Mat. Bit. sos seoe re POPULATION Population: A group of individual living in a well-def -defined ger Nc Compete for similar resources, poteriialy intarbreed is called posuistecs, "em Sh=YE OF Demography: Study of population Population attributes: Birth rate and death rate refers to per capita births and death: 18 respectiveh + Another attribute is sex ratio. The ratio between male female in a popaton POPULATION DENSITY ‘The population size is more technically called as population density. Methods for measurement of population density: » Counting the number > Percent cover > Biomass per area > Pug marks and fecal pellets for tiger census + The size of the population changes depending on food availabili reduce weather. + Population size fluctuated due to changes in four basic processes, two of which (Natality ‘and immigration) contribute an increase in population density and two (mortality and emigration) to a decrease. Natality: number of birth in given period in the population. Mortality: number of deaths in the population in a given period of time, Immigration: is the nurriber of individuals of same species that have come into the habitat from elsewhere during a given period of time «Emigration: number of individuals of the population who left the habitat and gone elsewhere during a given time period. , predation pressure and ‘Natebiey Morality [This tx mamber af bins per anit popelaton | 1. itis number o deatht per vac poplance per wait et unit time. 2 hiends to increase Wt tends to decrease populadoa size and populstioa density. ‘popuizuoa vcmicy Feaalty increases wnen the popetation ize | 3. Mortality incecascs when cavironmestal & i resistance, Predation, competition and . Ir 1s the population density at time Y, then its density at time ¢* 1 Nye +8 +) - + ElBiswaranjan Mahapatra MSc. , [Link], 9853658532 Population density Time tt) Where B=the number of births | =the number of immigrants D =the number of deaths £ =the number of Emigrants. N= Population Density r= Intrinsic rate of natural increase Time period K = Carrying capacity (The maximum population size that an environment ca n sustain) Exponential growth: The Exponential growth equation is N: = New Nt = Population density after time t No = Population density at time zero intrinsic rate of natural increase the base of natural logarithms (2.71828) Exponential growth ('J’ shape curve is obtained). * When resources are not limiting the growth. * Any species growth exponentially under unlimited resources conditions ca fn reach enormous population densities in a short time. * Growth is not so realistic. Logistic growth model Verhuist-Pearl Logistic Growth is described by the follawing equations dNidt = rN (K-N 1 N) Where N = Population density at time t r= Intrinsic rate of natural increase K = Carrying capacity Logistic Growth (Sigmoid curve is obtained) = When responses are limiting the Growth. <= Resources for growth for most animal populations are finite and become limiting. The logistic growth model is a more realistic one. eeeBiswaranjan Mahapatra [Link]. , [Link]. 9853658532 AGE DISTRIBUTION . et = distribution is plotted for a population the resutting structure is called age + The shape of the pyramids reflects the growth status of the ion i i ae gt population like growing, Age Pyramids for Human Population P Stal Declining: (ey eRR Bea) (eit’shaped) (Ura-shaped) 4. Rapidly growing or expanding population : It has high birth rate and low death rate, so there are more number of young individuals in the |. According to a recent survey, more than 36% of the Indian population consists of children below the age of 14 years, so the Indian population is called young population. Zz Stationary or stable population - it has equal birth and death rates, so the population shows zero population growth. 3. Peeiinina population it has higher death rate than birth rate, so the population ‘of young members is lower than that of old members, e.g..Japan (ageing population) POPULATION INTERACTIONS: Table 13.1 : Population InteractionsMSc. , [Link]. 9853658532 PREDATION: + Organism of higher trophic level (pred: err eran weetic eve (predator) feeds on organism of lower trophic level (prey) + Even the herbivores are not very different from predator. + Predator acts as passage for transfer of energy across trophic lov Predators keep prey populations under contro + Exotic species have no natural predator hence they grow very rapidly. (pri Cactus iniroduced in Australia cresied problem) a + Predators also help in maintaining species diversity in a community, by reducing the intensity of competition among competing prey species. Defense developed by prey against predators: as Animals: | * Insects and frogs are cryptically coloured (camouflaged) to avoid being | detected by the predator. + Some are poisonous and therefore avoided by the predators. * Monarch butterfly is highly distasteful to its predator (bird) due to presence of ‘special chemicat it its body. The chemical acquired by feeding a poisonous weed during caterpillar stage. | @ GAMOUFLAGE -- It is a phenomenon of blending of an organisms with the | | surrounding due to similar colour and shape to get avoid by the predators. | | Plants: | | * Thorns in Acacia, Cactus are morphological means of defense. | + Many plants produce and store some chemical which make the herbivore sick if | eaten, inhibit feeding, digestion disrupt reproduction, even kill the predators. | «= Calotropis produces potsonous cardiac glycosides against herbivores 1 Nicotine, caffeine, quinine, strychnine, opium ete, are produced by plant actually | as defenses against the grazers and browsers. | jee eee ee 2S ees COMPETITION: ee «Interspecific competition is a potent force in organic evolution . Cora jon generally occurs when closely related species compete for the same resources that are limiting, but this not entirely true: . Tratly: totaly unrelated species could also compete forthe same resturoe ty Kenerican lakes visiting flamingoes and resident fishes have their common food, Secon acini eed not be limiting for competition to occur. . resources need not be limiting for cor : font Yimgdon tortoise in Galapagos Islands became extincl wih) © decade ater poats were introduced on the island, due to greater browsing abilityBiswaranjan Mahapatra MSc. , [Link]. 9853658532 /Gause S ‘co’ eliminated eventually °°S SANNOt co-exist i | Resource Partitioning avokd competition by choosing + If two species compete for the same resource, they could hee ‘or instance, different times for feeding or different foraging patter MacArthur lose! showed five erie © closely related species of warblers living on the same tree were able 4o avoid competition and co-exist due to behavioral differences in their foraging activities, | PARASITISM: =i en Interaction between two organisms in which one is benefited and the other is Parasitic mode of life ensures free lodging and meals, Some parasites are host-specific (one parasite has a single host) in such a way that both host and parasite tend to co-evoive. Parasitic adaptation Loss of unnecessary sense organs. Presence of adhesive organs or suckers {o cling on to the host Loss of digestive system. High reproductive capacity Parasites having one or more intermediate hast or vectors to facilitate parasitisation of its primary host. + Liver fluke has two intermediate hosts (snail and a fish) to complete its live cycle Effects on the host: Parasite always harms the host. They reduce the survival, growth and reproduction of the host. Reduce its population density. They make the host more vulnerable to the predators, by making it physically weak. Ectoparasite: feeds on the external surface of the host, > Lice on human Ticks on dog © Marine fish infested with copepods > Cuscuta a parasitic plant grow on hedge plants. ‘ = Endoparasites: are those that live inside the host body at different sites. Life cycle is more complex. ©. Morphological and anatomical features are greatly simplified. © Highly developed reproductive system. + Brood parasitism: : © Special type of parasitism found in birds. ©. The parasitic birds lay its eggs in the nest of its host and let the host incubate them. © The egg of the host is very similar with the egg of the host. ¢ Cuckoo lays eggs in the nest of the crow.Biswaranjan Mahapatra MSc. , [Link]. 9853658532 COMMENSALISM This is the interaction in whi Nich Some examples such as:- oe 'Pecies benefits and the other is neither benefited nor harmed * Orchids growing as an : epiphyte on a ma Clow fish ving among tenaces of sea anemone + Bamacles on back of whales. + Cattle Egret and grazing cattle MUTUALISM: Interaction between two living organism, both are equally benefited, no one is harmed Itis the obligate association of two organisms where both live together and cannot live separately. Examples:- Lichen: a mycobiont and a Phycobiont. Mycorrhiza: relationship between fungi and root of higher plant. Pollinating insects and flowering plants. Fig trees and its pollinating agent wasp. Sexual deceit 5 | | «Mediterranean orchid Ophrys employs ‘sexual deceit’. | Petal of the flower resembles the female bee. tre male bee atacted to what pereives 26a feral, pseutocopulates’ wth he flower but | does not get any benefits. | AMENSALISM ‘Amensalism is a type of biological interaction where one species causes harm to another Organs without any cost or benefits to itself. It can be seen 25 form of interaction or competitive behaviour among other organisms. Example of Amensalism ses when cattle trample on grass, the grass is crushed. However, the cattle do not benefit from this action nor is harmed in the process. > ‘Another example of Amensatism is when an organism such asa goat feeds on the same type of shrub as an insect (such as a beetle). The goat is unharmed when it consumes the shrub, pawever, the beetle loses significant quantities of food and may accidentally be eaten by the oat. » on ‘example of antibiosis is the interaction between Penicillium and bacteria, ‘The fungi Penicillium creates the secretion known as penicillin, which is extremely ‘toxic to bacteria.