Lecture 6: Industrial wastewater

Learning targets

▪ Understanding of water quantities and qualities of

different industries
▪ Understanding of wastewater quantities and qualities
of different industries
▪ Environmental, health and legal issues related to
industrial water and wastewater

Industrial wastewater 2
Contents
− Introduction
− Types of industrial wastewater
− Pollution loads and quantities from typical industries
− Problems associated with various industrial
wastewater

Industrial wastewater 3
 Introduction
▪ Types of wastewater

Industrial wastewater 4
 Introduction
▪ Sources of Industrial wastewater
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Industrial wastewater 5
 Introduction
▪ Water usage in industry
• Share of water consumed in different industry (%)

Industrial wastewater 6
 Introduction
▪ Water usage in industry
• Share of water consumed in different industry (%)

Industrial wastewater 7
 Introduction
▪ Water usage in industry
• Share of water consumed in different industry (%)

Industrial wastewater 8
 Introduction
▪ Water usage in industry
• Share of water consumed in different industry (%)

Industrial wastewater 9
 Introduction
▪ Water usage in industry
• Share of water consumed in different industry (%)

Industrial wastewater 10
 Introduction
▪ Water usage in (10~300 m3/ton)

(270m3/ton)
industry (40 m3/ton)
Water consumption
(1000 m3/ton)
of per ton product in
(300 m3/ton)
water-intensive
industry (20~60 m3/ton )

(15 m3/ton)

(0.6~20 m3/ton )

Industrial wastewater 11
Introduction
▪ Characteristics of wastewater
Physical characteristics
− Electrical Conductivity (EC)
• Indicates the salt content
− Total solids (TS)
• Mass remain after evaporation at 103-105℃

Industrial wastewater 12
Introduction
▪ Characteristics of wastewater
• Physical characteristics
− Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
• Comprise inorganic salts and small amounts of organic matter
dissolved in water

− Suspended solids (SS)

• Comprises solid particles suspended (but not dissolved)in water

Industrial wastewater 13
Introduction
▪ Characteristics of wastewater
• Chemical characteristics
− Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
• Indicates the amount of oxygen required by aerobic microorganisms to
decompose the organic matter in a sample of water in a defined time
period.

Industrial wastewater 14
Introduction
▪ Characteristics of wastewater
• Chemical characteristics
− Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
• Indicates the oxygen equivalent of the organic matter content of a
sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant.

Industrial wastewater 15
Introduction
▪ Characteristics of wastewater
• Chemical characteristics
− Total Organic Compound (TOC)
− NH4-N and NO3-N
• Show dissolved nitrogen.

− Total Kjeldhal Nitrogen

• A measurement of organically-bound ammonia nitrogen.

− Total-P
• Reflects the amount of all forms of phosphorous in a sample.

Industrial wastewater 16
Introduction
▪ Characteristics of Industrial wastewater
▪ Vary from industry to industry, vary from process to process.
▪ Have too high quality of suspended solids, dissolved
organics and inorganic solids, BOD, alkalinity or acidity
▪ Cannot always be treated easily by the normal method of
treating domestic wastewater

Industrial wastewater 17
Types of industrial wastewater
▪ Inorganic industrial wastewater
▪ Organic industrial wastewater.

Industrial wastewater 18
 Types of industrial wastewater
▪ Inorganic industrial wastewater
▪ Is produced mainly in the coal and steel industry, in the
nonmetallic minerals industry, and in commercial enterprises
and industries for the surface processing of metals.
▪ Contain a large proportion of suspended matter, which can
be eliminated by sedimentation.

Industrial wastewater 19
Types of industrial wastewater
▪ Organic industrial wastewater
▪ Is produced mainly in chemical industries and large-scale
chemical works, which mainly use organic substances for
chemical reactions.
▪ Contain organic substances having various origins and
properties.
▪ Can only be removed by special pretreatment of the
wastewater, followed by biological treatment.

