Σ f (x)

Mean= Σf
Σ=∑ of
f =frequency
Σ f (x )=f × x=? then add all results∈that column
n+1
Median position= 2
n=Σ f

Class boundaries: Lower boundary= lower limit −0.5

Upper boundary= upper limit +0.5

lower boundary +upper boundary

Class mid-point= 2

Class width/size= upper boundary−lower boundary

Direct variation= y=kx

k Find for K first then make new formula

Indirect variation= x
100T prt
Simple interest= I = prt / I=
pr / 100
100 I
Time= pr
100 I
Rate= pt
100 I
Principal= rt
Compound Interest= Final amount−Principal / A−P
Final Amount and Appreciation= P ¿
n=¿ of years

Depreciation= P ¿
Amount = % of commission× total sales
amount of commission
% of commission= total sales
×100
 amount of commission
Total sales= % of commission
Balance payable= cash price−deposit
Total hire purchase= deposit + monthly payments
tax paid
Taxable income= gross income−reliefs / rate of tax
Total income= allowances+ teaxable income
tax paid
Base before VAT = rate of tax

Sine Rule (complete and uneven pair)

sinA sin B sinC
Angles; a
=
b
=
c
a b c
Sides; = =
sinA sinB sinC

Cosine Rule (V situation and given 3 sides)

2 2 2
b + c −a
Angle; cosA =
2 bc
Side; a 2=b2 +c 2−2 bc cosA

Z and F angles
CIRCLE THEOREM
1. angle at centre=2 ×angle at circumference
2. angle∈ semicircle touching circumference=90 °
3. angle∈same segment (¿)
4. opposite angles∈cyclic=180 °
5. exterior angle∈cyclic=interior opposite angle
6. angle between tangent ∧chord=angle∈alternate segment
7. radius drawn ¿ tangent=90° ( perpendicular)
8. only 2 tangents can be drawn ¿ a point (¿)

Relation= connection between members of two sets

Function= element mapped to one element ( one-to-one relation)
One-to-many = 1 in domain(x) to many in range/co-domain(y)
Many-to-one = many in domain(x) to one in range/co-domain(y)

f : x →3 x−2
:=such that
→=is mapped on¿

Inverse rules
1. Change to y
2. Interchange y and x
3. Find for y

Composite rules
● First letter is host

Ratio

● A ratio is an ordered pair of numbers a and b, written a / b where b

does not equal 0.
● A proportion is an equation in which two ratios are set equal to
each other.
● For example, if there is 1 boy and 3 girls you could write the ratio
as:
○ 1 : 3 (for every one boy there are 3 girls)
○ 1 / 4 are boys and 3 / 4 are girls
○ 0.25 are boys (by dividing 1 by 4)
○ 25% are boys (0.25 as a percentage)

Algebraic fraction
● PEMDAS;
○ P=Parenthesis
○ E= Exponents
○ M= Multiplication
○ D= Division
 ○ A= Addition
○ S= Subtraction

Factorization
Factoring Formulas
➢ x − a =( x +a)( x − a)
2 2

➢ x + 2 ax+ a =¿
2 2

➢ x − 2 ax+ a =¿
2 2

➢ x +( a+b) x +ab=( x+ a)( x+ b)

2

➢ x +3 a x +3 a x +a =¿
3 2 2 3

➢ x − 3 a x +3 a x − a =¿
3 2 2 3

➢ x +a =( x +a)( x ¿ ¿ 2 −ax +a ) ¿
3 3 2

➢ x − a =( x − a )( x + a )
2n 2n n n n n

Example for AC method: 2 x 2 – 11 x +5

1. Factor any common terms. Then identify a, b, and c.
a=2 , b=−11 ,∧c=5.

2. Multiply a and c.
ac=10 .

3. What are all of the factors of ac?

4. If ac is positive, add the factors to form the number b.

If ac is negative, subtract the factors to form the number b.
10 is positive , ?+?=−11.−10∧−1

5. Replace the middle term with the new terms from step 4.
2
We replace (−11 x ) with(−10 x )∧(−1 x ). 2 x −10 x – 1 x+ 5.
 6. Group the equation into two separate parts.
2
(2 x – 10 x )+(−1 x+ 5).

