm sleeping”
She told me _____________________________________
2. “We’re working”
She told me _____________________________________
3. “She's coming to the party”
She told me _ _ __ _ _ _
4. “He’s talking on the telephone”
She told me _____________________________________

Reported Statements: Past Simple

1. “I went to the cinema yesterday.”

She said __ _ _ _ _
2. “Jane left the party early.”
She told me _____________________________________
3. “I didn't go out at the weekend.”
She said _ _______________________________________
4. “He didn't like chocolate as a child.”
She said __ _ _ _ _

151
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