Industrial wastewater 20
Pollution loads and quantities from typical industries

▪ Important pollutants in industrial wastewater

• Suspended solids
● Lead to the development of sludge deposits and anaerobic
conditions.
• Organic Substances
● Deplete DO of stream and impose great load on secondary
treatment unit.

Industrial wastewater 21
Pollution loads and quantities from typical industries

▪ Important pollutants in industrial wastewater

• Inorganic substances
● Cause eutrophication of water bodies, increase dissolved solids
content and be harmful to aquatic life.
• Acids and alkalies
● Affect the aquatic life of receiving water body and cause serious
problem in operation of treatment units.

Industrial wastewater 22
Pollution loads and quantities from typical industries

▪ Important pollutants in industrial wastewater

• Toxic Substances
● Cause problems in the biological treatments.
• Color producing substances
● Impart objectionable color in the receiving water bodies
• Oils
● Hinder self purification and cause problem in oxygen diffusion

Industrial wastewater 23
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Water Pollutants in the Industrial Sector
Sector Pollutants
Iron and steel BOD, COD, oil, metals, acids, phenols, and cyanide
Textiles and leather BOD, solids, sulfates and chromium
Pulp and paper BOD, COD, solids, Chlorinated organic compounds
Petrochemicals and refineries BOD, COD, oils, , phenols, and chromium
Chemicals COD, organic chemicals, heavy metals, SS, and cyanide
Non-ferrous metals Fluorine and SS
Microelectronics COD, and organic chemicals
Mining SS, metals, acids and salts

Industrial wastewater 24
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Food industry
• Freshwater consumption in beverage and food industries.
Food industry Water consumption (%)
Meat processing 24
Beverages 13
Dairy 12
Fruits and vegetables 10
Bakery and tortilla products 9
Grain and oilseeds 9
(Bustillo-Lecompte, C.F.2015.)

Industrial wastewater 25
 Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries

▪ Food industry
• Freshwater consumption in beverage and food industries.

Food industry Water consumption (%)

Sugar and confectionary 5
Animal food 5
Seafood 2
Other food 11

(Bustillo-Lecompte, C.F. 2015.)

Industrial wastewater 26
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Food industry
• Typical pollution loads of slaughterhouse wastewater

Parameter pH BOD COD TN TSS TP

mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1
Range 4.9-8.1 150-4635 500-15900 50-841 270-6400 25-200
Mean 6.95 1209 4221 427 1164 50

(Bustillo-Lecompte, C.F.2015.)

Industrial wastewater 27
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Food industry
• Typical pollution loads of diary industry wastewater
Wastewater pH COD BOD TSS Total N Total P
source mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1
Creamery 8-11 2000-6000 1200-4000 350-1000 50-60 --
Mixed dairy 3.35-11 1150-63100 -- 304-12500 14-272 8-68
Cheese whey -- -- 1780a 980-1462a 379-510a
Cheese 4.7-9.5 1000-7500 588-500 500-2500 830a 280a
Fluid Milk 5.0-9.5 950-2400 500-1300 90-450 -- --
Milk 5.8 -- -- -- --
powder/butter
a
Mean concentrations (Demirel, B.,2005 .)
Industrial wastewater 28
 Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries

▪ Food industry
• Typical pollution loads of brewery wastewater

pH COD BOD TSS Total N Total P

mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1
4.5-12 2000-6000 1200-3600 200-1000 25-80 10-50

(Jaiyeola, A.T.2016 .)

Industrial wastewater 29
 Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Oil industry
• Typical pollution loads of oil/gas field wastewater
Wastewater pH COD TSS Total Chloride Sulfate Calcium Magnesium
source mg·L-1 mg·L-1 oil mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1
mg·L-1
Oil field 4-10 0-1200 1-100 2-565 80-20000 2-1650 13–25,80 8–6000
0 00 0
Gas field 3-7 2600-12 8-548 -- 1400-190 <0.1-47 <51300 0.9–4300
0000 4 000

(Munirasu, S.2016.)