7. Find the common factors in each group.

Factor them to the front of their group.
2 x (x – 5)+−1(x – 5).

8. The first and second terms should have a common factor.

In our case, it is (x – 5).
Factoring this out gives us (x – 5)(2 x – 1).

Completing the square

2
Solve2 x − 6 x −10=0
1) Divide by the coefficient of the x
2

2
x − 3 x −5=0
2) Move the constant to the other side.
2
x − 3 x =5
3) Take half the coefficient of x,square it and add it to both
sides
2 2
2 3 3
x − 3 x +(− )=5+(− )
2 2
9 29
¿ 5+ =
4 4
4) Factor the left side
¿
5) Use Square Root Property
3
x − =± √ ❑
2
6) Solve for x
3 √ 29
x= ±
2 2

Square Root Property

If x 2= p then x=± √❑
 OR
a¿
2
a x +bx +c=general form
2
b b
h= k =c−
2a 4a
Transformation

REFLECTIONS:
● Reflections are a flip.
● The flip is performed over the “line of reflection.”
● Lines of symmetry are examples of lines of reflections.
● Reflections are isometric but do not preserve orientation.
● Coordinate plane rules:
○ Over the x-axis: (x, y) (x, –y)
○ Over the y-axis: (x, y) (–x, y)
○ Over the line y = x: (x, y) (y, x)
○ Through the origin: (x, y) (–x, –y)

TRANSLATIONS:
● Translations are a slide or shift.
● Translations can be achieved by performing two composite
reflections over parallel lines.
● Translations are isometric, and preserve orientation.

Object +Translation=Image
P+T =P '
x x x+ x
(¿ y )(¿ y )=(¿ y + y )¿ ¿ ¿
1

1
1

P=P '−T
T =P '−P

ROTATIONS:
● Rotations are a turn.
 ● Rotations can be achieved by performing two composite
reflections over intersecting lines.
● The resulting rotation will be double the amount of the angle
formed by the intersecting lines.
● Rotations are isometric, and do not preserve orientation
unless the rotation is 360° or exhibit rotational symmetry
back onto itself.
● Rotations of 180° are equivalent to a reflection through the
origin.
● Coordinate plane rules:
○ Counter-clockwise: Clockwise: Rule:
90° 270° (x, y) (–y, x)
180° 180° (x, y) (–x, –y)
270° 90° (x, y) (y, –x)

DILATIONS:
● Dilations are an enlargement / shrinking.
● Dilations multiply the distance from the point of projection
(point of dilation) by the scale factor. If none is given draw
close to original shape
● Dilations are not isometric, and preserve orientation only if
the scale factor is positive.
1
E(0 , )
2
0=centre
1
=scale factor
2
1
C

(¿ 20 ❑01 )¿ ¿ ¿❑❑y ❑❑y ¿=❑(Image

B
x x
A , B ,C )
2
Quadratic expression

a¿
2
a x +bx +c=general form

−b
Line of symmetry = x=
2a
2
4 ac −b
Maximum/ minimum = y /k =
4a
Vertex= (x , y )
Y- intercept= c in expression
X- interecpts= roots

Functions and their Graphs:

● Equation of a Line: 𝑦=𝑚𝑥+𝑏
○ 𝑚=𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒
○ 𝑏=𝑦−𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡
y2 − 𝑦1 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒
● Slope Formula: 𝑚= x =
2 − 𝑥1 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒

Exponent Rules:
➢ 1 1
𝑥 × 𝑥 =𝑥
1+1
=𝑥
2

1
x
➢
1−1 0
1
=𝑥 =𝑥
x
➢¿
➢¿