Industrial wastewater 30
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Oil industry
• Typical pollution loads of oil/gas field wastewater

Wastewater Iron Aluminum Boron Barium Lithium Lead Arsenic Mercury

source mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1
Oil field <0.1– 310–410 5-95 1.3–650 3–50 0.002 <0 <0.002
100 –8.8
Gas field <1100 <0.5–83 <56 <1–174 18.6–2 <0.2– <151 --
0 35 10

(Munirasu, S.,2016 .)

Industrial wastewater 31
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Oil industry
• Typical pollution loads of oil/gas field wastewater
Wastewater Cadmium Chromium Copper Manganese Strontium Zinc
source mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1
Oil field <0.005–0 0.02–1. <0.002– <0.004–175 0.02–1000 0.01–35
105
Gas field <0.02–1.2 <0.03 <5 <63 <6200 <0.02–5

(Munirasu, S.,2016 .)

Industrial wastewater 32
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Oil industry
• Typical pollution loads of oil refinery wastewater
Wastewater COD SS Phenols Benzene Sulphides Ammonia
source mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1
Desalter 400–1000 <500 10-100 5-15 <100 <100
Sour water 600–1200 <10 <200 0 <10 <100
Tank bottom 400–1000 <500 -- -- <100 --
Cooling tower <150 <200 -- -- -- --

(Munirasu, S.,2016.)

Industrial wastewater 33
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Pulp and paper (P&P) industry
• Major pollutants released from P&P making process
Processes
Raw material preparation Suspended solids including bark particles, fiber pigments, dirt,
grit, BOD, and COD.
Pulping Color, bark particles, soluble wood materials, resin acids,
fatty acids, AOX, VOCs, BOD, COD, and dissolved inorganics.
Bleaching Dissolved lignin, color, COD, carbohydrate, inorganic
chlorines, AOX, EOX, VOCs, chlorophenols, and halogenated
hydrocarbons.
Paper-making Particulate wastes, organic and inorganic compounds, COD,
and BOD.
(Kamali, M.2014 .)
Industrial wastewater 34
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Pulp and paper industry
• Typical pollution loads of pulp and paper industry wastewater
Unit operations pH COD BOD5 TSS
mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1
Wood yard and chipping 7 1275 556 7150
Thermo-mechanical pulping 4.0–4.2 3343–4250 _ 330-510
Chemical thermo-mechanical pulping 7.43 7521 3000 350
Kraft cooking section 13.5 1669.7 460 40
Pulping process operations 5.5 9065 2440 1309

(Kamali, M.2014 .)

Industrial wastewater 35
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries

▪ Pulp and paper industry

• Typical pollution loads of pulp and paper industry wastewater

Unit operations pH COD BOD5 TSS

mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1
Paper machine 6.5 1116 64 645
Integrated pulp and paper mill 6.5 3791 1197 1241
Recycled paper mill 6.2–7.8 3380–4930 1650–2565 1900-3138

(Kamali, M. 2014.)

Industrial wastewater 36
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Textile wastewater
■ The textile industry's main concern is the quantity of effluent
generated and the high chemical load it contains. The most
significant environmental impacts are caused by: salts,
detergents and organic acids.

Industrial wastewater 37
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Textile wastewater
● Major pollutants
involved at various
stages of a textile
manufacturing

(Sarayu, K. 2012and .)
Industrial wastewater 38
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries

▪ Textile wastewater
● Major pollutants
involved at various
stages of a textile
manufacturing

(Sarayu, K. 2012and .)
Industrial wastewater 39
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Textile wastewater
• Typical pollution loads of textile wastewater
Industries pH COD BOD5 TSS Chloride Sulfate Phenol Oil and
mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L-1 grease
mg·L-1

Composites 5.5-11 600-1 350-600 300-500 700-1200 300-70 0.5-2.0 5-15

industries .0 400 0
Processing 7.0-8. 470-9 230-450 300-500 300-900 200-10 0.5-2.0 5-10
industries 5 00 00
Woolen 7.0-11 220-7 160-350 160-380 - - - -
industries .0 00
(Sarayu, K.2012.)
Industrial wastewater 40
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Pharmaceutical Industry
• Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes
− Chemical Synthesis Process

Industrial wastewater 41
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Pharmaceutical Industry
• Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Processes
− Fermentation Process
− A biochemical process involving the use of Baker’s yeast, lactic
acid bacillus, bacillus sp., and various other microorganisms to
produce a chemical product.

Industrial wastewater 42
Pollution loads and quantities from typical
industries
▪ Pharmaceutical Industry
• Typical pollution loads of pharmaceutical industry
wastewater
Processes pH COD BOD5 TKN NH4-N TDS Chloride Sulfate
mg·L-1 mg·L-1 mg·L- mg·L-1 mg·L -1
mg·L-1 mg·L-1
1

Chemical 3.9-9.2 375− 200−6000 165− 148−363 675− 760− 890−

processes 32500 770 9320 4200 1500
Fermentation 3.3−11 180− 25−6000 190− 65.5−190 1300− 182− 160−
processes 12380 760 28000 2800 9000

Industrial wastewater 43
Problems associated with various industrial
wastewater

▪ Industrial wastewater pollution

• Use of outdated technologies
● Some industries still rely on old technologies to produce products
that generate large amount of wastewater.
• Presence of large number of small scale industries
● Many small scale industries and factories often escape environment
regulations and discharge wastewater without inefficacy.

Industrial wastewater 44
Problems associated with various industrial
wastewater

▪ Industrial wastewater pollution

• Unplanned industrial growth
● In most industrial townships, unplanned growth took place wherein
those companies do not provide proper waste disposal sites and
disregard for pollution control rules and norms, which lead to water
pollution.

Industrial wastewater 45
Problems associated with various industrial
wastewater

▪ Industrial wastewater pollution

• Lack of strict policies
● Lack of effective policies and poor enforcement drive, resulted in
mass scale pollution that affected lives of many people.
• Inefficiency wastewater treatment
● Not treated adequately before discharging it into rivers or lakes.

Industrial wastewater 46
Problems associated with various industrial
wastewater

▪ Difficulty to treat industrial wastewater

• Vary characteristics
● Characteristics of industrial wastewater highly varied from different
process. And the pollutants is complex.
• Poor management
• Lack of investment
● Some enterprises do not invest enough to maintain the long-term
stable operation.

Industrial wastewater 47
Problems associated with various industrial
wastewater

▪ Design of industrial wastewater treatment processes

• Developing the most suitable treatment processes.
• The water allocation in order to minimize the treatment cost
• Optimization of the wastewater treatment by enough
experimental data and evaluation of the performance of the
wastewater treatment units.

Industrial wastewater 48
Questions

▪ What is the industrial wastewater?

▪ What are the types of industrial wastewater?
▪ What are the problems associated with various
industrial wastewater?

Industrial wastewater 49
Reference
▪ Bustillo-Lecompte, C.F. and Mehrvar, M., 201Slaughterhouse wastewater characteristics,
treatment, and management in the meat processing industry: A review on trends and
advances. Journal of environmental management, 161, pp.287-302
▪ Demirel, B., Yenigun, O. and Onay, T.T., 200Anaerobic treatment of dairy wastewaters: a
review. Process Biochemistry, 40(8), pp.2583-2595
▪ Jaiyeola, A.T. and Bwapwa, J.K., 2016. Treatment technology for brewery wastewater in a
water-scarce country: A review. South African Journal of Science, 112(3-4), pp.1-8
▪ Munirasu, S., Haija, M.A. and Banat, F., 2016. Use of membrane technology for oil field and
refinery produced water treatment—A review. Process Safety and Environmental Protection,
100, pp.183-202
▪ Kamali, M. and Khodaparast, Z., 201Review on recent developments on pulp and paper mill
wastewater treatment. Ecotoxicology and environmental safety, 114, pp.326-342
▪ Sarayu, K. and Sandhya, S., 201Current technologies for biological treatment of textile
wastewater–a review. Applied biochemistry and biotechnology, 167(3), pp.645-661

Industrial wastewater 50
 Thank you for your attention!

Industrial wastewater 51